We investigate photon propagation, black-hole shadows, weak deflection angles, and image magnifications for the Balart–Vagenas regular black hole surrounded by a dispersive plasma medium. The spacetime is a charged, static, spherically symmetric, singularity-free solution generated in Einstein gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics. It satisfies the weak energy condition and approaches the Reissner–Nordström geometry in the asymptotic region. We focus on the representative case α =3 , for which the geometry is controlled by the mass M and charge Q and possesses horizons for Q≤ 1.0257M . Photon propagation is treated by means of the plasma optical metric, and the photon-sphere radius, shadow radius, weak deflection angle, Einstein angle, and image magnification are analyzed using homogeneous and inhomogeneous for the shadow and homogeneous and SIS profiles for weak lensing. The results show that increasing Q/M moves the circular ray inward and decreases the vacuum shadow radius. A homogeneous plasma enhances the weak deflection angle and total magnification, whereas the non-uniform SIS plasma profile slightly suppresses them in the considered parameter range. The adopted Sgr A* intervals give conditional bounds, but the matched BV–RN shadow differences are below their uncertainty widths.
We study the relaxation dynamics of a resonant Bose gas driven by Gaussian white noise. The system is characterized by the population imbalance between molecules and atoms as well as their mutual coherence. We analyze longitudinal and transverse relaxation times using mean-field theory and a Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy that incorporates higher-order correlations. We find that when the initial imbalance is near the system equilibrium, that enhances the longitudinal relaxation time, as reflected by a minimum in the drift speed near equilibrium. With an increasing value of initial polarization, the transverse relaxation time is suppressed, evidenced by a reduction in the von Neumann entropy due to coherence loss. As the Feshbach detuning is varied, the longitudinal relaxation time attains a minimum near resonance, where atom–molecule conversion is maximal. In contrast, the transverse relaxation time reaches a maximum near resonance, corresponding to maximal condensate coherence.
Modelling the QCD chromoelectric flux tube as a cylindrical cavity with a single transverse scale R_0 fixes the transverse modes to Bessel eigenvalues; the scalar Dirichlet spectrum is adopted as a deliberately minimal benchmark. Within this one-scale threshold construction, the string-breaking distance and the field-weighted root-mean-square width combine into a relation whose chiral-limit form is free of R_0 , of the tension normalisation and of every fitted quantity (the physical light-quark correction reintroduces only an 𝒪(10^-5) dependence on R_0 ), (d_break√(σ))√(⟨ r_⊥ ^2⟩σ)=2x_qg_E , equal to 2√(x_0,1^2-4)=2.671 for the shared lowest Dirichlet mode. Its empirical evaluation nevertheless needs an input the model does not supply: The cavity predicts neither the observed source separation dependence of the lattice width nor the separation at which it is to be read, which must be prescribed operationally. Three lattice instantiations— 2.58± 0.15 and 2.91± 0.16 from within— N_f=2+1 cross-studies, and 2.625± 0.079 from N_f=2+1 string breaking ( 2.733± 0.029 ) combined with the quenched profile width ( 0.961± 0.027 ) under an explicit quenched-width proxy assumption—straddle the model value and are compatible with it: Current lattice data do not falsify the relation, and none of them, including the sharpest, is a precision confirmation. The source separation prescription, the boundary/profile prescription, and the static-light threshold map are identified as the leading systematics, and falsification criteria are stated.
5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TPPF20, chemical formula C44H8N4F20) demonstrates excellent photostability and oxidative stability. The substitution of nitrogen atoms in macrocycle with C, O, or S can significantly impact the synthetic feasibility and stability of the macrocyclic structure. In this study, the structures, stability, and electronic properties of transition metal (TM) embedded C44H8N4F20 and its derivatives have been systematically investigated using density functional theory. The results indicate that the S atom in TMC44H8N3SF20 deviates significantly from the central plane of the macrocycle. The overall structural stability of TMC44H8N4F20 and its derivatives follows the descending order: TMC45H8N3F20 > TMC44H8N4F20 > TMC44H8N3OF20 > TMC44H8N3SF20. Additionally, TMC44H8N3OF20 exhibits a larger dipole moment than TMC44H8N3SF20. Notably, CrC44H8N4F20 and CrC44H8N3SF20 are expected to possess outstanding electrocatalytic performance and unique catalytic selectivity. Analysis of reactive sites reveals that electrophilic regions are exclusively localized at the C-substituted position in TMC45H8N3F20. Furthermore, the Mulliken charges of the TM atoms in TMC44H8N3SF20 are slightly lower than those in TMC44H8N4F20 and other derivatives, with the exception of CuC45H8N3F20 and ZnC45H8N3F20.
Engineering and developing cost-effective, wavelength-selective photodetectors (PDs) with high responsivity and long-term stability remains a critical challenge in optoelectronics. In this work, we presented a scalable strategy for engineering porous silicon (PS) PDs functionalized with femtosecond-laser-ablated silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using a spray-time-controlled deposition approach. Ag-NPs exhibited strong colloidal stability with a negative surface charge of − 35 mV by zeta potential, and deposited onto PS using optimized spray durations of 250 s (PS- Ag1-NPs) and 350 s (PS- Ag2-NPs). FESEM analysis revealed that Ag incorporation induced a clear size-dependent evolution (13.97 nm for PS- Ag1-NPs and 19.83 nm for PS- Ag2-NPs) and increased PS layer thickness from 2.27 to 2.65 µm and 2.78 µm, respectively. XRD and FTIR confirmed SiO2 and AgO formation, with intensities rising with Ag content. Graphite electrodes provided stable ohmic contacts, with thermal annealing at 130 °C for 30 min further improving adhesion and stability. Voltage-dependent I-V characteristics were recorded from 0–5.2 V for all devices, followed by wavelength-resolved photocurrent measurements across the UV-Red spectrum at 2.8, 4.0, and 5.2 V. Ag functionalization substantially reconfigured the spectral response: Under 5.2 V bias, PS- Ag1-NPs PD exhibited a peak response in the green region (530 nm, 1.7 mW/cm2), achieved a sensitivity of 310.07
