Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles was proposed. Nanoparticle water formulations and films can be used for disinfection treatment, preventing the multiplication of dangerous microorganisms in the premises, equipment of the food industry, and in medicine.
In this chapter, the description is given about the development of a unique small-sized portable X-ray electron magnetic spectrometer for the serial production and application in industry. Due to the growth of the role of surface analysis for the development of the technologies for obtaining materials of a new generation, it is necessary to develop small-sized and low-cost X-ray electron magnetic spectrometers for building them in an industrial production line and for researches in the sphere of high nanotechnologies accompanied by the factors leading to fouling an energy-analyzer in an electrostatic spectrometer. The development of a small-sized X-ray electron magnetic spectrometer is attained by the decrease of the spectrometer orbit radius to 10–15 cm, the creation of a new system of the compensation of external magnetic fields, a new energy analyzer, and an improved protection against powerful process effects; by changing the shape of the toroidal chamber for the attachment to the production line, by using technological adapters for investigations 238at the temperatures in the range of 80–2000 K, etc. Thus, the small-sized X-ray electron magnetic spectrometer allows conducting investigations in the fields where the use of electrostatic analyzers leads to worsening their parameters and the spectrometer destruction. The use of the small-sized X-ray electron magnetic spectrometer will allow the development of new technologies.
The different methods of the phosphorus-containing copper/carbon nanocomposites formation are considered in this chapter. The difference of methods is concluded as follows: (1) The mixing-grinding of reagents in relation 1:1; (2) The mixing-grinding of reagents with addition of water small qualities; and (3) the mixing-grinding of reagents with last vacuum using. The estimation of investigation results is carried out by 162the means of IR-spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Better results were obtained when the second variant was utilized. In this case, the atomic magnetic moment is increased from 1.3 to 3 Bohr Magneton, and the oxidation state of phosphorus atom is decreased from +5 to 0, according to X-ray photoelectron spectra. These data correspond to IR spectra.
In the investigation EuF3 nanoparticles modification method is proposed. Ligand-assisted synthesis of RE fluorides makes it possible to obtain stable colloids of surface-modified nanoparticles. This method gives products with higher values of coordinated ligand surface density and can be also used to control the nanoparticle size and shape. Formation of a chemical bond between the ligands and metal ions is shown by IR and luminescence spectroscopies. It is shown that surface modification is a way to enhance the luminescence. EuF3 nanoparticles modified with Dbm and Phen have intense luminescence, with red emission at ~612 nm prevailed. It is shown that energy transfer from the coordinated Phen and Dbm to Eu3+ ions in the surface complexes makes a main contribution to the luminescence intensity increase.
The results of testing of the influence exercised by aqueous dispersions of samples of experimental and industrial purpose use nanosilica powders (separated from hydrothermal heat-transfer agent solutions at the geothermal power plants) upon the death rate of crustaceans Daphnia magna Straus are discussed. In accordance with the attested procedure, the lack of their toxic effect in aqueous medium in concentrations of 4 × 10−2 g/dm3 and less is established. Hydrothermal origin nano-dispersive silica (NDS) in plant growing for non-root treatments of plants at the open soil and in production of new types of feed for fish in interior and exterior reservoirs is proposed.
Two principles of adding energy characteristics of structural interactions are fulfilled if the process flows either along the potential gradient or against it. Transforming these rules onto the corpuscular-wave dualism, we can assume that corpuscular interactions flow along the potential gradient (principle of adding reciprocals of energies), and wave processes—against the potential gradient (principle of algebraic addition of energies). Such approach is confirmed by the empiric equation, in which the act of quantum action is narrowed to the energy redistribution in the system "particle-wave." It is demonstrated that the angular vector of rotational–translation motion of electrons at quantum transitions changes in compliance with the quantum number of the square tangent of this angle.
The definition and theoretical fundamentals of a new scientific trend—chemical mesoscopics—are considered in the example of a new class of nanostructures: metal/carbon nanocomposites (NCs). The theoretical and experimental methods for the processes direction prognosis as well as for the chemical systems reactivity estimation are discussed. The hypothesis of mesoscopic metal-containing cluster creation at mechanic–chemical formation of metal/carbon NCs is proposed. The electron structures of carbon shells for metal-containing clusters are determined. The metal nature influence of metallic phase cluster on the carbon shell is shown. The media electron structure changes are possible under the influence of even minute quantities of NCs, and it is confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigations and also is explained by the Chemical Mesoscopics principles. It is shown that the orientation processes, in which mesoscopic particles (NCs) participate, lead to the changes of sub-molecular structures of polymeric compositions.
Equations of dependence of rotational and orbital motions of planets are given, their rotation angles are calculated. Wave principles of direct and reverse rotation of planets are established. The established dependencies are demonstrated at different scale levels of structural interactions in biosystems as well. The accuracy of calculations corresponds to the accuracy of experimental data.
New trends in development of scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy are considered. Micro- and nanoelectronics with extra high-level metrology requirements and up to material science, biology, and ecology with requirements to the side of simplification in operation procedures, possibility of the materials and molecules recognitions are discussed. Perspective ways of nanoscale methods development are proposed.
The metal/carbon nanocomposites (NCs) properties are considered in this chapter. The theoretical and experimental methods give possibility to prognosticate and to lead the experimental estimation of influence of NCs on changes in the polymeric media electron (submolecular) structures are discussed. The NC electromagnetic field action on the medium molecules leads to the medium molecule self-organization and to the formation of nanostructured fragments (fractals) in the material composition. These changes can be accompanied by the processes of active particles appearance. The changes of media electron structure are possible under the influence of minute quantities of NCs, which is confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigations. The mechanism of polymeric materials modification processes by supersmall (minute) quantities of metal/carbon 144NCs is proposed. The estimation methods of self-organization in polymeric compositions and materials, modified by minute quantities of metal/carbon NC, are also proposed. The orientation processes, in which mesoscopic particles (NCs) participate, lead to the changes of submolecular structures and properties of materials. Usually in the process of polymeric matrix, self-organization stimulates the increase of material heat capacity, the material density, its thermal stability, and also the adhesive strength. The improvement of other properties of materials, modified by the supersmall quantities of metal/carbon NCs, is also possible.
The aggregation behavior of iron, manganese, and magnesium phthalocyanine (Pc) with poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol was considered in this chapter. Biocidal activity of iron and manganese Pc complexes with polymer in relation to nine cultures of microorganisms was determined.
NMR 1H and 13C spectra of tert-butyl hydroperoxide ((CH3)3COOH) in acetonitrile-d3 (CD3CN), chloroform-d (CDCl3), and dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6) have been investigated by the NMR method. The calculation of magnetic shielding tensors and chemical shifts for 1H, 17O, and 13C nuclei of the (CH3)3COOH molecule in the approximation of an isolated particle and considering the influence of the solvent in the framework of the continuum polarization model was carried out. Comparative analysis of experimental and computer NMR spectroscopy results revealed that the gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) method with MP2/6-31G (d,p) level of theory and the PCM approach can be used to estimate the parameters of NMR 1H and 13C spectra of (CH3)3COOH.
The scientific investigations and industrial experiments on the copper/carbon nanocomposites influence in the processes of bulb lily promotion carried out. Obtained results show the increase in the height of the flower sprout, the height of the stem during the cutting of plants, the number of buds, and the diameter of the open flowers. It is established that the use of 0.01% copper/carbon nanocomposite in the cultivation of lilies led to an increase in the cost of sales and, accordingly, profit and profitability of production. Treatment of lily bulbs with a 0.01% of copper/carbon nanocomposite is energetically effective since allowed to get products of higher quality.
The character of variations of the local electric resistance of film polymer composites on the basis of polyvinyl alcohol with graphite powder from one side and the magnetic susceptibility of the same polymer with nickel nanoparticles from another one has been studied. It is established that the changes of these parameters essentially depend on both initial shape of the films and on direction of their orientation. It is concluded that the films of gradient anisotropic polymer composites may be used in electronics.
Analysis of the processes of charge transfer in electric conducting solid polymer systems has been conducted. Processes occurred in conducting polymer materials are divided into two categories: first—charge transfers between electrodes and second—particles and charge transfers between conductive particles. There are used Green temperature functions (GFs) in terms of polarization operators. It allows to take into account effects of frequency and spatial distribution. Analytical expressions for kinetic parameters characterizing charge transfer processes have been obtained. General formula for the dependence of the current on the average distance between conducting particles has been obtained too. The formula is applied to some real materials.
Different processes of nanostructure interactions and mechanisms of template and pore siltation were registered for different types of precipitated atoms. Single atoms, which reached the pore bottom, were observed for all types of precipitated atoms. The most complete and dense pore siltation was registered in the process of gallium epitaxy. The pore-filled with atoms can be considered as a quantum point and used to obtain optic and electric effects. When studying the siltation of coatings with pores of different dimensions with gallium atoms, it was found out that the number of atoms actively grows in the pore in the time interval of 20–120 pcs. The pore siltation after 120 pcs of condensation time is accompanied by the reconstruction of atomic structure that contributes to the stabilization of 134dependencies and slight decrease in the percentage of gallium atoms, which penetrated the pore.
The paper considers the two approach-based techniques for calculating the non-stationary intra-chamber processes in solid-propellant rocket engine (SPRE). The first approach assumes that the combustion products are a mechanical mix while the other one supposes it to be the mix, which is in chemical equilibrium. To enhance reliability of solution of the intra ballistic tasks, which assume a chemical equilibrium of combustion products, the computing algorithms to calculate a structure of the combustion products are changed. The algorithm for solving a system of the nonlinear equations of chemical equilibrium, when determining the iterative amendments, uses the orthogonal QR method instead of a method of Gauss. Besides, a possibility to apply genetic algorithms in a task about a structure of combustion products is considered.It is shown that in the tasks concerning the prediction of non-stationary intra ballistic characteristics in a solid propellant rocket engine, application of models of mechanical mix and chemically equilibrium structure of combustion products leads to qualitatively and quantitatively coinciding results. The maximum difference in parameters is 5-10%, at most. In tasks concerning the starting operation of a solid sustainer engine with high-temperature products of combustion difference in results is more essential, and can reach 20% and more.A technique to calculate the intra ballistic parameters, in which flotation of combustion products is considered in the light of a spatial statement, requires using the high-performance computer facilities. For these tasks it is offered to define structure of products of combustion and its thermo-physical characteristics, using the polynoms coefficients of which should be predefined.
In order to develop a prognostic device, applied for nano- and bioobjector study, the technique of rapid assessment of photosynthetic pigments, which can detect stress conditions in plants, is considered. In accordance with the established methodology, a rapid assessment of the photosynthetic apparatus pigment systems requires consistent implementation of the following stages: Registration of the absorption spectrum of the leaves (with the help of a photometric measurement equipment); definition of indicators pigment systems; and comparison of the values. The proposed express assessment is designed for production conditions of greenhouse complexes, does not require sample preparation, precedes physical and chemical analysis and complements the tissue diagnostics. The developed technique allowed us to determine recommended values of optical density for pigment systems of the photosynthetic apparatus, which are characteristic for actively growing and developing cucumber plants having high yield. Timely detection of stressful conditions and carrying out compensatory measures help to prevent crop losses, ensure environmental cleanliness and product quality.
In this work, polymer materials modified with carbon metal-containing (C/M) nanostructures have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on a device equipped with a magnetic energy-analyzer. The optimal composition and concentration of C/M nanostructures have been determined for the maximal change of the structure and the improvement of the service properties of the studied materials.
