Introduction: Nutrition affects the mental development of students. Consequently, it correlates with their academic performance. The study aims to examine the connection between nutrition and the academic performance of school students. Methodology: Within the quantitative cross-sectional research, 492 students of VII–X grades of public and private schools of Georgia have been interviewed through preliminarily structured online questionnaires. Outcomes: The study showed that 54% of school students hardly eat their breakfast during a week. The majority of students eat unhealthy meals, as they contain fewer protein products, dairy foods, vegetables, fruits, and consume excessive carbohydrate-containing produce. Academic performance correlates with meal frequency (p=0.043), breakfast and supper quality (p=0.000), fruit variety (p=0.000), as well as with the consumption of carbonated beverages (p=0.000) and chips (p=0.010). The study has also demonstrated that obesity (6%) and overweight (14%) are apparent problems. In addition, obesity is more common in boys (p=0.003). Conclusion: Reliable connection between eating habits and academic performance has been statistically confirmed. Obesity and overweight in adolescents is significant problem. It is reasonable to undertake targeted interventions, develop and introduce students’ healthy eating manual, tailored to their needs and interests, that will be positively reflected in student academic achievement. Each member of the school community (student, parent, pedagogue, school administration) shall realize the importance of nutrition in terms of students’ health and academic performance.
Background and aims: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to have an increased susceptibility to infections and poor treatment outcomes, intraabdominal infections (IAI), in particular. Changes in the functioning of mechanisms for regulating inflammation under the DM influence are the main reason. It is crucial to study the state of the cytokine network. Since cytokines (Ctk) play a major role in the immune response and inflammation regulation. Our study aims to compare changes in cytokine status in IAI with underlying DM in the experiment. Material and method: The object of the studies is 100 mature albino nonlinear rats. Their weight is 180–200 g. To create the IAI model, animals have undergone a transesophageal gastric perforation. DM has been induced by subcutaneous administration of a 1.6% alloxan solution in distilled water at a dose of 16 mg per 100 g of body weight. The animals have been divided into the following groups: intact animals, animals with DM models, intact animals with peritonitis models (group 1), animals with peritonitis models with underlying DM (group 2). IAI has been modeled 3 months following the DM simulation. The blood has been taken from the cervical vein both before the IAI simulation and in 6, 12, 24, 48 hours of its simulation. The content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFa) and interleukins (IL) 2, 6, and 10 in blood plasma have been studied. Results: The content of proinflammatory Ctk in animals with DM models has been significantly higher than in intact ones. The IL 10 content has been lower. After 6 hours of IAI modeling, the plasma content of all Ctk, most notably TNFa, has significantlyincreased in group 1. The amount of TNFa has slightly changed in group 2. The amount of IL 2, IL 6 (table 4) has significantly increased. The amount of IL 10 has increased more than 50 times. The amount of TNFa, IL 6, and 10 have been significantly decreased. The amount of IL has remained at the same level. The number of all Ctk has immediately decreased in group 2. The TNFa number has been the lowest. After 24 hours, the number of TNFa has slightly increased in group 1 since the IAI simulation. The number of other Ctk is unlikely to have been decreased. IL 2 is the most pronounced to have been decreased. The number of TNFa has remained quite the same in group 2. The number of remaining Ctk has continued to decrease rapidly. After 48 hours, the number of TNFa and IL 10 have decreased in group 1 since the IAI simulation. Moreover, the number of IL 10 has become less than the initial indicators. The number of IL 6 has slightly changed, and the number of IL 2 has increased significantly. The number of IL 6 has increased significantly in group 2. The number of IL 6 has increased slightly, while the number of TNFa and IL 10 has remained almost unchanged. Conclusions: DM modeling causes a disparity in cytokine status. The reason is a higher number of pro-inflammatory Ctk in the background of a less number of IL 10. Intact animals with IAI models have shown signs of cyclical changes in the activity of various mechanisms of inflammatory regulation within 48 hours. At the same time, in 48 hours, there have been signs of impaired function of the regulation mechanisms of the immune response. There have been differences in the functioning of various mechanisms of inflammatory regulation in 6 hours in animals with IAI models with underlying DM. There have been signs of immunosuppression in 12 hours. These changes have been progressing later on and the signs of immune insufficiency have been shown in 48 hours.
Cases of the COVID-19 pandemic have spread throughout the world and caused a high mortality rate. This virus is self-limiting, so the healing process is related to the immune system. One of the medical therapies given to hospitalized COVID-19 patients is D-based therapy to boost the immune system against the COVID-19 virus. This paper aimed to determine the effectiveness of D-based therapy to reduce the clinical impact on COVID-19 The clinical impacts observed in this systematic review were the length of hospital stay, length in the ICU stay, cure rate, severity, mortality rate, and signs of inflammation. A literature search was carried out on the Scopus, Sciencedirect, and PUBMED databases. Search articles using the keyword vitamin D therapy in COVID-19 patients. The final result of the search found 6 articles that met the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Vitamin D in its active form (1,25(OH)2D3) can enhance chemotaxis, phagocytic response, and production of antimicrobials such as cathelicidin from macrophages as a series of innate immune responses. Administration of D-based therapy can also reduce the severity, decrease proinflammatory cytokines, and mortality in COVID-19 The paper shows that D-based therapy therapy can reduce the clinical impact in COVID-19
Abstract Introduction: Diabetic neurodegeneration is formed with underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus which is an independent factor promoting development of cognitive disorders. Considering an important role of GABA receptors in the development of neurodegenerative processes, the issue concerning Carbacetam effect produced on proteolytic and fibrinolytic mechanisms of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus with experimental simulation of type 2 diabetes mellitus has become of a certain interest. Material and Methods: Type 2 diabetes mellitus was simulated by streptozotocin in the dose of 30 mg/kg injected through the peritoneum of rats kept during 30 days on a high-fat diet with a free access to fructose solution. Results: Under conditions of pathological process development the activity of the main groups of proteolytic enzymes intensify in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Carbacetam administration to rats with diabetes mellitus promotes reduction of proteolysis processes which might be associated with pharmacodynamics of the drug. Conclusions: The data obtained experimentally substantiate reasonability of pathogenic correction by means of Carbacetam in case of disorders of proteolytic and fibrinolytic systems activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by absolute endogenous insulin deficiency. We report three clinical cases which highlight the particularities of diagnosis and evolution of patients with type 1 diabetes. These three cases have been diagnosed in different circumstances. The first case with symptoms of hyperglycemia and inaugural diabetic ketoacidosis, without detecting a precipitating factor; the second case accidentally diagnosed, in the absence of hyperglycemia symptoms; and the last case in the context of symptoms of hyperglycemia and ketosis precipitated by a respiratory infection. The cases are characterized by the presence of autoimmunity markers (anti-GAD positive antibodies) and C peptide within normal range. In dynamics, with the initiation of insulin therapy and the remission of glucotoxicity, the insulin requirement decreased progressively, in all patients therapeutic regimen being represented by a low dose of basal insulin, in the conditions of a C peptide still within normal limits at 4 years (first case), one year (second case), respectively 2 years (third case) from the diagnosis and without significant glycemic variability registered on the continuous glycemic monitoring system. In the third case, there is a lack of regression of insulin requirements after remission of SARS COV-2 infection, and in the second case, the maintenance of prandial insulin secretion sufficient to induce hypoglycemia after administration of a minimal dose of prandial insulin, but insufficient to control postprandial glycemia in the conditions of omitting the administration of prandial insulin. In each of the cases previously presented we highlight the existing pitfalls in establishing the diagnosis and especially the challenges in choosing the optimal therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes, as the evolution can sometimes be atypical.
Background and aims - Adiponectin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipocytes and plays a protective role against the development of insulin resistance. Diabetes mellitus, or uncontrolled glycaemic level, is one the factors for the failure of dental implant. The study aimed to show the relevance of adiponectin in diabetic patients during dental implants. Material and methods – The study was conducted on 152 patients. Out of these, 94 were males and 58 were females, 71 were diabetics following treatment anti-diabetic drugs or on insulin therapy, or on both and 81 were non-diabetics. The anthropometric measurements and the blood pressure were noted and the glycaemic and the adiponectin levels were assessed before and after the implant. Results – The study revealed that adiponectin was inversely correlated and it decreased with the increase in body mass index. In comparing the diabetic group with the non-diabetic one, before and after the implant, the average adiponectin was significantly higher in the non-diabetic group (5.03 vs 2.16, p<0.001, respectively 5.24 vs 2.24, p<0.001). Conclusions – The study concludes that adiponectin is one of the potential biomarkers for the early detection of the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome and that its low levels might lead to the failure of the dental implant.
Aims To evaluate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and also the association between RD and CKD and their association with cardiometabolic and sociodemographic factors, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and method We studied medical records of 443 consecutive hospitalized adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic chronic complications, insulin secretion, diabetes therapy, control and duration, cardiometabolic and sociodemographic data were assessed. Results The current study indicates that the overall prevalence of DR was 63.4%. Of these, 31.6% had nonproliferative DR and 31.8% had proliferative DR. The overall prevalence of CKD was 51.7%, of which 26.2% had only eGFR <60mL/min/1.73m2), 39.5% had only albuminuria, and 11.8% (0.14–0.74%) had both. In 28.9% of patients, DR and CKD were associated, and only 12.7% of patients had neither DR nor CKD. The simultaneous presence of DR and CKD was significantly associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, peripheral artery disease and also with long lasting diabetes. 2.4% of patients with DR associated with CKD were newly diagnosed with diabetes. Patients with DR associated with CKD presented significantly higher BMI and waist compared with patients with CKD alone and with patients without DR or CKD and higher uric acid levels compared with patients with DR alone and with patients without DR or CKD. Conclusions The results of this study indicate a high prevalence of DR and CKD both isolated and associated in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients, providing data on their prognosis and association with several cardiometabolic risk factors.
Background and Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease with a negative impact by decreasing the life quality and expectancy of patients. The PREDATORR study, which started in 2013 in our country showed double prevalence to previous data. In 2000, the World Health Organization drew attention to the fact that it is the first time that a non-infectious disease has become epidemic, replacing the major health problems of the last century. The study evaluates the usefulness of measuring one hour post-load blood glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test in T2DM risk population. Material and Method: The subjects included in the study were selected over a period of two years from the patients’ families of the Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Unit of the “St. Andrew” Emergency Clinical County Hospital of Constanta. The assessment was made based on the risk score for diabetes (FIND RISC), anthropometric indices, and glucose metabolism parameters. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 27.0, STATA and Microsoft Excel. Results: The studied population consisted of 112 subjects, 38.4% beingincluded in the control group and 61.6% in the study group. In the analysis of risk factors present in the study group, pre-diabetes was identified in 36.2% of patients, exclusively characterized by impaired fasting glucose. The values of FIND RISC score were much higher in the study group than in the control group. The BMI was higher in the study group compared to the control group. In 65.8% of patients regarding basal glycemia and 80% regarding glycated hemoglobin, the values did not exceed the pathological threshold. In the study group, 1-hour post-load blood glucose identified more patients at risk for T2DM than 2-hour post-load glycemic value. Conclusions: Evaluation of glucose metabolism parameters through the oral glucose tolerance test may be useful in screening for T2DM and the measurement of 1-hour post-load blood glucose can be used successfully among patients at risk.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder caused by absolute or relative lack of insulin, which subsequently leads to hormonal and metabolic changes in the body. Since patients receive continuous long-term antidiabetic treatment, there was a chance to analyse the effect of antidiabetic drugs on bone tissue in type 2 DM patients. The results of the studies indicate that bone metabolism is the most adversely affected by treatment with thiazolidinediones and canagliflozin from the group Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, while Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Insulin have a positive effect on it, and, finally, Glucagon-like peptide-1, Biguanides and Sulfonylureas have rather a slight impact on the bone tissue.
Aims:This study aims to explore the opinions of dental hygienists and diabetes educators on improving oral health for people with diabetes.Methods:Registered dental hygienists (RDHs) and certified diabetes educators (CDEs) who provided written responses to the same open-ended question from two state-wide mailing surveys (one for RDHs and the other for CDEs) "what more can you tell us to help improve oral health for people with diabetes?" were included in this study. The surveys were sent to all RDHs (n=2237) and CDEs (n=250) in the state of South Carolina, United States.Results:Of the 1125 valid returned questionnaires from both surveys, 474 provided written responses to this question. Qualitative analysis revealed three main themes from participants' written responses which were: Education (3 subthemes: resources for patients, educate the public, and professional practice resources), interprofessional collaborative care (3 subthemes: role of medical and dental professionals in oral health promotion for people with diabetes, and role of dental and diabetes professional organizations, and companies in the oral healthcare industry), and dental insurance.Conclusions:The three themes that emerged are interrelated indicating that strategies to improve oral health for people with diabetes are multi-faceted.
An editorial related to the recent SARS-CoV-2 ep- idemics in a diabetes/metabolism journal might seem strange. However, the implications for diabetes sub- jects, usually defined as a vulnerable population in this respect, make worth this endeavor. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic comes on top of the long-time recognized “diabetes epidemic” that does not show signs of relenting. Thus, the latest International Dia- betes Federation (IDF) data show that 463 million peo- ple are affected worldwide, an increase of 38 million compared to 2017. In addition, total healthcare costs associated with diabetes are estimated to around 760 billion USD
Introduction: Approximately 90% of children living with the human immunodeficiency virus are in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study determined the prevalence of dysglycaemia among children living with the human immunodeficiency virus taking first-line antiretroviral treatment. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 6 months among the participants aged from 2 to 15 years in a health center of Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, and measured the subjects’ fasting blood glucose using the fructokinase method. Definitions of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus were represented by a fasting blood glucose level between 100 to 125 mg/dl and ≥ 126 mg/dl, respectively. Results: Among the 195 children recruited, the mean age was 9±3.6 years with a male: female ratio of 1.19. The mean duration of the antiretroviral treatment was 47 months. Treatment regimens included protease inhibitor-based therapy in 4.1% of cases and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination with one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the other cases. The mean blood glucose was 75.2 ±10.1 mg/dl. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 2.6% and none had diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Dysglycaemia was seen in 2.6% of the children taking antiretroviral treatment. Monitoring fasting blood glucose levels in children living with the human immunodeficiency virus taking antiretroviral treatment is advocated for prompt diagnosis and early intervention in cases of pre-diabetes in order to prevent progression to diabetes.
Phaeochromocytoma(PCC) is a rare catecholamine- secreting tumor, derived from chromaffin cells of the sympathetic nervous system. Phaechromocytomas are exceptionally rare in children, and are responsible for about 1% of pediatric hypertensive patients [1]. They arise most commonly in the adrenal glands (~85% of tumours)[1] but may also arise from chromaffin cells of the sympathetic nervous system, when they are known as paragangliomas (PGLs). The tumors are more common in boys, with a 2:1 ratio of boys to girls in pediatric PCC/PGL cohorts[2]. PCC/PGL often occur as sporadic tumors, but may occur sometimes as part of hereditary tumor syndromes, chiefly Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2A and 2B [1]. About 50% of cases are missed, and discovered at autopsy because the diagnosis was not considered at presentation[3]. We report this case of phaechromocytoma to draw the attention of clinicians in our environment to this unusual cause of paediatric hypertension, and the need for a thorough investigation for the aetiology hypertension in children. We also underline the fact that this feared tumour can be successfully managed even in areas with limited resources such as ours. Finally, we encourage physicians to measure blood pressures of children presenting to their clinics.
Background and aims: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is an important complication of diabetes mellitus. It contributes to major source of morbidity and mortality among chronic diabetic patients. Aim: To find out the utility of fibrinogen, Prothrombin time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) as diagnostic markers to assess the severity of Diabetic foot ulcer. Material and method: 60 subjects admitted with diabetic ulcer of foot 60 control subjects with diabetes mellitus but without DFU were included in the study. Fibrinogen, Prothrombin time(PT) and Activated Partial thromboplastin time(APTT) were measured in the samples collected from the subjects Results: The mean level of fibrinogen among cases was 452.3+/-136.4 and among cases was 306.5=/-79.6 respectively and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups.(p value=0.0001).Prothrombin time (PT) showed mean value of 16.68+/-4.2 sec among cases and 12.5+/-1.6sec among controls and the difference was statistically significant (p value=0.0001). APTT showed mean value of 36.2+/7.07sec among cases compared to 34+/-7.3sec among controls but the difference was not statistically significant (p value=0.24). Conclusions: Fibrinogen and prothrombin time levels were found to be significantly different between DFU patients and diabetic patients without DFU.
Background and aims: Obesity is a serious and growing healthcare concern worldwide. It is associated with mortality and co-morbidity. We aimed to determine serum concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2`-deoxyguanosine and their association with body-mass index in healthy individuals. Material and method: Fifty-nine apparently healthy individuals were recruited from public places in this cross sectional study. Participants were divided into: obese group and non-obese group. Blood collected; serum and plasma were prepared. Glucose and glycated hemoglobin were assayed by standard methods using commercial kits. 8-hydroxy-2`-deoxyguanosine was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using software Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences. Results: Data showed that median (interquartile levels) of serum 8-hydroxy-2`-deoxyguanosine was significantly higher in the obese subjects in comparison with controls. Moreover, a positive correlation was documented between level of serum 8-hydroxy-2`-deoxyguanosine and body-mass index in study participants. Conclusions: The study findings suggest that weight loss for obese individuals could reduce DNA damage and oxidative stress which underlie the pathogenesis of obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
The goal of the study is to explore the changes of vitamin D, hormonal indices, fat and carbohydrate metabolism in the blood of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, as well as to define the appropriateness of prescribing Cholecalciferol in the complex treatment of this pathology. To achieve this goal, we have examined 80 women, aged 18-35, with PCOS and underlying overweight and obesity, who were divided into 4 phenotype groups, according to the consensus of the PCOS Workshop Group in Amsterdam (2011). All women underwent a general medical examination, having measured their anthropometric parameters, body mass index and clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenemia. Their serum was checked for the content of 25 (OH) D, LH, FSH, progesterone, estradiol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, anti-Mullerian hormone, insulin, and leptin. The study results found a decrease in vitamin D in the blood of women with PCOS in all clinical phenotypes, which lowered with the progression of obesity. Cholecalciferol deficiency was associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. The correlation between vitamin D content and hormonal indices in women with PCOS showed an inverse correlation between 25 (OH) D and AMH levels, positive between insulin and 25 (OH) D, and negative, between vitamin D level and hirsutism score. Prescription of vitamin D in the complex treatment of women with PCOS leads to stabilization of hormones, decrease of HA signs, normalization of the menstrual cycle and restored ovulation.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder characterized by high levels of blood glucose. Biochemically, it is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus include obesity, sedentary lifestyle and alcoholism. We investigated the effect of alcohol on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients at Hospital Central de Nampula. Material and Methods: A laboratory-based and cross-sectional study was conducted. We quantified sugar and pH levels of popular beverages and analyzed 74 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Results: distilled beverages had a higher sugar amount (the mean value was 14.3%, 143g) than undistilled (4.33%, 43.3g). The pH showed no significant difference, and it was approximately 4. Overall, type 2 diabetes mellitus alcohol consumers were 30 (40.5%) and the majority 44 (59.5%) were non-alcoholic. Most of those deemed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients had a first-degree family history of DM (47.3%; n= 35). The other 27 (36.5%) had no family history, and 12 (16.2%) did not know. Of the 27 patients with no DM family history, 16 (59.3%) consumed alcohol before the disease diagnosis, and most of them consumed undistilled beverages. The other 11 (40.7%) did not consume alcohol. Despite alcohol consumption, frequency and level were moderate. Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that previous alcohol consumption is not a factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Introduction: Cardiac autonomic functions and cardiovascular risk factors are closely associated with each other. This study aimed to evaluate the cardiac autonomic status employing the Poincare plot and QTc in young pre-diabetic individuals and correlate it with the cardiovascular risk factors. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The students participating in the health check-up program organized by the college were the study participants. Basal anthropometric measurements, detailed family, and personal medical history were documented. Autonomic functions were evaluated. Plasma glucose and lipid profile were evaluated biochemically. Based on the impaired fasting plasma glucose and impaired glucose tolerance values, subjects were classified as normal and pre-diabetes mellitus groups. Results: A total of 295 subjects (198 normal and 97 pre-diabetes mellitus), were evaluated. Standard descriptor 1 and 2 in the pre-diabetes mellitus group reported a significant decrease, p<0.0001, (95% CI 15.98, 19.07) (95%CI 31.73 37.26) compared to the normal group (95% CI 26.33, 30.27) (95% CI 48.39, 52.71). QTc was significantly increased in the pre-diabetes mellitus group, p<0.0001, (95% CI 415.62, 423.99). Body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid parameters reported as being significant independent variables were associated with autonomic function test parameters. Conclusion: Cardiac autonomic dysfunction starts appearing in the pre- diabetic stage itself. Body mass index and altered lipid profiles showed a significant association with increased blood glucoselevels. Early detection at a young age can help to plan better prevention and treatment strategies.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease defined by the persistence of hyperglycemia leading to an inflammatory effect and a negative impact on bone formation and remodeling and impedes the osseointegration of dental implants. Dental implant surgery is a widely used procedure to replace missing teeth in patients who have diabetes. The success of an implant is dependent on osseointegration following placement. Adipokines are biologically active proteins secreted from adipose tissues, and they are considered to be involved in several functions like metabolism, immune response, inflammation. In the following article, we will describe the role of adipokines such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, diabetes mellitus, and osseointegration of dental implants.
Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two chronic diseases with major impact on worldwide morbidity and mortality. DM significantly increases the risk of death, therapeutic failure and relapse of TB, requiring a much more careful monitoring of these patients. In this article we present the case of a patient with type 2 DM in the stage of major chronic complications, with numerous risk factors for TB and atypical symptomatology, pulmonary X-ray showing active TB lesions. The patient did not follow the diabetologist's recommendations, discontinuing the antidiabetic treatment on his own initiative. The glycemic imbalance and chronic alcoholism caused the failure of the anti TB therapy.
