The study has highlighted the gender and societal preferences and perceptions regarding height within Pakistani society.Both genders expressed their interpretations and attitudes related to the height of men and women.The research involved interviews with fifteen males and fifteen females, encompassing late adolescents (aged 18-24) and early adults (24-34) from the Islamabad and Rawalpindi cities of Pakistan.Purposive sampling was employed, and a qualitative paradigm, utilizing thematic analysis, was applied.The methodology included in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions.The findings underscored the influence of societal norms, media, individual preferences, stereotypes, and cultural messages in shaping preferences for height in both genders.A prevailing theme was the association of taller stature in males with feelings of dominance, while shorter height in females was linked to notions of femininity and delicacy.Conversely, shorter height in males was considered unusual and contrary to societal expectations.The societal norm emphasized that females should be shorter than males, even by just an inch.Taller girls were occasionally preferred, particularly if the men were already tall themselves.The study revealed a male-dominated societal perspective in Pakistan, indicating that males consistently held a superior position in matters of body image.The implications of this study include developing educational programs that promote cultural sensitivity and challenge stereotypical perceptions of height and body image within Pakistani society among both genders.
Social research is incomplete without a philosophical worldview that guides a researcher in the research process for a study.From theory, literature, hypotheses, and research questions, to validating a research study, the element of measurement in scientific research plays an important role.While theory helps researchers formulate their sets of interrelated verbal abstractions for the construct of variables, measuring these variables helps authenticate their validity and reliability for study.More so, hypothetical statements made between the parameters of variables using applied statistical tools also help clarify the predictions of the relationship between these variables to verify the literature, hypotheses, and research questions thus validating the study.The models applied, therefore, are imitations that help researchers limit or narrow down how theories can be developed to provide new variables for future studies.So models especially in social research rely on isomorphism, arithmetic, mathematical, and physics models to solve social problems by emphasizing the mathematical model to provide scientific knowledge about an event, situation, or behavior in a society.This is mostly achieved by changing the content of the study to letters, and further converting letters to figures or numerical values as codes that will provide figures that can be calculated to provide the measure of central tendency and measure of dispersion and other statistical tools that will help arrive at a fundamental truth in the investigation of these events, situations, and behaviors under study in the society.
Tourism development requires holistic and integrated planning between environmental, economic development and community empowerment aspects so that the pattern of development can be sustainable.In the literature on sustainable tourism development, at the conceptual and operational (practical) levels, the principles of sustainable development are adopted and used.The environmental problems are the result of economic development that ignores the involvement of local communities and becomes the main cause of the emergence of the sustainable tourism concept.Indonesia"s cultural and topographical diversity is the main reason why the government sets the direction and focus of Indonesia's tourism development in the future towards the "sustainable" policy.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the use of nature and culture in sustainable tourism development.This research is a literature study with a descriptive-analytical research method.Researchers collected data from scientific journals, books, literature, and publications that are relevant to being a source of data for this research.The result of this literature review is that the concept of sustainable tourism demands harmony between the local, social and economic environment.Community empowerment is the key to sustainable tourism development.
There is a dare need to understand peoples and cultures and resolve unending conflicts for better human relationship among people.To do this, this study seeks to find out whether the ontological being underlying Okolo"s African being-with is the same as that underlying Heidegger"s being-with (mitsein).The question raised is whether Africans share a common humanity with other human beings in the world, and if Heidegger"s presumption about the humanity of the African is true?What can the answers to these questions do in leadership and governance especially as the Nigerian election is in its full gear?The major aim of the study is to examine Okolo"s notion of African "being-with" in relation to Heidegger"s "being-with and highlight the rich ethical and political implications of their concepts through a cross-cultural dialogue and use it to advance a new ethical world order that promotes better living among peoples.The study finds that Africans and Europeans share a common humanity and that the understanding of Okolo and Heidegger"s notions of being-with can help not only improve mutual relationship but also leadership growth.
Kenya runs several social protection programmes, among which is Older Persons Cash Transfer purposed to support the elderly population (more than 65 years old) for their upkeep and minimize their vulnerability to socio-economic challenges.Over the years
The aim of this study was to establish the factors influencing participation of the public in development projects in Wote-Nziu ward in the context of a devolved governance system. The objectives of the study were to establish the impact of socio-economic factors, political factors and demographic characteristics on public participation in development projects. The study sample was comprised 85 respondents sampled from the general population within Wote/Nziu ward. In addition, 15 Key informants were drawn from Project Management Committees (PMC) and 9 focus group discussions were with the committee members drawn from the various projects within the ward that are initiated and implemented by the County Government of Makueni. Analysis of the data collected, that is, correlation between independent and dependent variables revealed positive values of correlation coefficients (R). The study findings revealed that demographic characteristics, socioeconomic and political factors influence the level of public participation in development activities of the residents of Wote-Nziu Ward in Makueni County. Comparatively, however, political factors have more influence on public participation. The study concludes that residents and the County Government of Makueni have embraced public participation as a tool to meaningfully engage in development initiatives in a devolved system of governance.
Many cultures of antiquity have made naked-eye observations of large sunspot displays. The Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Greeks, have all made such observations. These observations are still important because they give astronomers data about solar activity prior to telescopic observations beginning in 1610. A detailed examination of diverse objects from the Mayan Early Classic Period, described in reports I, III, IV, V, and VI of this series, suggests that the Maya were also monitoring naked-eye solar activity. This extra data set is of great importance because there are some discrepancies between Asian records (usually considered reliable) and what would be expected from 14 C measurements and other physical data. One of these discrepancies will be resolved in this report using Mayan data. Mayan Sun God iconography shows the appearance of a spotted Sun God during times of high solar activity and a spotless Sun God during periods of the quiet Sun. Up to this report, four criteria were used to select artifacts for the series of papers in this study: 1) the artistic motif must be present (Sun God with or without spots), 2) the artifact upon which the image occurs must be datable, 3) solar activity levels must be verifiable by direct observation from some other ancient culture, 4) observations must be substantiated by physical data (e.g. 14 C and 18 O data, tree ring analysis, nilometer data, etc.). And, of course, the artifacts chosen should span the Early Classic Period. It is natural to ask if other spotted deities track physical solar activity as well. In this report, the appearance of spots on the Venus God is examined. Venus is a close companion of the Sun, both physically and by familial relationship within the Mayan pantheon. The datable Jade Funerary Mask of Río Azul is one such Venus God image. Other Venus God images are also examined. The appearance (ca. 400 AD), disappearance (668 AD), and reappearance (ca, 700 AD) of facial spots on solar deities as a function of time seems to track solar activity and is in agreement with physical data.
Determining the attitudes of children who have child's rights toward their rights is crucial to revealing their viewpoint on their own rights.The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable attitude scale to determine the attitudes of children toward child's rights.Study group of the study comprised a total of 610 students receiving education in grade three, grade four and grade five in Kırıkkale province.We performed the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on the data.The EFA determined that the scale comprised 19 items and four factors.These dimensions were named "Living", "Development", "Protection" and "Participation".The CFA analysis confirmed the four-factor structure.The Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient was α .80 for the total scale, α .82for sub-factor one, α .82for sub-factor two, α .81 for sub-factor three and α .89for sub-factor four.Also, we calculated item analysis statistics and total item correlations based on the difference of sub-super group averages within the scope of reliability analyses.There was a significant difference between the group with a higher attitude score and the group with a lower attitude score in the scale on the basis of item score and score average.The findings revealed international convention offers the same rights to all children across the world and that the scale can measure the attitudes of children toward their rights in a valid and reliable way.
Mythology reflects ancient people's primitive understanding of the origin of the world, natural phenomena and social life, so the mythological narration is usually full of imagination and symbolic meanings. In both Chinese and Greek Mythology, there is a similar legend of nine-headed snakes, which reflects those ancient people's exploration of unaccountable great floods. These nine-headed monsters are called Xiangliu and Hydra respectively. According to Guideways Through Mountains and Seas, a classic collection of Chinese ancient stories, Xiangliu is the courtier of Gonggong, a legendary god of Water. Hydra in Greek mythology is a gigantic snake-like monster with nine heads, living near Lake Lerna. Both the two malicious beasts have nine heads, and are trouble-makers through taking advantage of floods, always producing poisonous smell and breath. Xiangliu has nine human faces, and his heads do not have the ability to regenerate, while Hydra has dragon-like heads with teeth and claws, and he has the ability to regenerate. Both stories are symbolic with hero-worshiping and flood-controlling themes, reflecting primitive common values in both cultures. Through comparing Xiangliu and Hydra, discussing their prototypes and their evolutionary forms in later works, we may have a better understanding of Chinese and western mythical stories, and then promote mutual respect to divergences.
The work is about Indo-Europeans in general, which means people possessing R1a haplogroup (and following mutations) of Y-DNA, as per inheriting from father to son.Those possessing R1b, who dominated western Europe, have little in common with India and Iran.Our interest is in the group of Indo-Europeans who evolved into Slavs and, in particular, modern Poles.The article shows that the area of today's Poland was probably the cradle of people and language that gave origin to other Indo-European peoples (Aryans, Scythians, Persians, Slavic) and their languages.Today's Poles are the nation with the highest frequency of R1a haplogroup.Genetic, linguistic and anthropological-cultural studies indicate that the origin of Poles is ancient, directly from the ancestors of the Lechites or Lekhs described in the chronicles.There are also grounds for claiming that the Lekhs' connections with people from Aryans are both genetic (biological) and cultural.The author provides daring hypotheses and proceeds to check them through logical deduction (inductive-deductive method), while trying the synthetic approach to the problem and using a multidisciplinary approach.Hypotheses checks and logical justifications are backed by research results in genetics, linguistics, cultural anthropology, ancient history and hoplologywhich deal with weaponry and warrior cultures.
For decades, feminism has been a concept associated with women"s freedom from patriarchy, and this movement started in 1848 in Europe.Several political and social movements have fought on the side of women for gender equality over decades.In the 1960s, radical feminism grew because of the women"s liberation movement, which continued well into the 1970s and 1980s.Over the years, feminism has given a voice to women wanting to unshackle themselves from patriarchy.This conceptual article examines indigenous feminism, which is an alternative to Eurocentric feminism.Amongst others, the indigenous feminists perceive their mandate as one of decolonizing feminism, thus looking beyond patriarchy as the sole problem women face in society.Indigenous feminists also recognize race, class and colonial history as among the major obstacles to women"s advancement.Using theory synthesis, the article found that indigenous feminism embraced by womanism reflects how African women could contest for social justice and equality while utilizing certain values and principles.The conclusions demonstrate that women from the Global South will be empowered by African philosophies as they become strong leaders in society.Furthermore, the conclusions point out that empowered African women would be able to confront social injustices that stunt their growth as leaders in society.
This article examines the attitudes of Jordanian households towards the COVID-19 crisis with special attention given to the actual and anticipated effects of the pandemic on livelihoods at the following levels: household income, financial coping mechanisms, financial capabilities to withstand periods of curfew implementation, access to electronic assets/internet, rise in food prices during curfew, access to health, potable water, ability to meet essential needs, social security enrollment statues, additional livelihood streams, variations in income pre-and post-curfew, changes in employment/income status, disabilities within households, number of household members, educational attainment levels, demographics including nationality, place of residence, relationship status, age and sex.This article thus provides concrete data in a manner that can be useful for government and development institutions in responding to the needs of Jordanian households in both the short and long terms.Main findings include increased unemployment rates which have an exacerbating effect on already dire economic situations.This is particularly the case among large families, some of which consist of live-in extended family members who are persons with disabilities and in need of regular medical attention normally available in non-pandemic conditions.Findings also illustrate an increased fear of forced eviction (a clear protection concern) among survey participants, in addition to a lack of access to essential items.These concerns, moreover, are accompanied by narrowing access to basic rights such as health and education.Thus, a key recommendation for further research is analysis of health sector adaptability and educational retention rates among Jordanian students in light of a potentially extensive pandemic situation.
Morro Azul is a poor community placed in a very rich area of Rio de Janeiro. Since 1950, when this community started to grow, it fights against the government and the real Market. While part of the State and Market try to remove or reduce the physic area of the community, it fights in a very independent way to stay, to grow and to legitimate itself as a local social and economic actor. From 90ths Morro Azul has improved its independency and legitimacy strategies. In parallel to the local government’s aim to transform Rio de Janeiro in a global city, Morro Azul started to look for international recognition and investments, exploring its privileged physic location in a touristic area of Rio de Janeiro. Between (il)legality and (il)legitimacy, Morro Azul, government and formal Market fight for international investments. To reach this status, Morro Azul created international sports arenas, touristic services, cultural events and what they call “popular economy” or “solidarity economy”. The singularity of this community gets deeper because of its peculiar collective identity. At a first look, it has no ethnical identity characteristics, neither a strong criminal remark. This work intends to describe this new collective identity as a foundation to keep the land. In addition to this, this work intends to identify how international investments shaped its identity and the fight for the territory in a city intending to be global.
