Nurses' detectability on acute deterioration risk is influenced by external situations. However, little attention has been paid to understanding the mechanisms underlying nurses' risk judgement. The present study aimed to clarify the perceptual-behavioral information processing underlying nurses' judgement on acute deterioration risk. A total of 21 nurses completed the Risk Judgement Task in which they were instructed to judge the risk level of presented vital sign-related stimuli, by pressing one of two response buttons. Reaction times were measured, and the analysis was conducted for nurses' performance on the basis of Signal Detection Theory. The findings revealed that the nurses made risk judgements in approximately 5 s. Their response accuracy and speed were modulated by the given information, particularly whether or not there were abnormal parameters in the given stimuli. This suggests the existence of two functionally different phases in their information processing. Additionally, skin potential levels were also measured, and arousal levels of participants imply that nurses' cognitive load may be mediated by their subjective experience of risk situations. Overall, the psychophysical and behavioral approach has the potential to enhance our understanding regarding nurses’ information processing.
Gluten-free baked goods represent a rapidly expanding food category driven by the growing prevalence of gluten-related disorders and the demand for healthier and more functional foods. This narrative review critically analyzes recent advances in ingredients, processing technologies, and formulation strategies aimed at improving the technological, nutritional, and sensory quality of these products. Alternative raw materials such as pseudocereals, legumes, modified starches, hydrocolloids, and agro-industrial by-products are examined, as well as their impact on the structure, volume, texture, and shelf life of gluten-free matrices. It also evaluates the role of conventional and emerging technologies, including sourdough fermentation, extrusion, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, cold plasma, and nanotechnology in the functional modification of proteins and starches to mimic the structural functionality of gluten. The evidence highlights that the synergistic combination of formulation and processing is crucial to closing the quality gap with traditional wheat products. Finally, unlike previous reviews that address ingredients and technologies in isolation, this study proposes an integrated techno-nutritional balance framework that identifies specific synergies between functional raw materials and emerging technologies, along with knowledge gaps that guide the rational design of next-generation gluten-free products with optimized functional performance, improved nutritional value, and sustainable industrial viability.
Freshwater lakes worldwide are increasingly threatened by the compounded effects of climate change and anthropogenic pressures, underscoring the urgent need for integrated monitoring and predictive frameworks to safeguard these vital ecosystems. Gahar Lake, a critical freshwater ecosystem in Iran, exemplifies these challenges, experiencing severe degradation in recent decades. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the lake's surface area dynamics from 2001 to 2023 and projects future climatic drivers of change. Utilizing multi-sensor satellite imagery (Landsat 7, 8, and Sentinel-2) within the Google Earth Engine platform, we applied multiple hydrological indices Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)) to track surface water changes. Our analysis revealed a drastic reduction in the lake's area, with MNDWI indicating a decline from ∼190 ha to ∼64 ha. Trend analysis of the Landsat 7 time series confirmed a statistically significant negative slope for the MNDWI index (p < 0.1), while the combined multi-sensor dataset showed a non-significant decreasing trend. To forecast future conditions, the Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model was employed under the high-emission Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario for the period 2021–2040. The projections indicate a continuing threat, with a predicted 15% decrease in precipitation, most acutely in May, coupled with a pronounced temperature increase of 4–13% during winter and spring. These climatic shifts are projected to exacerbate the lake's decline, threatening its biodiversity and ecosystem services. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of integrating remote sensing with climate modeling for monitoring and predicting surface water dynamics. This study provides critical data for crafting proactive conservation strategies for Gahar Lake and serves as a methodological framework for assessing vulnerable aquatic ecosystems globally.
The dimensional accuracy of sculpture from investment casting is affected by several process parameters such as pouring temperature, preheat temperature, and number of coatings. Single objective optimization using Taguchi method found that the number of coating layers had a significant impact on the response variable while there were different optimal levels of parameters for weight and dimensional response. The multi-response optimization was conducted using Grey Relational Analysis and Principal Component Analysis weighted Grey Relational Analysis. Both the optimization resulted in the same optimal levels of process parameters resulting in decrement of linear shrinkage in length, breadth, and thickness from 4.860%, 6.156%, and 4.200% to 0.545%, 1.067%, and 1.800% respectively. This improvement can be attributed to enhanced heat retention and reduced thermal shock due to optimal preheat and pouring temperatures and an ideal number of coatings that balance structural integrity and thermal properties of the mold. The results underscore the efficacy of GRA and PCA-GRA in improving dimensional accuracy in traditional metal casting.
Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a leading cause of mortality, particularly among the elderly. Frailty is common in this population and is associated with adverse outcomes, including mortality and readmission. However, limited research has examined its role in predicting short-term clinical outcomes, particularly in relation to nutritional status and comorbidities among elderly pneumonia patients in Vietnam. Methods A prospective cohort study included 246 participants aged 60 years or older hospitalized with CAP at Thong Nhat Hospital between March and September 2023. Frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment–Short Form (MNA-SF), and comorbid burden using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to evaluate associations with 30-day and 90-day mortality and hospital readmission. Results In the univariate analysis, frailty was significantly associated with 90-day mortality and 90-day readmission, but not with 30-day mortality or 30-day readmission. After multivariable adjustment, frailty was no longer independently associated with either 90-day outcome. In contrast, lower MNA-SF scores and higher CCI scores remained independently associated with 30-day mortality as well as 90-day mortality and 90-day readmission after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and CAP severity. No independent predictors of 30-day readmission were identified. Conclusion Frailty was not independently associated with short-term post-discharge outcomes after multivariable adjustment. Lower MNA-SF scores and higher CCI scores were independently associated with 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality, and 90-day readmission, but not with 30-day readmission. These findings support comprehensive assessment of nutritional status and comorbidity burden for post-discharge risk stratification in older adults hospitalized with CAP.
The purpose of this study was to synthesise literature on key contributors to youth offending in Australia, with an emphasis on educational factors, and explore their intersection with crime prevention strategies. The study aimed to identify trends, causes (including educational factors), and potential links between educational engagement, youth offending, and prevention approaches. The review included research outputs and electronic databases, including government websites and reports. The findings revealed a growing concern about youth offending worldwide, with Australian data reflecting this trend. The number of youths interacting with Australian police forces in 2023 increased compared to previous years. The review suggests that a risk-taking developmental stage, peer pressure, learning disengagement, low educational attainment, parents’ education levels, social media, home environments, and family domestic violence are key contributors to youth offending. In terms of education, a review of the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) found that literacy achievement among year 7 and year 9 students was lower than numeracy achievement, while youth offending increased across states and territories before COVID-19. Since education is crucial to preventing criminal behaviour, intervening in schools to support young people has a favourable impact on their cognitive and social skills. In general, this review has implications for various stakeholders, including parents, teachers, police, community members, and education specialists. In particular, it supports the provision of more engaging and stimulating activities for young people.
The aim of this work was to develop and test an image-domain-based method for calculating mass density ( ρ ) and effective atomic number ( Z eff ) maps from virtual monoenergetic reconstructions generated with the clinically approved photon-counting computed tomography (CT) system Naeotom Alpha (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). For this purpose, we developed an algorithm that utilizes virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) at different energy levels to calculate ρ - and Z eff -maps. This approach is computationally efficient because preprocessing steps for scanner geometry, beam hardening, beam quality, and spectral detector efficiency are not required, as these corrections are already incorporated in the manufacturer-generated VMI data. In the framework of a phantom study, we demonstrated high accuracy of the computed values compared with theoretically expected reference values. The algorithm can be used for analyzing biological materials with mass densities up to 2.0 g/cm 3 . Within this range, we obtained an average absolute percentage deviation of 1.0% for ρ -measurements. For Z eff -measurements, the average absolute percentage deviation was 0.84%. These small deviations of the experimental data from the expected values are in the same order of magnitude as deviations obtained with more complex methods reported in the literature. We conclude that virtual monoenergetic images from photon-counting CT can be used for the calculation of ρ - and Z eff -maps of biological materials with mass densities up to 2.0 g/cm 3 , which is sufficient for measurements in the human tissues. The proposed method is efficient, transparent, and directly applicable to clinically available image-domain data without requiring raw projection data or scanner-specific preprocessing.
Flooding severely threatens the livelihoods of coastal populations, especially as the effects of climate change become more pronounced. However, coastal adaptations alongside their barriers and enabling factors remain underexplored. This study is aimed at filling this gap by comprehensively examining coastal adaptations and their associated barriers and enabling factors toward enhanced community resilience in the face of intensifying climate change impacts. To achieve this goal, a systematic review is employed, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) procedure is followed. The key terms used for searching relevant records in the Scopus database are local adaptation and coastal flooding. After the inclusion/exclusion criteria are applied and the timeline is limited to 2000–2025, the final screening yields 45 records. For analysis, Evidence for Policy and Practice (EPPI)-Reviewer, which is a web-based software renowned for its robustness in assisting systematic reviews, is utilized. This study shows that records with cases in Bangladesh and the U.S. disproportionately dominate the literature. The majority of those records, exploring local knowledge, adaptation practices, and people's adaptive capacities, are qualitative and cross-sectional, indicating a significant lack of longitudinal studies that examine the dynamics of coastal adaptations and their impacts on local social–ecological systems over time. Additionally, accommodation adaptations, soft adaptations, and retreat adaptations are the most frequently mentioned in Global South cases, with institutional barriers and social cohesion serving as the most frequently identified challenges and enabler, respectively. Finally, an actionable framework for coastal adaptations is offered to help guide government and local communities in enhancing their adaptive capacities. This research contributes to efforts to improve coastal community resilience, and it lays the groundwork for future research by providing insights into the specific barriers and enablers of adaptations present in vulnerable areas, particularly in the Global South.
This systematic review synthesises empirical evidence on learner-facing artificial intelligence (AI) in programming education. It examines how intelligent, adaptive, generative, recommender, assessment, and feedback systems support programming-skill acquisition; what motivational, engagement, collaborative, and problem-solving outcomes are reported; and what ethical, technological, accessibility, and access-related challenges arise. Following PRISMA guidelines, a Scopus search identified English-language journal articles published between 2010 and 2025, of which 76 studies met the narrowed eligibility criteria. The findings suggest that AI-supported systems appear most educationally valuable when they combine personalised learning pathways, learner-facing assessment, adaptive scaffolding, and timely process-oriented feedback. Reported outcomes include improvements in programming performance, conceptual understanding, motivation, engagement, self-efficacy, collaboration, and problem-solving, although effects vary according to learner experience, prior knowledge, task type, and instructional design. Motivational benefits were reported across adaptive, conversational, reflective, collaborative, problem-based, and immersive environments; however, explicitly game-based or gamified evidence was limited. The most consistently documented implementation challenges concerned inaccurate or misleading AI outputs, overreliance, academic-integrity uncertainty, unequal access, and differences in learners' capacity to verify generated solutions. Direct empirical evidence on algorithmic bias, formal transparency mechanisms, privacy-preserving design, and institutional data governance remained sparse. Overall, AI should be understood as a complement to sound pedagogy, human judgement, peer interaction, and learner agency. Future research should use stronger comparative and longitudinal designs, evaluate independent learning after AI support is withdrawn, and examine reliability, equity, privacy, and subgroup differences more directly.
This study aims to assess the long-term spatio-temporal dynamics and magnitude of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) in the intermediate, high-altitude Andean city of Cuenca, Ecuador (∼2560 m a.s.l.). This research addresses a significant gap in urban climatology by analyzing the SUHI evolution over 34 years, utilizing Landsat data from 1989 to 2022. The analysis focused on the correlation between Landsat-derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) and key biophysical indices: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), which serve as proxies for characterizing surface cooling and warming mechanisms, respectively. The results confirm a strong and intensifying SUHI effect in Cuenca, characterized by a net increase of 1.28 °C in SUHI Intensity (SUHII) over the study period, rising from 4.47 °C (1989) to 5.75 °C (2022). Urban areas consistently exhibited mean temperatures 4.47–5.75 °C higher than surrounding unurbanized regions. The mechanisms driving this thermal anomaly are confirmed by strong correlations: LST exhibits a negative correlation with NDVI (R2 = 0.22 to 0.59), suggesting that vegetative cover provides evaporative cooling, while the strong positive correlation with NDBI (R2 = 0.47 to 0.59) indicates that the increase in impervious, thermally massive surfaces contributes significantly to SUHI intensification. These findings provide specific evidence for the magnitude and long-term trend of surface warming within a high-altitude Andean environment, underscoring the necessity of adopting climate-responsive urban planning measures centered on green infrastructure and surface material selection to mitigate the escalating SUHI effect in this context.
The irresponsible behavior of enterprises can seriously disrupt market order, break market rules, and bring adverse effects to economic development. This study focuses on the supply chain perspective and confirms the impact of supplier corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) on focal firm. We collected data on corporate social irresponsibility events of Chinese listed companies and their suppliers from 2011 to 2021, and proposed research hypotheses based on social contagion theory. The data analysis results indicate that when the supplier's CSI increases, on the one hand, the CSI of the focal firm will also significantly increase; On the other hand, the CSR of focal firm has decreased. In addition, this study further analyzed the impact of cooperation intensity, industry sensitivity, and information disclosure on the contagion process, proposing four specific response mechanisms: “those who approach the dark”, “self-protection”, “moral erosion”, and “moral compensation”. Our conclusion extends the impact of CSI from within the enterprise to between the enterprise and its suppliers, explaining the mechanism of external environmental factors affecting the contagion mechanism in different contexts, and providing theoretical support for regulating CSI.
The study introduces a novel dual-relationship modelling concept for integrated supply chain management, addressing the complex interactions among lean, green, and resilient practices in the automotive industry. The integration of these practices is increasingly recognised as essential for achieving long-term competitiveness and sustainability, yet it requires a structured understanding of both synergistic and conflicting relationships within supply chain systems. To capture this dual nature, the research develops and applies an enhanced methodological framework based on Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis, incorporating dual-relationship matrices that simultaneously reflect complementary and conflicting relationships between key logistics and supply chain practices. The developed model enables the identification of leverage practices, including cross-functional teams, information and knowledge sharing, supplier collaboration and partnerships, green monitoring, green ICT system, crisis response teams, enhanced supplier communication, and supplier support and assistance, that drive coordinated transformation, while also revealing practices that may create systemic tensions if not properly managed. The proposed concept offers a decision-support framework for managers in the automotive industry and establishes a transferable methodological foundation applicable to other sectors facing the challenge of sustainable supply chain integration.
This study investigated the spatial distribution and radiological risks of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in soils around the Geita Gold Mine (GGM) in Tanzania and assessed community awareness and perception of associated health and ecological risks. Soil samples were collected from ten farms located across six villages and analyzed using gamma-ray spectrometry to determine the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K. The average concentrations were 53 ± 7 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, 36 ± 5 Bq kg−1 for 232Th, and 205 ± 38 Bq kg−1 for 40K. Radiological indices such as radium equivalent activity (Raeq), hazard indices (Hex, Hin), absorbed dose rate (DR), annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), organ doses (Dorgan) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were computed. All average values were below the global safety limits, although some localized values exceeded the thresholds, indicating the need for continued monitoring. A parallel cross-section survey of 390 residents revealed that only 35.4% were aware of the NORM and its associated risks. Awareness was significantly associated with education level, age and occupation (p < 0.01). Among informed respondents, perceptions of risks were highest for wildlife, water quality, and human health. Moreover, correlations between perceived environmental degradation and impacts on agriculture and biodiversity were also noted. The findings underscore the importance of integrating scientific assessments with public education to inform risk communication and environmental policy. While current radiological risks remain within acceptable limits, the combination of localized elevations in radionuclide levels and low public awareness highlight the need for targeted awareness campaigns and community engagement in mining-impacted regions.
Background Nursing errors in emergency departments significantly threaten patient safety. However, comprehensive data on their types, underlying causes, and reporting barriers remain limited in Iran. This study was conducted to determine the types of nursing errors, contributing factors, and barriers to reporting in emergency departments of educational-therapeutic hospitals in Tabriz. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2023 to April 2024 in six educational-therapeutic hospitals in Tabriz, northwestern Iran. A total of 144 nurses were selected via stratified random sampling. Data were collected using three validated questionnaires: Demographic Information Form, Underlying Causes of Nursing Errors (Mashouf), and Barriers to Reporting Nursing Errors (Mardani & Shahraki). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, employing independent t-tests, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered. Results Of the participants, 31.3% reported experiencing at least one nursing error in the past year (with a total of 41% error occurrences, as some nurses reported multiple errors). Job dissatisfaction (p = 0.017), witnessing colleagues’ errors (p < 0.001), and prior error reporting (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with error occurrence. Communication errors were most prevalent (35.4%), followed by operational errors (average of three sub-items: medication 25%, care 25.7%, and equipment 19.4%, yielding a mean of 23.4%). Management factors (mean = 2.16, SD = 0.45) and environmental/physical factors (mean = 2.14, SD = 0.46) were identified as the most significant causes. Management-related barriers to reporting (mean = 3.90) were rated higher than employee-related barriers (mean = 3.58). Conclusion It is critical that emergency departments address communication issues, improve work conditions, and promote a non-punitive culture to reduce nursing errors and enhance reporting. Preventive strategies must be prioritized to mitigate potentially irreversible consequences.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second most widely cultivated food legume crop globally, serving as a vital source of dietary protein and improving soil fertility. However, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a serious threat to the sustainability of chickpea cultivation. Estimates of various studies on major crops indicate that PPNs cause global economic losses up to 157-173 billion US$ worldwide annually. The major challenge to control the PPNs in infected crops is their hidden, soil-dwelling nature and wide host range resulting in early detection and effective management difficult. PPN infection often also increases the severity of other soil-borne pathogens. PPN species causing significant economic damage in chickpea include root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), cyst (Heterodera spp.), and root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.). Identifying and utilizing inherent resistance in host plants, along with agronomic management practices, is considered the most effective approach to controlling PPNs. Accordingly, various studies have screened substantial chickpea germplasm collections against the major PPNs, viz. Meloidogyne incognita (∼1250 accessions), M. javanica (∼700), Heterodera ciceri (∼9700), Pratylenchus thornei (∼2200), P. neglectus (∼1750), and Rotylenchulus reniformis (∼600). These screenings have revealed that resistance sources in the cultivated gene pool are very rare. However, relatively better resistance level is observed in wild Cicer species. In this review, we have discussed the economic importance and distribution of PPNs, the life cycle of different species of PPNs infecting chickpea, PPN-host plant interactions, resistant donors identified, and modern tools to accelerate chickpea crop improvement against PPNs.
Objective Liquid crystal display (LCD) three-dimensional (3D) printing has been increasingly used for fabricating provisional restorations; however, evidence regarding the influence of printing angle on dental applications remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of printing angle on the fracture strength, marginal fit, and surface roughness of single-unit provisional crowns fabricated using an LCD-based 3D printer. Materials and methods Anatomical crown specimens (maxillary second molars, 2 mm occlusal thickness) and disc specimens (5 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) were fabricated using an LCD 3D printer and a urethane dimethacrylate-based resin at four printing angles (0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°; n = 19/group). Crowns were evaluated for fracture strength (universal testing machine, 1 mm/min) and marginal fit (silicone replica technique). Discs underwent surface roughness evaluation via confocal laser scanning microscopy (ISO 21920). Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results FS, marginal fit, and surface roughness significantly differed among the groups (p < 0.05). The 15° orientation exhibited the highest mean FS (2220.43 ± 392.97 N), while the 30° orientation showed the lowest (1782.51 ± 111.77 N; p < 0.0001), with all values exceeding the average maximum occlusal load. The 30° orientation demonstrated the optimal marginal fit (97.88 ± 8.49 μm; p = 0.0091); all tested orientations remained below the 120 μm clinical threshold. Surface roughness (Ra) was lowest at 0° (1.10 ± 0.16 μm) and highest at 15° (4.39 ± 0.15 μm; p < 0.0001). Conclusions Printing angles significantly influence the mechanical and surface properties of LCD-printed restorations. The 0° and 15° orientations optimized fracture strength, whereas the 30° orientation minimized marginal gap discrepancy. Although all angles provided clinically acceptable fracture strength and marginal fit, surface roughness varied distinctly depending on the orientation.
Through-thickness reinforcement methods are widely used to enhance the mechanical performance of fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs), yet their adaptation to wood veneers remains unexamined. This study presents a novel investigation into the feasibility and transferability of thread-based through-thickness reinforcement techniques, such as sewing or tufting, to wood veneers and engineered wood products, providing new insights into potential reinforcement methods and manufacturing approaches. Needle penetration resistance of wood veneers from different species (poplar, birch and beech), under varying moisture conditions, and with a selection of needle geometries were examined. The damage introduced through needle penetration was characterised in a biaxial load case (slow rate penetration testing according to ASTM F1306), and the extent of the damage was assessed with reflected-light microscopy. The overarching goal is to provide the basis for the development of an innovative sewing or tufting based reinforcement method for veneer-based wood laminates, which could function as a sustainable alternative to through-thickness reinforced FRPs. Results indicate that wood veneers can be penetrated by sewing needles at forces comparable to, though higher than, those found in FRP tufting processes. Additionally, needle geometry and moisture conditions of the veneers significantly influence the penetration process, affecting the required penetration forces substantially. While veneer perforation can lead to substantial degradation, the findings highlight key parameters for process optimisation, offering a pathway towards integrating through-thickness reinforcements in wood-based composites.
The cajuzinho-do-cerrado (Anacardium humile St. Hil.) is a native fruit of the Brazilian Cerrado biome, traditionally harvested extractively and valued for its high content of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and vitamin C. However, its high perishability limits large-scale commercialization, requiring the development of efficient postharvest conservation strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different packaging types on the physicochemical, functional, and visual quality of A. humile fruits stored under refrigeration (6 °C) for up to 15 days. A completely randomized design (6 × 6 factorial) was used, consisting of six packaging types and six storage periods, with three replicates. Analyses were performed every three days for weight loss, firmness, respiration rate, color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, total extractable phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. Packaging type and storage duration significantly affected the evaluated quality attributes, with responses varying according to the specific variable and storage period. BD, PP, and PET were the most effective packaging systems for minimizing weight loss, maintaining values below 2% at the end of their respective evaluation periods. In contrast, EPS and NY exhibited substantially greater dehydration and lost acceptable commercial quality before the final evaluation at day 15. Firmness, color attributes, total extractable phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity showed distinct packaging- and time-dependent responses, with no single packaging system consistently exhibiting superior performance for all attributes throughout storage. Pearson correlation and principal component analyses indicated that weight loss and respiration rate were associated with storage progression and quality deterioration, whereas firmness, color attributes, total extractable phenolic compounds, and FRAP antioxidant activity were generally associated with better-preserved samples. Overall, packaging effectiveness depended on both the quality attribute considered and storage duration. Packaging systems with greater moisture retention, particularly BD, PP, and PET, were effective in limiting fruit dehydration, while the preservation of physicochemical and functional attributes varied among packaging systems over time. These findings provide a basis for selecting packaging strategies according to specific postharvest quality requirements and may contribute to the commercial valorization of A. humile and its inclusion in sustainable value chains.
Background Inadequate communication skills can worsen the emotional well-being of patients and their families and reduce trust in nursing care. In this descriptive and correlational study, we examined nurses’ self-reported knowledge and perceived ability to deliver bad news to patients. Methods The study was conducted with 375 nurses in a hospital in southern Turkey. Research data were collected using the “Bad News Delivering Scale”. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0. The STROBE checklist was used to report this study. Results The mean scale score of the nurses was 54.62 ± 8.28 (possible range: 21–63). Weak but statistically significant positive correlations were found between scale scores and age (r = 0.178, p < 0.01) and years of professional experience (r = 0.186, p < 0.01). Nurses who perceived their skills as good or moderate had significantly higher scores compared to those who perceived them as very poor (p < 0.001). Discussion The findings of this study highlight the importance of effective and empathetic communication skills in nursing practice. Involving patients in the care process, seeking their input, and collaborating with them enable patient-centered care and communication. The results of this study show that nurses' age, as well as their years of professional experience and education level, are related to their perception of their ability at delivering bad news to patients. Conclusions In this study, nurses' age, education level, and length of professional experience were found to be associated with a higher perceived ability to deliver bad news.This study found that most nurses believe breaking bad news is not a nurse's responsibility. This is significant because it may lead to communication gaps, delays in emotional support, and disruptions in continuity of care.
