Palmyrah (Borassusflabellifer) fruit is mostly used as fresh fruit, because of its perishable nature it is traditionally preserved as dried fruit pulp called as pinattu (fruit leather).It contained pectin as well as contain appreciable amount of saponinbecause of that fruit pulp having important medicinal properties.Considering these facts the phytochemical constituents of solvent extracts of pinattuwas identified and evaluated.Samples was collected from the three different branches ofPalmyrah Development Board.Pinattu, boiled odiyal flour and odiyal flour contained 16.6±(0.008),11.66±(0.001),10.66±0.001g/100g of moisture, 2.23±0.062,6.51±0.062,6.7813±0.06g/100g of protein, 0.08±0.001,0.28±0.008,0.43±0.013g/100g of Fat, 0.04±0.001,0.02±0.0003,0.02±0.0002g/100g of Ash, 5.06±0.01,7.13±0.18,4.49±0.15g/100g of crude fiber and (75.91±0.61,74.37±0.65,77.59±0.5 g/100g of carbohydrate respectively.There were significant different (p<0.05) between the each samples for all the nutrient content except moisture content.
Short and long-term changes in teat condition mainly caused by machine milking may affect the udder health of lactating dairy cattle.The objective was to investigate the prevalence of teat end hyperkeratosis scores in lactating dairy cattle in Germany and to determine associations between animal variables and teat end hyperkeratosis.The study was conducted in 15 German high-yielding dairy herds.On dairy farms teat size, teat shape, teat end shape and changes in teat condition (edema, teat skin colour, teat end hyperkeratosis) were recorded.In total, 4,022 animals of the breed German Holstein were included into the present study.For both front and rear teats associations between teat end hyperkeratosis and lactation number, teat length, teat diameter and teat end shape were found.Further research is needed to reduce the prevalence of teat end hyperkeratosis in high-yielding dairy herds and to improve the teat condition.
Apple leaves of cultivars Topaz and Golden delicious, organically grown upon spindly shaped apple trees and grafted at 5 dwarfing rootstocks, were analyzed for 42 main and trace elements.Spraying a Cu-oxychloride particle suspension plus an adherent as a fungicide, induced some leaf concentration changes with respect to untreated control groups, though inputs of other elements from spraying were negligible.Cu-treatment tended to increase concentrations of Fe, Si and J, and to decrease Zn, Co and Cd in the leaves, because these effects appeared for both cultivars at all rootstocks.Other changes might be rather due to fertilization regime and climate.
Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment.This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality.The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability.At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants.We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
The present study was conducted to improve the nutritional composition of cakes and biscuits which are generally made with refined flour.Refined wheat flour was substituted with Germinated Sorghum Flour and Plantain Flour.Process parameters such as height, diameter, spread ratio and spread factor were recorded for biscuits.For cakes, process parameters such as batter pH, acidity, density, baking temperature and cake volume were assessed.Weight of biscuits increased from 8.05 g in control to 9.27 g in variation made with germinated sorghum and plantain.There was significant reduction (p<0.05) in spread ratio of biscuits with increased amount of germinated sorghum and plantain flours.The spread ratio reduced from 7.63 (control) to 6.68 indicating less spread of biscuits during baking.In conclusion, substitution of refined wheat flour with germinated sorghum and plantain provides dual benefits of improving nutritional quality of the baked products and also it improves process parameters which are essential for scale-up during commercial production of biscuits and cakes.
Global food availability, including national as well as local, is highly dependent on the natural resources that will affect crop production.Although there is rain, soil temperatures and conditions have formed a natural system that will support agricultural efforts, but this state is unstable and always changes according to atmospheric conditions in an integrated manner.Human beings on certain boundaries can intervene with the natural resources.Climate (generally a combination of rain, temperature, and sunlight) is the most important growth factor in crop production in the field.Any change in climatic conditions will have far-reaching effects on global food production.Global climate change, excessive land and land exploitation, inaccurate land management, in its time will have an impact on the food production and availability of a region.Knowing well the of nature characteristics, then anticipating the impact that will arise and determine the ways of handling it, is a series of business and activities that must be done to achieve food security.To anticipate climate change and its impacts on crop production, a broad outline can be made by considering the following physical technic aspects: 1) adjusting cropping patterns; 2) increasing the area of forest cover and catchment areas; 3) application of land and crop management technology.Some application of land and crop management technologies include: organic farming, implementation of Surjan system, food diversification, large tree planting, water pond production, etc.The policies that need to be taken as a solution in anticipating the impact of global climate change are 1) the preparation and stipulation of special food agriculture scenarios, including the zoning of production potential and zonation of climate risk (drought, flood, landslide, etc.) with the updating of data every year; 2) reducing the conversion of agricultural land (food); 3) incentives for farmers; 4) changing the consumption pattern of the people, from the consumption of rice to alternative staple foods; 5) subsidies and protection of food farming; 6) climate monitoring and prediction (early rainy season, long growing period, and potential water availability; 7) Revitalization of watershed (DAS) functions; 8) Multiply the artificial water absorption area.
BACKGROUNDMental health problems represent a major component of the global burden of disease. The primary objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of psychological wellbeing among farmworkers and to evaluate their mental health services need for in rural primary health care settings.METHODSThe study sample comprised 1855 farmworkers (918 women, and 937 men) who were selected using probability cluster sampling method at 95% confidence interval (87.6 % response rate). The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and socio-demographic information form were used to data collection.RESULTSThe overall prevalence of mental health problems was 31.5%; the prevalence among women was 1.4 times that of men (35%, females; 28.2%, males). Logistic regression analyses revealed that poor general health, as well as presence of chronic diseases and exposure to traumatic life events predicted mental ill health among both sex. Poor economic situation, being seasonal migrant farmworker, and pesticide exposure history affected male mental health problems; while type of settlement, history of having disabled child at birth, and not having a family physician were significant predictors of female mental ill health (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSThese findings highlight the need for systematic development of community-based mental health services in conjunction with rural primary health care center and an integrated approach to health care of farmworkers. These include screening, early identification and treatment of mental health problems, development of non-communicable disease (NCD) control program, maternal health services and urgent measures to improve farmworkers' work safety and pesticide applications.
