Definition of biological activity, which results in a biological property, is still inspired by conventional Fischer’s ‘lock- and-key’ model. This model explains how the correctly sized key (ligand) should fits into the keyhole (receptor) in an analogical manner. During Electromagnetic Information Transfer (EMIT), property of original molecule delivers either to water or target biological entity. In cases that water receives a property via EMIT, it imitates the original agonist, while no longer has the molecule inside it. The recent concept is known as “Water Memory (WM)”. EMIT and WM, challenge the currently admired scientific paradigm (lock-and-key model), which addresses the necessity of structural conformity of interacting molecules. Considering the fact that replicability of EMIT and WM related empirical studies are not always confirmed, these propositions are mostly labelled as “pseudoscience”. To evaluate the authenticity of labelling EMIT and WM as pseudoscience, we debated the scientific accuracy of EMIT phenomenon with demarcation criteria. Either of the agreement or disagreements of the proposed propositions, which explain EMIT and WM, evaluated and scored by Delphi analysis. Results of our Delphi analysis confirm that some of the propositions that explain EMIT or WM, splendidly pass the prerequisites of demarcation criteria. Therefore, labelling the aforementioned propositions as pseudoscience is content to perfunctory generalization, which needs to be revised. Further investigation of the propositions that merited demarcation criteria, helps to establish a scientific framework that explains ground-breaking aspects of EMIT and WM phenomena.
Despite the tremendous importance of catalysis for all types of chemistry and biochemistry, there is still a huge gap in detailed knowledge of the processes and reaction intermediates on the surfaces of the catalysts or inside. The combination of conventional and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, chemical modelling and quantum chemical calculations, often loosely summarized as NMR crystallography, has evolved into one of the most powerful characterization tools to fill this gap and study solid catalysts and chemical processes on their surface or the active center of an enzyme. These techniques give an unprecedented view in the chemistry of immobilized homogeneous transition metal catalysts, supported e.g. on silica or crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) or polymer based core shell structures as carriers or reactants and reaction intermediates on transition metal nanoparticles (MNPs). The contribution presents recent examples from our group about solid-state NMR spectroscopic characterizations of mono- or binuclear Rhodium, Ruthenium and Iridium catalysts and a Nickel containing enzyme. The focus is set to the immobilization of Wilkinsons’s type catalyst and the dirhodium-acetate dimer (Rh2ac4). These are linked covalently to high-surface silica or crystalline nanocellulose support materials, employing amine, phosphine, pyridyl or carboxyl functions on the surface of the support materials or mesoporous silica supports. Combinations of 13C-, 15N-, 29Si- and 31P- CP MAS, J-resolved 31P- MAS and HETCOR solid-state NMR techniques are employed to monitor the preparation of the catalyst. Moreover, by DNP enhanced solid-state NMR it is feasible to detect different carboxyl and amine binding sites in natural abundance at a fast time scale.
Alcohol is an organic compound with at least one hydroxyl functional group (-OH) attached to a saturated carbon atom. The term alcohol originally refers to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethanol), used as a medicine, and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic beverages. An important class of alcohols, in which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members, including all compounds with the general formula CnH2n+1OH. The suffix - ol appears in the IUPAC chemical names of all substances, where hydroxyl is the functional group with the highest priority.
Polymer flooding is a set Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR) which is considered as best candidate for the mature hydrocarbon reservoir. Many polymer flooding projects been carried on successfully around the world, but there are still non understood effects of polymer flooding. One of the main effects is the polymer injectivity loss or polymer plugging which is the major affecting factor on the reservoir. The increase in polymer viscosity injection is a major influence for polymer injectivity reduction, as well others mechanism such as; mechanical, debris, permeability reduction, and water quality. In this research some effects of polymer injectivity concentration time-variation are investigated as following: Polymer entrapment during polymer injectivity, left debris in the reservoir, polymer rheology, mechanical degradation, and permeability reduction are the main effecting factors. When the liquid rate decreased in function of polymer injectivity time-variation phase change concentration, production rate has improved in function of time-variation phase change. The dynamic change of reservoir in each iteration step is updated to achieve stable, reliable and continuous characterization of reservoir permeability changes, and objectively reflects the changes in the permeability of long term polymer flooding reservoirs and the effects of oil-water motion laws. The stability and reliability of the reservoir numerical results are guaranteed.
Aeration is the process of circulating, mixing, or dissolving air in a liquid. In industrial water conditioning, one of the main goals of aeration is to remove carbon dioxide. Aeration is also used to oxidize soluble iron and manganese (found in many well waters) into insoluble precipitates. Aeration is usually used to reduce the carbon dioxide released during treatment. The role of the aeration system is to uniformly mix the water temperature from the top to the bottom of the pond and remove the thermocline. The function of aeration is to move the warmer water from the bottom to the top of the pond and keep the surface free of ice. This allows the pond to oxygenate. Aeration brings water and air into contact to remove dissolved gases and oxidize dissolved metals, including iron, hydrogen sulfide, and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs).
The adverse health effects of exposure to radon are caused primarily by damage due to alpha-particles. The possible effects will depend on exposure level. The main danger from high radon exposure is an increased risk of lung cancer. Radon as a noble gas is rapidly exhaled after being breathed in; however, radon progeny combine with other molecules in the air and with particles of dust, aerosols or smoke, and readily deposit in the airways of the lung. While lodging there, the progeny emit ionizing radiation in the form of alpha particles, which can damage the cells lining the airways. Experiments have confirmed that ionizing radiation affecting bronchial epithelial cells could cause cancer.
AIM: The Quantified Motion Analysis (QMA) has become in recent years a clinical examination whose understanding and improvement are being developed. Based on a three-dimensional projection of the body segments, the QMA must define these segments and their means of union, the axes and centres of articular rotation. Two main techniques exist: predictive estimation techniques and functional techniques which use a calibration movement to estimate the axes and centres of rotation. These latter techniques, known as functional, seem to show a superiority in terms of reproducibility of the estimate of the axis of rotation of the knee, but no consensus exists. The same applies to the calibration movements used
The aim of our study is the qualitative and quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acids in terms of rosmarinic acid from the herb of Rosmarinus officinalis from Tunisia. Analysis by thin layer chromatography was carried out in a solvent system formed of formic acid P, acetone anhydride P and methylene chloride P (with the following volumes: 8.5: 25: 85). The identification of the phenolic derivatives was carried out in UV light (365 nm) as a function of the specific fluorescence of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid (blue fluorescence). Spectrophotometric analysis was used to quantify the amount of hydroxycinnamic acids in terms of rosmarinic acid. The content of the sum of hydroxycinnamic acids in terms of rosmarinic acid was: 5.88 ± 0.25%.
Background Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious global public health threat. Hospital misuse of antibiotics has contributed to this problem and evidence-based interventions are urgently needed to change inappropriate prescribing practices. This paper reports the first theoretical stage of a longer-term project to improve antibiotic prescribing in hospitals through design of an effective behaviour-change intervention. Methods Qualitative synthesis using meta-ethnography of primary studies reporting doctors’ views and experiences of antibiotic prescribing in hospitals for example, their barriers to appropriate prescribing. Twenty electronic databases were systematically searched over a 10-year period and potential studies screened against eligibility criteria. Included studies were quality-appraised. Original participant quotes and author interpretations were extracted and coded thematically into NVivo. All study processes were conducted by two reviewers working independently with findings discussed with the wider team and key stakeholders. Studies were related by findings into clusters and translated reciprocally and refutationally to develop a new line-of-argument synthesis and conceptual model. Findings are reported using eMERGe guidance. Results Fifteen papers (13 studies) conducted between 2007 and 2017 reporting the experiences of 336 doctors of varying seniority working in acute hospitals across seven countries, were synthesised. Study findings related in four ways which collectively represented multiple challenges to appropriate antibiotic medical prescribing in hospitals: loss of ownership of prescribing decisions, tension between individual care and public health concerns, evidence-based practice versus bedside medicine, and diverse priorities between different clinical teams. The resulting new line-of-argument and conceptual model reflected how these challenges operated on both micro- and macro-level, highlighting key areas for improving current prescribing practice, such as creating feedback mechanisms, normalising input from other specialties and reducing variation in responsibility for antibiotic decisions. Conclusions This first meta-ethnography of doctors` experiences of antibiotic prescribing in acute hospital settings has enabled development of a novel conceptual model enhancing understanding of appropriate antibiotic prescribing. That is, hospital antibiotic prescribing is a complex, context-dependent and dynamic process, entailing the balancing of many tensions. To change practice, comprehensive efforts are needed to manage failures in communication and information provision, promote distribution of responsibility for antibiotic decisions, and reduce fear of consequences from not prescribing. Trial registration PROSPERO registration: CRD42017073740 .
Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB) is a polyphyletic group of bacteria that orient themselves along the magnetic field lines of the Earth's magnetic field. Magnetotactic bacteria are diverse, mobile, and disseminated prokaryotes that bio mineralize a unique organelle called a magnetosome. Magnetosomes consists of a nanoscale crystal of the magnetic iron mineral that is surrounded by the lipid bilayer membrane. In the cells of almost all MTBs, magnetosomes are organized as a well-ordered chain. The magnetosome chain causes the cell to behave like a moving miniature compass needle with which cell lines up, nothing parallel to the magnetic field lines. MTBs are found in almost all types of aquatic environments, where they can make up a significant part of the bacterial biomass. The genes responsible for the bio mineralization of the magnetosome are organized as clusters in the MTB genomes, in some as genomic islands of magnetosomes. The roles of various magnetosome genes and associated proteins in magnetosome synthesis and magnetosome chain construction have now been clarified.
Aldehydes, any sort of compound during which a atom shares a covalent bond with an oxygen atom, one bond with a hydrogen atom, and a bond with another atom or group of atoms. The double bond between carbon and oxygen is characteristic of all aldehydes and is called a carbonyl group. Many aldehydes have a pleasing odour, and in theory are derived from alcohols through dehydrogenation, and therefore the name of the aldehyde derived from this
History of high power/energy opticsPower/energy optics is inextricably associated with the creation of a single-mode CO2 laser (P = 1.2 kW), operating in the master oscillator-power amplifier regime and employing the principle of a quasi-optical transmission line, at the Laboratory of Oscillations of the P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute headed at that time by A. M. Prokhorov.
Klebsiella pneumonia can cause a wide range of infections, including meningitis, bacteremia, wound infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, etc. This organism is becoming resistant to a large group of antibiotics, especially β-lactam antibiotics. Polymerase chain reaction PCR was used to detect carbapenemases-encoding genes. Clonal relationships were analyzed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Evolution of these enzymes in Palestinian hospitals.
Residual ridge resorption is an inevitable process which affects the prosthodontic prognosis majorly. This review article aims to provide a brief overview toward the management of this condition using various treatment modalities, techniques and principles that are categorised under preventive, conventional and osseointegrated approach.
Long time ago, it has been known that molecules should undergo excitation with electromagnetic radiation. This effect is used in domestic microwave ovens to heat up food. Some of the first tries gave reasonable results, which led to a flood of interest in microwave-accelerated synthesis methods. However, scientists have been using microwaves as a reaction methodology for a few years; no studies were conducted on using domestic microwave ovens in organic synthesis.
