This research work aimed to synthesis graphene-like porous carbon (GPC) from walnut shell powder (WSP) via a green approach. The characterisation results indicated that the adsorbents were mesoporous, with large surface area, pore volume and irregular morphology. BET surface area of green GPC NPs was 45 m2/g, pore volumes was 6.94 cm3/g, and average pore diameters was 4.73 nm. The adsorption experiments were also performed using spiked water sample collected from Dhankot Nahar Gurgaon (DNG). The maximum adsorption of Diclofenac (DF), Tetracycline (TC), and Ciprofloxacin (CF) from DNG were 71.4%, 73.9%, and 83.2%, respectively, under optimal conditions. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicated maximum adsorption capacities for TC, CF, and DF, i.e., . 40.57 mg/g, 40.68 mg/g, and 83.53 mg/g, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic analysis indicated that chemisorption is the rate-limiting step. Thermodynamic analysis validated that the process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Optimal operational conditions for the removal of TC, DF, and CF were also determined using six machine learning models: Linear Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), XG Boosting (XB), Random Forest (RF), Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). MLP for DF, CF, and LR for TC outperformed among other models and observed R2 values were 0.98, 0.96, and 1.00, respectively, for both the test and training sets. The current investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of the adsorbents in natural water and their economic suitability in industrial applications.

A series of new triazole-substituted aryl iodides 1a-d were synthesized by Cu(I)-mediated [3+2] cycloaddition between 2-iodo-1,3-bis(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (4) and aryl azides 5a-d. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 1 3C NMR, and HRMS analyses. The catalytic potential of iodoarenes 1a-d was evaluated toward the oxidation of sulfides. Furthermore, iodoarene 1c exhibited remarkable catalytic activity in the alpha-oxytosylation of acetophenones, affording the corresponding alpha-oxytosylated products in excellent yields (67%-94%).

Herein, groundnut shell-derived carbon dots (GCDs) were fabricated via simple pyrolysis route followed by aqueous treatment. GCDs were comprehensively characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), XPS, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and HRTEM. The results indicated that GCDs consisted of partially graphitized sp2 carbon domains decorated with abundant O/N-containing surface groups and an average particle size of 6.828 nm. These features favour charge separation and interfacial trapping abilities. BET studies imply the surface area of GCDs as 11.5 m(2) g(-1), pore radius of 1.56 nm with a total pore volume of 0.011 cm3 g(-1). Optical studies showed a strong pi ->pi* absorption band in the deep UV region, excitation-dependent PL with maximum emission at 310 nm, and optical band gaps of 2.25 eV (indirect) and 4.19 eV (direct) from Tauc analysis, indicating coexistence of conjugated core states and surface defect levels. The as-obtained GCDs exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance toward methylene blue (MB) degradation, achieving 96.86% degradation within 45 min at pH 12.00 using only 2.5 mg catalyst in 50 mL of 10 ppm dye solution. The enhanced activity at alkaline pH correlates with the point of zero charge (8.52) and deprotonation of surface groups, which promote adsorption of cationic MB and reactive oxygen species generation. The degradation pathway is proposed and supported using LCMS studies. Furthermore, GCDs functioned as a selective fluorescent probe for F-e3+ among various metal ions, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 3.1 mu M. The current study provides an economically favorable approach to acquire sustainable GCDs as efficient green photocatalysts and selective metal ion probes.

A series of 2-[(3-aryl-isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy]benzaldehydes were synthesized through metal-free hypervalent iodine-mediated [3+2]-cycloaddition between 2-(2-propynyloxy)benzaldehyde and aldoximes. All new products were screened for their antibacterial activity against a number of gram-positive and-negative bacterial strains. Further, antifungal activity of these compounds was also evaluated against C. albicans. 2-[(3-(3-Tolyl-isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)]benzaldehyde and 2-[(3-(3-fluorophenyl-isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde were found to be the most potent amongst all the synthesized compounds. Antioxidant properties were also evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenger method in which 2-[(3-(3-bromophenylisoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde showed the highest antioxidant activity. All new products were also screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblast and plant cell germination cell lines.

Background: An efficient method for synthesizing cyclic arylsulfonium salts has been developed by selective aryl transfer to the sulfur atom from aryl(mesityl)iodonium triflates, a recyclable series of diaryliodonium salts. Methods: The utilization of sulfonium salts as valuable intermediates is well-established, as they exhibit high reactivity under conditions of heating or UV irradiation. However, their synthesis typically involves the reaction of diarysulfoxide with acid anhydride, which requires the oxidation of sulfur(II) to sulfoxide(IV) and thus limits the scope of synthesis. Hence, in this study, we employed recyclable mesityliodonium(III) salts and copper catalysis. Results: The method was used to synthesize cyclic arylsulfonium salts without the need for preoxidation of the sulfur atom, resulting in a facile and high-yield synthesis. Conclusion: The desired cyclic arylsulfonium salts were synthesized through selective transfer of the aryl group from mesityliodonium salts, demonstrating the effectiveness of the new approach.

In this research article, the synthesis of hollow carbon dots (HCDs) from cigarette ash (CA) as a precursor using simple pyrolysis method is presented. The unique hollow nature of synthesized HCDs was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen physisorption techniques. HCDs, with a size of ∼ 9 nm, exhibit specific surface area of 12.1 m2/g and stimulated pore diameter of 2.1 nm. HCDs demonstrated remarkable degradation efficiency by eradicating 91 % of rose Bengal dye within 120 min under UV irradiation at pH = 5.00 and display selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+ with a detection limit of around 1.1 µM. Ecological effect of HCDs on sprouted seeds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) revealed their capacity to positively influence multiple aspects of plant development. Introduction of HCDs into growth medium (water) appeared to stimulate shoot, root, and leaf growth, suggesting a potential role for HCDs in enhancing overall plant health and productivity. These findings enabled HCDs derived from CA as promising candidate for sensitive metal ions detection, environmental remediation, and plant growth enhancement. It is the first time to upcycle CA into distinctive HCDs, serving as a potent tool for detecting and breaking down environmental contaminants.

Environmental pollutants, such as invasive weeds and synthetic dyes, pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health. Parthenium weed (PW), an aggressive invader, disrupts native biodiversity, while synthetic dyes, particularly Malachite Green (MG), is persistent and considered parasiticide in aquaculture. This study explores synthesis of green fluorescent carbon dots (WCDs) from flowers of PW using simple pyrolysis method for photodegradation and sensing of Fe3+ ions. The synthesized WCDs, with a spherical size of 3.57 nm, demonstrated remarkable efficiency in the degradation of MG dye, achieving a degradation efficiency of 96.5

This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(iii) and iodine(v). This review summarizes structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles, as compared to their acyclic analogs, adds special feature to their chemistry.

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) cause severe hazardous impacts on human health as well as on the environment. Therefore, there is dire need to develop a robust material to reduce the toxicity of these organic pollutants. In this regard, our group developed a series of porous MOF materials viz., Pdx@IRMOF-9 (x=2 %, 5 % and 10 %) by loading different concentration of Pd(II) on IRMOF-9 and explored them towards reduction of different nitroaromatic compounds. Pd10%@IRMOF-9showed ~30 % greater efficiency for the reduction of 4-NP as compared to Pd2%@IRMOF-9. Pd10%@IRMOF-9showed excellent reduction ability (>85 %) towards 4-NP, 2-NP, 2-NA, 3-NA and 2,4-DNPH. The kinetic studies indicates that the reduction follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Moreover, the rate constant value for reduction of 3-NA was ~9 times higher than that of 2-NP. Based on the kinetic parameters, the t1/2 values for all the nitroaromatics have been calculated. The kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax have been calculated from double reciprocal Lineweaver-Burk plot and found to be 65.984 μM and 116×10-6 Mmin-1 respectively. Pd10%@IRMOF-9showed excellent recyclability towards the reduction of 4-NP for few consecutive cycles without any remarkable loss in its activity. Thus, highly efficient, porous and robust material for the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds in aqueous media have been demonstrated.

The Front Cover illustrates the catalytic utilization of isoxazole-tethered aryl iodides. These aryl iodides have been synthesized through a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction under metal-free conditions. Oxidative transformations such as oxidation of hydroquinone, sulfides and, α-oxytosylation were carried out using aryl iodides as catalyst and m-CPBA as terminal oxidant. The aryl iodides showed excellent catalytic activity towards these transformations. These isoxazole-tethered aryl iodides have been proved to be an efficient addition towards hypervalent iodine catalysis. More information can be found in the Research Article by R. Kumar et al.

In the present work, a hypervalent iodine-mediated, metal-free route for the synthesis of a series of di- and trisubstituted pyrazole-tethered isoxazole derivatives has been utilized via [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction of nitrile oxides with alkynes. All the synthesized isoxazole derivatives were characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and HRMS data. The structure of one of the products, ethyl-3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-phenylisoxazole-4- carboxylate, was confirmed by X-ray analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity and compared to the standard drug, Amoxicillin. Some of the compounds exhibited antibacterial activity comparable to or higher than Amoxicillin. Moreover, the synthesized compounds exhibited moderate to excellent antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity of all products was investigated against the mouse fibroblast (animal) and plant seed germination cell line ( Vigna radiata).

This study presents a novel approach to enhancing the efficiency of cadmium ion (Cd(II)) removal by mixing magnetic behavior into activated carbon (AC) derived from bio-waste. The AC was produced from maize shells and impregnated with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-MSAC), granting the carbon matrix magnetic characteristics. Characterization techniques such as SEM and FTIR were utilized. Adsorption experiments were conducted under various conditions, including contact times, initial Cd(II) concentrations, various adsorbent dosages (Fe3O4-MSAC), and different solutions pH. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cd(II) onto Fe3O4-MSAC was attained within 50 min, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 7.95 mg g−1. The adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.998), signifying monolayer adsorption. Additionally, the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.995), implying chemisorption is the rate-limiting step. The findings also demonstrated that higher temperatures positively affected Cd(II) adsorption, indicating an endothermic process. The regeneration studies demonstrate the adsorbent is used for several adsorption/desorption cycles using HNO3 as a regenerating agent. The Fe3O4-MSAC facilitated easy separation of the material from the treated cadmium ion solution by an external magnetic field, removing the need for filtration.

The study examined the parametric and non-parametric marketing approaches for distribution and price determination of fish in wholesale markets (n1=10) of Bihar. The descriptive statistics, Gini index and Coefficient of Variation were used for analysis. The results connote that the price determination was done through open auction method. The average monthly income of wholesalers was ₹ 68,715/-. The Gini coefficient provided the variation in quantity of fish each wholesaler was selling as 36%. Price instability for both iced and live fish was measured with Range and Coefficient of Variance, which implied that the existence of price volatility. The hectic traffic, lack of modernization, lack of organization in market facilities and cess (Batta) on fish containers are significant constraints for retailers (n2=50). The policy implications need to address these key issues by developing modern market facilities with the support of state/central funding agencies.

The study focused on investment, profitability, and input–output specific technical and scale efficiencies and suggested appropriately for its sustainable development in Andhra Pradesh. Farmers (n = 60) were interviewed, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, B-C ratio, C-D production function, and DEA techniques. The results depicted that majority of the farmers’ primary occupation was aquaculture and 53

The goal of this study is to identify the optical, magnetic, and structural properties of alpha-Fe 2 O 3 /MgO & MgO/ alpha-Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposites and use them to purify water contaminated by harmful dyes. The economical hydrothermal approach was utilized to create nanocomposites, resulting in weight ratios of alpha-Fe 2 O 3 : MgO (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2). The synthesized materials containing alpha-Fe 2 O 3 and MgO phases were identified by XRD pattern. XPS spectra were used to identify lattice defects and oxygen vacancies. The magnetic investigations show that pure alpha-Fe 2 O 3 has a greater magnetic character than other synthesized materials, with a maximum magnetization of 0.14 x 10 -2 emu/gm. In just 90 min, alpha-Fe 2 O 3 /MgO nanocomposites degrade Rose Bengal dye by 90.01 %, demonstrating their superior photocatalytic activity. The combined action of alpha-Fe 2 O 3 and MgO, which prevents the formation of highly active radical species (OH center dot and O 2 center dot radicals) and photo -generated charge carrier recombination, is responsible for the increased photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the magnetic nature of these nanocomposites enables them for the reusability process.

Utilization of α,α-dihalocarbonyl compounds as synthetic equivalents to α-halocarbonyl compounds has been explored in the synthesis of a wide range of highly useful heterocycles and α- functionalized ketones. The continuously growing demand of α,α-dibromoketones, as highly reactive and mild synthetic precursors/intermediates, to carry out selective organic transformations, prompted us to investigate their potential application for the synthesis of thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazoles. In this study, a remarkable application of α,α-dibromoacetophenones 5a-g in the development of a facile protocol for the synthesis of thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazoles 4a-g by avoiding the use of lachrymatory α- haloketones is described. Although the mechanism for the debromination from the intermediate compound 6 under these conditions is not confirmed, possible pathways have been suggested.

Diaryliodonium(III) salts are versatile reagents that exhibit a range of reactions, both in the presence and absence of metal catalysts. In this study, we developed efficient synthetic methods for the preparation of aryl(TMP)iodonium(III) carboxylates, by reaction of (diacetoxyiodo)arenes or iodosoarenes with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene in the presence of a diverse range of organocarboxylic acids. These reactions were conducted under mild conditions using the trimethoxyphenyl (TMP) group as an auxiliary, without the need for additives, excess reagents, or counterion exchange in further steps. These protocols are compatible with a wide range of substituents on (hetero)aryl iodine(III) compounds, including electron-rich, electron-poor, sterically congested, and acid-labile groups, as well as a broad range of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids for the synthesis of diverse aryl(TMP)iodonium(III) carboxylates in high yields. This method allows for the hybridization of complex bioactive and fluorescent-labeled carboxylic acids with diaryliodonium(III) salts.

A series of new isoxazole-substituted aryl iodides 1 a-1 d have been synthesized by DIB-mediated [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-iodo-1,3-bis(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy) benzene (4) with corresponding benzaldehyde oximes 5 a-5 d. Structure of the synthesized aryl iodides 1 were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The structure of 1 a was also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Further, catalytic activity of iodoarenes 1 a-1 d was screened for the oxidation of hydroquinones and sulfides. On oxidation using aryl iodides 1 with m-CPBA as terminal oxidant, hydroquinones afforded benzoquinones while sulfides gave corresponding sulfoxides in good to excellent yields. Iodoarene 1 b showed the best catalytic activity for the oxidation of sulfides and hydroquinones. Moreover, iodoarene 1 b, was also utilized for alpha-oxytosylation of acetophenones. New Isoxazole bearing aryl iodides 1 a-1 d were synthesized via metal-free [3+2] cycloaddition and their catalytic activity was investigated towards oxidation of hydroquinone, sulfides and alpha-oxytosylation of acetophenones.image