Tensor states ℳ_T^b=Υ B_c^*- and ℳ_T^c=J/ψ B_c^*+ are explored using techniques of QCD sum rule method. These hadronic molecules, composed of only heavy quarks, have asymmetric quark contents bbbc and cccb , respectively. The masses m=(15864 ± 85) MeV and m=(9870 ± 82) MeV prove that these structures are unstable against dissociations to constituent mesons. Full widths of molecules ℳ_T^b and ℳ_T^c are calculated by considering their dominant and subleading decay channels. The subleading channels are processes generated by annihilations of bb and cc quarks. For the molecule ℳ_T^b dominant decays are ℳ_T^b→Υ B_c^*- and ℳ_T^b→η _b B_c^- , whereas subleading channels are transformations to ℳ _T^b→ B^(*)-D^(*)0 and B_(s)^(*)0D_(s)^(*)- mesons. In the lower limit ( l.l. ) of the mass m=15779 MeV for ℳ_T^b decay to Υ B_c^*- mesons is forbidden. In the case of ℳ_T^c we explore decays to J/ψ B_c^*+ , η _cB_c^+ , B^(*)+D^(*)0 and B_(s)^(*)0D_(s)^(*)+ mesons. Predictions Γ [ ℳ _T^b]=120^+17_-12 MeV , Γ [ℳ_T^b]_l.l.=(65 ± 7) MeV and Γ [ ℳ_T^c]=(71 ± 9) MeV for the widths of these molecules may be useful in experimental studies of fully heavy structures.
Normally-OFF GaN HEMTs are key devices for high-power and high-efficiency applications. This work presents an analytical model that incorporates the effect of interface traps located at the AlGaN/GaN heterointerface. These traps are significant as they capture electrons, and their occupancy exhibits a strongly bias-dependent behaviour, transitioning from exponential dependence in the subthreshold regime to saturation in strong inversion. The model is validated against Silvaco TCAD simulations, showing good agreement in output and transconductance characteristics, and electric field distributions, under strong inversion operation, where the channel is fully formed and trap occupancy approaches unity. Results indicate that an increase in interface trap density leads to a higher threshold voltage, reduced transconductance, and a stronger electric field near the drain. This compact and physically accurate model serves as a valuable tool for analysing the behaviour of normally-OFF p-GaN HEMTs.
Interfacial charge transfer strongly governs the electrochemical response of hybrid electrodes used for charge storage. Here, a PSS-doped PPy-interfaced Co3O4/Ti3C2Tx (PSS-PPy@Co3O4/Ti3C2Tx) heterostructure was prepared to examine how conductive polymer bridging, Fe-modified spinel redox sites, and MXene-based electron pathways influence charge storage kinetics. Fe-doped Co3O4 supplied reversible redox-active centers, Ti3C2Tx provided a conductive layered scaffold, and PSS-doped PPy formed an interfacial conducting network between the oxide and MXene phases. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the formation of a coupled ternary architecture with enlarged surface area and mesoporosity. Electrochemical measurements in 1 M KOH showed that the optimized electrode delivered a specific capacity of 2821 C g–1 at 2 A g–1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed a reduced charge-transfer resistance of 18.4 Ω for the ternary heterostructure compared with Co3O4:Fe and Ti3C2Tx, confirming improved interfacial electron transport. In an asymmetric device with activated carbon, the electrode delivered 598 C g–1 at 2 A g–1, an energy density of 132.9 Wh kg–1 at a power density of 1606 W kg–1, and 85.4
Microtubules and other protein polymers are proposed to support coherent energy transport, but a theoretical study between nonlinear lattice dynamics and physiological conditions remains to be elucidated. We investigated the nonlinear dynamics, localization, and charge transport in an extended Zdravković model coupled to an exciton Hamiltonian, and by introducing thermal fluctuations to treat the system at physiological temperature. Modulation-instability analysis and numerical integration are employed to examine the effects of charge-lattice and torsional coupling on the formation and propagation of localized structures. Charge transport is shown to be strongly influenced by lattice distortions, rotational motion, dissipation, and thermal fluctuations, with localized excitations and self-trapping being observed under physiological conditions. We show that increasing exciton-lattice coupling drives a transition from stable propagation to amplitude collapse and splitting, providing a nonlinear analog to catastrophe-like behavior. These results establish that nonlinear self-trapping can protect localized excitations against thermal decoherence on ultrafast timescales in protein lattices. However direct biological relevance to polymerization/depolymerization dynamics or information transport in microtubules requires independent experimental validation.
Underwater image restoration is challenging in computer vision due to degradation caused by light absorption, wavelength-dependent attenuation, scattering, a thin layer of haze, nonuniform illumination, and motion-induced blur. Such degradations significantly impact underwater robotics, monitoring, ecological analysis, autonomous navigation, and inspection systems, negatively affecting image visibility, structural clarity, and colour fidelity. Previous methods in underwater restoration include physical image models, CNNs, GANs, and transformer architectures, which have shown some effectiveness. However, there are certain inconsistencies, such as scattering correction, structural preservation, colour instability, high computational cost, and reduced robustness across different underwater scenarios. To overcome the above drawbacks, this paper presents a deep learning-based underwater restoration framework, AquaVisionDeblurNet, which incorporates a depth-guided scattering prior, scattering-aware feature encoding, dual-branch restoration learning, and a composite optimisation strategy. It is proposed to estimate underwater scattering characteristics adaptively using depth-guided priors, to restore structural information adaptively, and to extract spectral information via a dedicated restoration branch. A wide variety of experiments on the EUVP and UIEB benchmark datasets have been conducted, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. AquaVisionDeblurNet delivered a PSNR of 28.42 dB and an SSIM score of 0.913 on the EUVP data sets, and a PSNR of 27.68 dB, an SSIM of 0.904, a UIQM of 3.69, and a UCIQE of 0.646 on the UIEB data sets, surpassing current CNN-based, GAN-based, and transformer-based restoration methods. Additionally, the system achieved near-real-time performance (33.3 fps), making it suitable for underwater robotic perception, marine surveillance, ecological monitoring, or autonomous underwater exploration.
The present article first describes specific conditions in turbulent reactive flows where turbulence and chemical effects are of the same order, coining the term balanced turbulence–chemistry interaction (BTCI). Second, it proposes a method to indicate where these conditions arise by comparing numerical simulation results based on different assumptions about the relative magnitudes of flow and chemistry timescales. Third, it applies this method to analyze an aero gas turbine model combustor called the wall-jet can combustor (WJCC) and investigates indications of balanced turbulence–chemistry interactions and other unexpected behavior where dominance of chemistry over turbulence occurs. The numerical simulations employ two turbulent combustion models: the eddy dissipation model, which assumes fast-chemistry, and the finite-rate species transport model, based on finite-rate kinetics. Both models are coupled with the realizable k-ε turbulence model. A hybrid Eulerian/Lagrangian method represents the fuel spray, while radiative heat transfer is treated using the discrete ordinates method. Four major configurations of the WJCC are examined with varying flow and chemical timescales, indicating BTCI in three scenarios. It is found that when 40
Professor Chiang Chung (C. C.) Mei (1935–2026) was one of the most influential theoretical hydrodynamicists of his generation. Across more than six decades of scientific research, he made fundamental contributions to fluid mechanics, ranging from ocean and coastal waves to porous media flow, environmental transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, and multiscale mechanics. A particularly enduring aspect of his legacy is his physically grounded use and extension of homogenization methods for multiscale mechanics, through which processes occurring over distinct spatial and temporal scales can be systematically connected to effective large-scale behaviour. For Mei, identifying the physically relevant scales was central to the modelling itself, rather than merely a preliminary mathematical step. This editorial reflects on that way of thinking, its influence on fluid mechanics and transport theory, and its continuing relevance to contemporary multiscale problems. Through his ideas, methods, books, and enduring contributions to fluid mechanics, Professor Mei continues to influence generations of researchers, and his multiscale way of thinking will remain a source of insight and inspiration for those confronting complex problems across scales.
We present an analytical study of scalar field dynamics in a four-dimensional Letelier black hole surrounded by a cloud of strings and immersed in an external electromagnetic universe. By solving the covariant Klein–Gordon equation exactly, we obtain closed-form solutions in terms of spherical harmonics and confluent Heun functions, from which the quasibound state spectrum is derived through the polynomial condition of the confluent Heun functions. In the ultralight scalar limit, the spectrum exhibits a hydrogen-like structure. We show that the cloud-of-strings parameter α enhances the binding energy and damping rate of the scalar, while the electromagnetic parameter a weakens the damping and contributes only through subleading corrections to the real part of the spectrum. We further derive analytic expressions for the eikonal quasinormal frequencies using the WKB approximation and the null-geodesic correspondence, demonstrating that both α and a reduce the oscillation frequency and damping rate, thereby producing longer-lived ringdown signals. Finally, applying the Damour–Ruffini method to the exact scalar solutions, we obtain the Hawking radiation spectrum and a closed-form expression for the Hawking temperature. The cloud of strings lowers the Hawking temperature, whereas increasing a, corresponding to a weaker electromagnetic contribution, increases it. These results reveal how the interplay between a cloud of strings and an external electromagnetic universe leaves distinct signatures on the resonant spectrum, ringdown dynamics, and thermodynamic properties of the black hole.
We investigate the propagation and scattering of a massive scalar field non-minimally coupled to the Ricci scalar in the spacetime of a deformed Hořava–Lifshitz black hole. We analyze the quasinormal mode spectrum, gray-body factors, and absorption cross sections to explore how the scalar field mass, non-minimal coupling, and spacetime deformation influence the dynamical and scattering properties of the system. The quasinormal frequencies are calculated using the 14th- and 16th-order WKB approximations with Padé resummation and independently checked through finite difference time domain evolution. We find that increasing the scalar field mass increases the oscillation frequency while reducing the damping rate, whereas the non-minimal coupling lowers the oscillation frequency and enhances the damping. The Hořava–Lifshitz deformation modifies both the real and imaginary parts of the quasinormal frequencies through changes in the effective potential, with the effect depending on the angular momentum number. In the eikonal regime, analytical expressions for the quasinormal frequencies are obtained up to second order in the deformation parameter, providing a connection between the photon sphere properties and the asymptotic quasinormal spectrum. We further show that the massive field exhibits a propagation threshold, Ω >μ , and that increasing the scalar field mass suppresses wave transmission. In contrast, the deformation parameter and non-minimal coupling modify the effective potential in a way that can enhance transmission and absorption. The resulting gray-body factors and absorption cross sections therefore provide complementary signatures of the modifications induced by the scalar mass, coupling, and spacetime deformation. The comparison between the WKB Padé and time domain calculations, together with the gray-body factor analysis, provides independent consistency checks and a unified picture of the dynamical and scattering behavior of massive scalar perturbations in the deformed Hořava–Lifshitz black hole spacetime.
We investigate the optical response of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) incorporating three-level -type rubidium (Rb) atoms in a pump–probe configuration. Two distinct structures are considered: (i) Rb atoms confined in a vacuum layer and (ii) a Rb vacuum layer positioned at the center of a 1DPC. The reflection, transmission, and absorption characteristics of the incident probe field are systematically analyzed. Our results demonstrate that a Rb vacuum layer can induce reflective optical limiting behavior without the emergence of a damage-intensity regime. Furthermore, embedding the atomic layer within a 1DPC enables optical limiting in the transmitted probe field, which can be used to protect the sensors in optical communication. We also show that the optical limiting characteristics can be effectively controlled by tuning either the intensity or the frequency of the applied fields. The reflective optical limiting results can be exploited for the protection of active seekers in military applications and active radar systems, whereas the transmissive optical limiting performance is well suited for safeguarding sensitive sensors in optical communication and quantum technologies.
In targeted radionuclide therapy, achieving high localized dose deposition while sparing surrounding healthy tissue remains a challenge. This study aims to evaluate the dosimetric performance of a novel, multi-layered nano-radionuclide design using 170Tm as the core. We engineered a specific coating structure to maximize the Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF) and enhance the effectiveness of precision oncology for treating localized metastases. We utilized the MCNPX Monte Carlo (MC) code to simulate a 100-nm spherical 170Tm source. The core was sequentially coated with a 20-nm gold layer and a 20-nm epoxy resin layer. The gold layer was designed to facilitate bremsstrahlung X-ray production from beta particles, while the hydrogen-rich epoxy resin acted as an electron scatterer. Dosimetric parameters were calculated in a tissue-equivalent medium and compared against an uncoated 170Tm source to determine the DEF across various radial distances. The simulation revealed that the interaction of β− particles with the high-Z gold layer significantly increased the photon energy spectrum. Subsequent interactions in the epoxy resin layer led to a substantial release of short-range, high-LET electrons. The results demonstrated a maximum DEF of up to 210
In this paper, the dynamics of transformed nonlinear waves in the (3+1) -dimensional extended Kairat-X equation are studied by virtue of the analysis of characteristic lines. Based on the N-soliton solution, the first- and second-order breathers are constructed by adjusting the parameters into the complex conjugate forms. From the analysis of characteristic lines, we derive the condition for converting the breather wave into the quasi-kink soliton, kink soliton, W-shaped kink soliton, oscillation W-shaped kink soliton, multi-peaks kink soliton and quasi-periodic soliton. In addition, the geometric properties of the two characteristic lines are analyzed to understand the time-varying nature of the transformed waves. The gradient relation among these transformed waves is further clarified in the parameter plane. The nonlinear superposition mechanism between the solitary wave and the periodic wave components explains the formation of these waves. The hybrid solutions are constructed for describing the interactions among solitons, breathers and transformed waves. These results enrich the nonlinear wave structures of the (3+1) -dimensional extended Kairat-X equation and provide further insight into high-dimensional wave transitions.
Causal structure in relativity is traditionally inferred from idealized clock synchronization and light signaling, implicitly assuming strictifiability of temporal ordering and compatibility of clock observables. In quantum mechanics, however, clocks are material systems with non-commuting observables, and their synchronization generically defines a path–dependent transport with non-trivial holonomy. We show that this yields a genuine obstruction to strict global causal ordering even in vacuum: once clocks are treated as quantum systems with non-commuting observables, synchronization becomes generically path dependent, and the familiar Lorentzian light cone is recovered only as an emergent, coherence–selected fixed point rather than as a primitive structure. Building on this observation, we analyze engineered quantum sectors in which deliberate incompatibility of clocks, stiff stabilization protocols, and ancillary degrees of freedom amplify otherwise negligible holonomies into measurable effects. Integrating out fast ancilla modes produces operator–level modifications of the effective hyperbolic dynamics, yielding sectorial causal cones characterized by an effective limiting speed c_eff . Crucially, when clocks are treated as quantum matter, modification of matter kinematics and emergence of an effective spacetime geometry become equivalent descriptions at different strictification levels. We demonstrate that a coherently engineered sector can exhibit universality of coupling for all sector–dressed low–energy degrees of freedom—including photons, matter quasiparticles, and clocks—to a common causal geometry with c_eff > c_vac , without violating vacuum relativity. In this framework, Lorentz invariance appears as a strictified limit of vanishing holonomy, while engineered sectors realize alternative coherence–glued fixed points. Our results provide a controlled operational extension of relativistic causality consistent with quantum non-commutativity and experimentally accessible sector engineering.
The extended (3+1) -dimensional shallow water wave model with constant coefficients has significant theoretical value, and it can describe the propagation of nonlinear waves. By combining the Hirota bilinear method with the bilinear residual network framework, we derive parameter-dependent explicit rogue wave solutions and systematically investigate their propagation characteristics. The application of this model is relevant to the analysis of water body dynamics in seas and oceans. The residual network enables the transfer of information from the input layer to the final layer’s activation function, thereby enhancing interaction within the network. This approach reduces model complexity while producing more interactive and accurate results. A step-by-step procedure for obtaining exact analytical solutions through the residual network is presented. Using the “2–2” residual networks and the “2–3” residual networks, rogue wave solutions of the governing model are derived, and its characteristic plots along with dynamic analyses are provided. At the same time, we present the image analysis of rogue wave solutions via selecting different parameters and find that the rogue wave exhibits for a short time and then decays back symmetrically to disappear. Furthermore, the bifurcation analysis is performed by transforming the governing system into an equivalent planar dynamical system. Phase portraits with nullclines and equilibrium points reveal distinct dynamical regimes governed by the discriminant parameter Δ . This work advances computational engineering by revealing the generation, evolution, and decay of rogue waves in a shallow water system through exact solutions and dynamical analysis, offering new insights into transient nonlinear wave behavior in oceans and related flows.
There is a need to develop electrode materials with improved charge storage capacity, fast ion transport, and long-term stability. In view of this perspective, nanocrystalline magnesium orthosilicate (Mg2SiO4) and Cerium-doped (Ce-doped) Mg2SiO4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the sol–gel route and thoroughly investigated in the present work for electrochemical energy storage applications. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the formation of the orthorhombic Mg2SiO4 structure, with Ce ions effectively incorporated into the Mg2SiO4 lattice by forming the secondary phase of CeO2. The introduction of Ce-induced lattice strain, defect formation, and oxygen vacancies was evidenced by peak broadening in XRD and shifts in FTIR vibrational modes. Morphological studies revealed nanoscale particles with interconnected porous agglomerates, while increasing Ce content promoted moderate grain coarsening. Optical investigations showed a progressive reduction in bandgap from 3.57 eV for pristine Mg2SiO4 to 3.26 eV for 4
M-type barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) is a technologically important hard magnetic oxide with multifunctional properties that can be tuned via cationic substitution. In this study, Ni2+/ Gd3+ co-doping was employed to tailor the optical, magnetic exchange interactions and dielectric response of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles aiming to elucidate the coupled influence of transition-metal and rare-earth substitution. Distinct from conventional single-ion doping, this site-selective Ni/Gd strategy serves as a dual-functional regulator, simultaneously overcoming the traditional trade-off between magnetic energy density and dielectric stability, a synergy rarely achieved in M-type hexaferrites. X-ray diffraction confirmed the preservation of hexagonal magnetoplumbite structure, while a slight increase in crystallite size was observed upon co-doping. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verified the successful incorporation of Ba2+, Ni2+, and Gd3+ ions, with iron predominantly present as Fe3+ alongside a minor Fe2+ component. Optical analysis revealed a slight widening of the band gap and a reduction in Urbach energy, indicative of improved structural ordering and reduced defect-induced disorder. Dielectric investigations showed that Ni2+/ Gd3+ co-doping markedly suppressed interfacial polarization, dielectric loss, and AC conductivity, leading to enhanced dielectric stability over a broad frequency range. Magnetic measurements demonstrated enhanced ferrimagnetic performance, with saturation magnetization increasing from 29.84 to 34.15 emu g⁻1 and coercivity decreasing from 3361 to 2973 Oe. Analysis using the law of approach to saturation (LAS) revealed an increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant while the anisotropy field showed a slight decrease due to the concurrent increase in saturation magnetization. Importantly, the maximum energy product increased by 35
Spanwise non-uniform wall temperature fields can attenuate second Mack modes in cold-wall hypersonic boundary layers by generating steady streaks, but recent prescribed temperature DNS and passive strip experiments make the broad control idea insufficient as a novelty claim. The unresolved question is which passive material layout can generate an admissible stabilizing thermal field under aerodynamic heating while respecting heat load, first-mode and secondary-instability constraints. This paper develops a reduced conjugate thermal admittance framework mapping strip conductivity, thickness, emissivity, backing admittance and placement to wall temperature harmonics, streak amplitude, second-mode response and penalty constraints. The framework is checked through a literature-anchor benchmark against published DNS trends for spanwise non-uniform temperature control and against passive copper–MACOR thermal actuation measurements. A separate resolved Orr–Sommerfeld/LST benchmark followed by an LST-initialized parabolized amplification/N-factor consistency check is also supplied as a reproducibility check for the stability module. The Mach-six benchmark reproduces the reported optimum wavelength band, λ _z/δ _99≈ 8 –10, and gives a peak second-mode energy reduction within the published attenuation envelope. Closure coefficients are separated into analytically defined transfer quantities, literature-anchored response coefficients and uncertainty parameters. Sensitivity maps show that the admissible wavelength remains finite under perturbations in Mach number, wall temperature ratio, unit Reynolds number, material conductivity and gas-side admittance. The framework therefore recasts thermal second-mode control as a passive material-to-instability screening problem for selecting candidate surfaces before fully resolved CHT–LST/PSE/DNS or experimental testing.
Developing efficient transition metal trioxides (TMOs) is difficult due to the critical impact of electron–hole recombination and optical absorption on photocatalytic activity. In this study, we develop a machine learning (ML)-assisted DFT framework to accelerate the screening of TMOs by predicting key properties such as bandgap energy, electron–hole recombination rates, and light-absorption efficiency. A comprehensive dataset of over 50 TMO materials is generated, and descriptors including unit cell volume, density, formation energy, and structural parameters are analyzed. ML models such as supervised regression models are trained to predict electronic and photocatalytic properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals that bandgap energy, unit cell volume, and density are the most influential factors controlling electron–hole recombination, surface area, and light absorption. A machine learning-driven random forest regression model accurately predicts the energy bandgap of transition metal trioxides (WO3, VO3, and CrO3), achieving high performance with training R2 values of 0.937–0.959 and strong generalization with testing R2 values of 0.906–0.970. The random forest regression (RFR) model exhibits satisfactory performance during testing (R2 = 0.936), (R2 = 0.964), and (R2 = 0.894) enabling the rapid identification of top-performing TMO candidates. DFT calculated electronic band structures reveal a clear evolution from metallic to semiconducting behavior, with ReO3 exhibiting a zero-band gap (Eg), while VO3 (0.99 eV), CrO3 (1.41 eV), and WO3 (1.55 eV) display suitable band gaps (Eg) for photoinduced charge excitation. Optical response analysis shows strong light absorption on the order of 105–106 cm−1 indicating efficient photon harvesting across the ultraviolet and visible regions. WO3 combines a favorable band gap with high optical conductivity ( 23.64 Ω−1 cm−1), strong absorption (8.0 × 105 cm−1), and comparatively low reflectivity ( 0.35), making it particularly effective for visible-light-driven photocatalysis. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of combining ML with first-principles calculations to efficiently screen and design TMOs, providing a powerful strategy for the rational development of high-performance photocatalysts.
Laser-engineered Ag/MWCNT nanocomposites were synthesized via surfactant-free pulsed-laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), enabling deliberate plasmon-tailored optical response across the UV–Vis range. Bare Ag nanoparticles exhibit a single localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band at 423 nm. In contrast, Ag decoration on functionalized CNTs splits this response into dual plasmonic modes (406–408 nm and 439–467 nm) with systematic redshifts and broadening as the estimated nominal Ag loading (wt.
