Context: The UNAIDS goal of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030 will be achieved primarily through the success of the three “95s” by 2030, and in particular the third “95 », which consists of achieving an undetectable viral load thanks to effective antiretroviral treatment. Achieving and maintaining viral suppression is the goal of ART and a good knowledge of the effectiveness of triple ARV therapies can help national HIV programs. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the two ARTs, Tenovofir + Lamivudine +Efavirenz (TDF+3TC+EFV) and Zidovudine+Lamivudine+ Efavirenz (AZT+3TC+NVP) in their abilities to make the plasma viral load of HIV+ patients under treatment undetectable. Material and method: This is a retrospective study of the management of HIV-1 seropositive patients, followed at the Military Hospital of Ouakam (HMO) Molecular Biology laboratory from 2014 to 2021. The main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment was the proportions of patients whose Viral load values were undetectable, VL< 50 copies/ml depending on duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Plasma viral load tests were carried out on Abbott Real Time HIV-1® (m2000sp/rt) and COBAS®AmpliPrep/COBAS®TaqMan® (Roche) version 2.0. Variables with p<0.05 were considered statistically significant for all comparisons between groups. Results: 3,335 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 2,078 on TDF+3TC+EFV, 445 on AZT+3TC+NVP and 812 were excluded due to death, transfer or loss to follow-up. At 6 months of ART, VL was undetectable in 7.3% of patients on TDF+3TC+EFV and 6.7% of patients on AZT+3TC+NVP (P=0.67). 78.2% versus 73.4% of patients had an undetectable VL respectively for TDF+3TC+EFV and AZT+3TC+NVP at 12 months of ART (p=0.03). TDF+3TC+EFV had significantly higher virological success rates than AZT+3TC+NVP (85.7% versus 80.2%) and virological failure (VL>1000 copies/ml) was significantly greater in patients taking AZT+3TC+NVP (13% versus 7.2%) after 18 months (P=0.001). Gender and age had a significant relationship in treatment success. Conclusion: TDF+3TC+EFV was superior in terms of virological suppression at the end of the study period. These results support the WHO recommendation to use TDF+3TD+EFV as an alternative first-line regimen.
Familial Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases known as synucleinopathies are strongly associated with α-Synuclein (αS) missense mutations. One of these mutations, E46K, had been hypothesized to increase the electrostatic attraction of αS to neuronal vesicle membranes due to positively charged lysine that attracts negatively charged phospholipid head groups. Here, we confirm the biochemical mechanism of E46K through four compound mutants, each with three replacements with lysine on a cytosol-exposed position of the αS alpha helix. We show that the cytosolic αS to membrane-bound αS ratios are significantly lower, and that the phosphorylation rates of serine-129-a pathological marker-are pronouncedly higher for the mutants than for wild type. This experiment addresses the previous knowledge gap in the understanding of basic amino acid replacements in cytosol-exposed positions of αS. Importantly, the validated effect of cytosol-exposed lysine residues has implications for exploring the mechanism of pathogenesis of αS mutants in familial Parkinson’s disease.
Galectins (GAL) are β-galactoside binding proteins. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of PMA on the regulation of galectin gene expression in bovine blood and neutrophils. Blood was collected from 3 clinically healthy Holstein cows. Neutrophils were isolated by differential centrifugation. Blood and neutrophils were treated with 10ng/ml of PMA or maintained in phosphate-buffered saline for 30 minutes at 370 C. Pooled total RNA were transcribed to cDNA for real-time PCR. Specific primers for bovine LGALS -1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -9, -11, -12, and their binding proteins (bp) LGALS3bp, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) were used. Housekeeping genes RPLP0 and UCHL5 served as internal controls. Fold changes were calculated using the Livak method. Total protein concentration was assessed using the Bicinchoninic acid assay. Secretion of GAL -1, -2, -3, -4, -8, -9 was assessed using bovine GAL specific ELISA. All tested LGALS were detected. Activation with PMA differentially modulated expression and secretion of GAL in blood and neutrophils. Expression levels of LGALS -1 and LGALS -3 was not affected. Expression of LGALS -7, -8, -9, -11, -12, and TIM-3 was differentially modulated. The secretion of GAL -3 was significantly increased in response to PMA. The most pronounced effect of PMA was observed on LGALS-9, TIM-3 expression, and the secretion of GAL -3. Thus, GAL may serve as biomarkers of cell activation with functional consequences and warrant further study.
Introduction: Amniocentesis is one of the most widely used diagnostic interventions but despite its many advantages, it has side effects such as fetal loss. The importance of fetal loss after amniocentesis in twin pregnancies is very important and some researchers believe that in twin pregnancies, the risk of fetal loss after amniocentesis is higher than singleton. Therefore, the present study examined the rate of fetal loss after amniocentesis in twin pregnancies compared to singleton pregnancies. Methods: This prospective descriptive-analytical study was performed on 712 mothers with singleton (628 cases) and twin (84 cases) pregnancies who referred to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz with Amniocentesis due to several reason during 2016-2020. A questionnaire containing information such as age, gestational age, number of pregnancies, childbirth and abortion, the cause of the diagnostic test, quarterly screening and NT ultrasound, and the result of amniocentesis were completed for patients. Patients were followed up during the first week, two weeks, and 60 days after amniocentesis, and finally data were analyzed by SPSS version24. Results: The mean age of the patients was 31.96 ± 6.33 years and the mean gestational age at amniocentesis for all patients was 15.37 ± 0.7. The mean NT in patients in the two groups did not differ significantly (1.60±0.44 vs 1.54±4.64, p=0.56). the prevalence of preterm in twin mothers was 13.1% and, in the singleton was 1.75% (p = 0.01). The occurrence of fetal loss was 2.4% in the twin group and 2.07% in the singleton group which was not statistically significant (p = 0.56). in the twin group, one (50%) fetal loss occurred in the first week and another one (50%) occurred between 15 and 60 days. But in the singleton group, 7 cases (63.6%) in the first week, 1 case (9%) in 15 to 60 days, and 3 cases (27.3) after more than 60 days lost the fetus. Previous pregnancy records in twins showed that the mean Gravid (p = 0.01), Parity (p = 0.01) and Living child (p = 0.02) in preterm twins' patients were statistically significantly lower than in the term patients. Conclusion: Our findings show that fetal loss following amniocentesis in twin pregnancies does not increase significantly compared to singleton pregnancies. However, our findings require repeated study in bigger sample size and as multi-centered as possible then It can be generalized to wider communities.
Background: Autism disorders have increased over the last years. Autism is a neurological growth disorder associated with social communication disorders, growth retardation, and repetitive behaviors, along with serious consequences for children and families. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the relationship between parental mental disorders and autism among the children of West Azerbaijan Province. Methods: This research was a case-control study in which the case group subjects were selected among the parents with autistic children and control group subjects were selected among the relative parents with healthy children and non-relative parents with healthy children. Both case and control groups were matched in terms of gender, living place, and age of children. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS-16 (Chicago, IL, USA) software. Results: The current research results revealed that the frequency of mental diseases, including obsessive-compulsive, inter personality sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobia, paranoid ideation, and psychotic disorder are different in fathers and mothers of the case and control groups. As Pvalue was lower than 0.05 in all scales, there was a significant relationship between the mental diseases of parents and the history of mental disorders in relatives and autism. Conclusion: The prevalence of mental disorders in relatives and having a medical history can be a warning sign of autism in children.
Introduction: Fetal and neonatal complications are more common in premature than full term pregnancy. Treatment of preterm labor and postpone delivery increases neonatal survival and better quality of life and reduces health care costs for premature infants. This study aimed to compare the effects of Nifedipine and Magnesium sulfate in arresting preterm labor and to adverse the effects of these drugs. Materials and Methods: This randomized and clinical trial study was performed on 100 pregnant women who were hospitalized for preterm labor pain. The participants were pregnant women with the gestational age of 28 to 34 weeks and with a single pregnancy and symptoms of preterm were studied. They were randomly divided into two equal groups. After not suppressing the pain by fluid therapy, in the first group Magnesium sulfate infused injection (N=50) was performed, while in the second group, oral Nifedipine were given. The research uses SPSS software (version 20) statistical software issue 20 to analyze the result of tests with descriptive statistical methods including independent T test and chi square test. Results: Mean maternal age, gestational age, parity converted Magnesium sulfate and Nifedipine group had no significant difference in statistical analysis. Delivery was delayed more than 48 hours in 48% (24 person) of cases in the Magnesium sulfate group and in 72% (36 person) in Nifedipine group (p=0.03). A statistically significant difference in response to treatment was more in group of Nifedipine. Conclusion: The results showed that Nifedipine is more effective than Magnesium sulfate in postponing delivery (more than 48 hours), producing minimal side effect, having adequate price and applying an easy use method. Therefore, Nifedipine, as a tocolytic, can be a good substitute for Magnesium sulfate in preterm labor treatment.
Purpose: Psychological stress is one of the main occupational hazards. The aim of this study was evaluating psychological stress in terms of role stress and its domains in professional drivers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 heavy vehicle drivers and 330 light vehicle drivers. Data were collected using interview and Osipow job stress questionnaire. T-test ،ANOVA ، chi-square test and linear regression were used in analyzing the data. Results: 33.2% of the participants had mild to moderate stress. Independent psychological stress predictors were vehicle type, shift work, job satisfaction, and income. Stress scores were higher in work overload, role conflict, responsibility, and work environment in heavy vehicle drivers than light vehicle drivers (p<0.001), while this difference was not significant in terms of role insufficiency and ambiguity. Conclusion: Nearly one-third of the drivers had mild to moderate stress level. Overall stress level was higher in heavy vehicle drivers than light vehicle drivers. The highest score in stress domains in all drivers attributed to the role insufficiency.
The purpose of the study was to examine the factors affecting Endodontic Therapy Failure (ETF). The study was descriptive cross-sectional conducted at College of Dental Science & Research Centre. Dental school in Pune, India. In the present study, 90 patients were analyzed in the treatment ward. According to the results, the highest endodontic failure was observed in 41-50 years age group (41.11%) and the least was in 21-30 (24.44%). According to the tooth type, most endodontic failures were observed in maxillary molars (44.4%), mandibular molars (20%) and maxillary premolars (15.5%). Endodontic treatment by general dental practitioners (GDPs) showed the highest failure rate (78.8%). The factors contributing to the most common endodontic problems were under-filled canals (33.3%) and unfilled and missed canals (17.7%). The study concluded that ETF occurred when the treatment was not according to the accepted standards. The main causes of ETF are microbial infection in the root canal system and these patients' not attending the specialists.
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) as the enzyme of adult stem cells secreted from damage cells. In spite of low level of MMP9 enzyme in the mesenchymal stem cells, many inflammatory cytokines stimulation such as TNF-α could increase MMP9 level in cells. Current study evaluated the expression of the MMP9 enzyme under the influence of TNF-α in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were classified into control and experimental groups. In the experimental groups, various concentrations of the TNF-α (1ng/ml and 10ng/ml) were administrated in different times (10 and 24 hours), whereas the control group was not treated with TNF-α. MMP9 gene expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR. TNF-α administration in 1ng/ml and 10ng/ml dosage for 10 hours, induced the expression of MMP9 1468.3 and 1782.8 times more than the control group, respectively. After 24h, in comparison between 1ng/ml and 10ng/ml with control groups, MMP9 expression were 442.64 and 1184.4 times more than control group, respectively. In conclusion, the expression rate of the MMP9 gene in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells might be effected by dosage and time of exposure to TNF-α. Furthermore, the time of exposure might have the prominent role in alteration of MMP9 gene expression induction in the mesenchymal stem cells.
Background: Systemic inflammation is believed to have an important role in pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and its related factors should be considered in monitoring of the disease. In the current study, possible link between inflammatory status and various related factors in patients with COPD was assessed. Method: Sixty-one COPD patients according to the inclusion criteria participated in this study. For assessing nutritional status, SGA (subjective global assessment) and 24-hour dietary recall method were used and Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by St. George’s respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), instrumental activities of daily living scales (IADLs), and Katz Index. Moreover, Anthropometric and body composition measurements including weight, height, BMI, FFM, and FFMI were measured by standard methods and BIA. Additionally, muscle strength was assessed using a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Finally, blood samples were collected to assess biochemical factors including TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, vitamin C, magnesium, and Glutathione. Stepwise model was performed for evaluating the relationship between inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) and associated markers mentioned above. Characteristics of participants were expressed in percentage and mean ±SD and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results of the current study showed that the intake of PUFA and vegetables, plasma vitamin C and serum MDA could possibly affect inflammation according to IL-6 and TNF- α concentrations. On the other hand, systemic inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-) aggravated mean right and left handgrip strength, Katz index and nutritional status (SGA score) significantly (P <0.05). Conclusion: To sum up, our results confirmed the inter-relationship between inflammatory markers and intake of some dietary components, oxidative stress biomarkers, muscle function, and nutritional status in COPD patients. These factors might affect over each other and further studies are needed to better elucidate this issue. Background: Systemic inflammation is believed to have an important role in pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and its related factors should be considered in monitoring of the disease. In the current study, possible link between inflammatory status and various related factors in patients with COPD was assessed. Method: Sixty-one COPD patients according to the inclusion criteria participated in this study. For assessing nutritional status, SGA (subjective global assessment) and 24-hour dietary recall method were used and Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by St. George’s respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), instrumental activities of daily living scales (IADLs), and Katz Index. Moreover, Anthropometric and body composition measurements including weight, height, BMI, FFM, and FFMI were measured by standard methods and BIA. Additionally, muscle strength was assessed using a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Finally, blood samples were collected to assess biochemical factors including TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, vitamin C, magnesium, and Glutathione. Stepwise model was performed for evaluating the relationship between inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) and associated markers mentioned above. Characteristics of participants were expressed in percentage and mean ±SD and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results of the current study showed that the intake of PUFA and vegetables, plasma vitamin C and serum MDA could possibly affect inflammation according to IL-6 and TNF- α concentrations. On the other hand, systemic inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-) aggravated mean right and left handgrip strength, Katz index and nutritional status (SGA score) significantly (P <0.05). Conclusion: To sum up, our results confirmed the inter-relationship between inflammatory markers and intake of some dietary components, oxidative stress biomarkers, muscle function, and nutritional status in COPD patients. These factors might affect over each other and further studies are needed to better elucidate this issue.
In the present paper, we demonstrate that extract of Cuscuta kotchiana is able to inhibit in vitro proliferation of two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The expression levels of p53, bcl-2, caspase-3 and bax genes at the mRNA and protein levels were evaluated using quantitative Real Time PCR and western blot analysis. The most active fractions of C. kotchiana were detected by NMR as pratensein and pratensein glycoside. The cytotoxic activity of pratensein glycoside was significantly more than pratensein. The expression level of bcl2 gene was decreased in cancer cells treated by both compounds at CC50 concentrations. But the expression levels of caspase-3, p53 and bax genes were increased in treated cancer cells. In conclusion, all the data demonstrated that the glycoside form of pratensein is important agent in inducing apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.
Background. Malnutrition is a major health problem in India. It mostly affects children of school going age with serious health problems putting them at an increased risk for developing chronic diseases later in life. This study aims to study the prevalence of malnutrition (overweight and underweight) in children aged 10-13 years in schools in Manipal and Utopia, Karnataka. Materials and Methods. In this study, a total 400 students were studied. Their anthropometric measurements like height, weight, BMI and MUAC, dietary pattern, physical activity level, and child eating behavior. Questionnaire was used to note the student’s information. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 21, Diet Cal, and Anthroplus1.0.4. Results. It was observed that in the childhood category 10-13 years there were 222 (55.5%) male and 178(44.5%) female. According to the BMI for age 53.4% of them falls under the normal category; 22.3% falls under the mild wasting category; About 18.3% falls under the obese category and 8% falls under the moderate wasting category. There is no students falling under the severe wasting and overweight category according to the BAZ classification. When the height for age was done for all the children, about 36.3% falls under normal height; About 35.5% falls under mild stunting; 19.3% falls under the moderate stunting; 8.3% falls under the severe stunting category; and 1% falls under tall category according to the HAZ classification. Conclusions. In conclusion, mild stunting and wasting was observed among children. There are no students falling under the severe wasting and overweight category according to the BAZ classification.
Introduction: The aim of this study is Frequency of ectasia among patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which retrospectively had evaluated a percentage of total frequency ectasia among patients with coronary atherosclerosis by angiography Dual a source & 64 CT SLICE between 2007-20012 in Imag Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital and shahid Rajai Hospital. Results: Totally 2770 patients were enrolled in the study. The frequency of ectasia among all patients was 42 [1.5%]. The frequency of stenosis in patients with LAD ectasia was 36.8% [7 out of 19] while the frequency of LAD stenosis in other patients was 59.5% [1637 out of 2751] [P=0.045]. Distribution of stenosis in ecstatic LCx and RCA was not statistically different with patients without non ecstatic LCx and RCA. [P=0.47 and 0.45 respectively]. In patients with ectasia, the frequency of stenosis was 71.4 while it was 64.4% in patients without ectasia [P=0.35]. Discussion: Furthermore, detection and investigation of Ectasia in patients with stenosis will lead to more accurate determination of the treatment plan and the purpose of this study is finging a new assess prevalence of morphological changes Ectasia by CT angiography and coronary sclerosing Prevalence this group of patients.
Background: Although many GTN patients can be treated with chemotherapy, a small proportion of them will relapse after complete recovery. To the best of our knowledge, there is not any information in respect of relapsed GTN cases in our region. In the current study we have aimed to evaluation of the recurrence risk of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) after serum βhCG normalization Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on registered hospital data of patients with confirmed GTN diagnosis following molar pregnancy who admitted to the gynecology ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital between 2011 and 2017. Patients with diagnosis of postmolar GTN, based on at least five bhcg measurements was included. Patients information including initial level of serum BhcG, time to Bhcg resolution, types of molar pregnancy, treatment protocols, need to recuretage relapse, and finally, the period time between bhcg resolution to relapse were evaluated. Results: In the present study, 239 patients with GTN (including 180 complete and 59 partial moles) were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 28.8 years, ranging from 16 to 47 years. The mean βhCG concentration was 170,000 IU/ml (ranged 760 to 850,000). The mean time of βhCG resolution was 8.19 months in the range of 4 to 12 months. Recurrence was observed in 9 patients (3.7%). The mean period time between βhCG resolution to relapse was 20.94 months. The mean initial level of βhCG was significantly lower in patients with recurrence (p <0.0001). The highest recurrence rate was seen in those receiving multiple-drug chemotherapy. There was also a significant relationship between disease stage and recurrence rate. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that although the recurrence of GTN is relatively low, given the poor prognosis of these patients, continuous evaluation of bHCG levels for at least two years is essential to prevent disease progression.
Introduction: Cystoscopy is one of the common procedure in diagnosis and treatment of problem related to urinary tract, pre-cystoscopy anxiety is a very common problem, despite evidences shows suitable intervention for post-cystoscopy pain but enough pain relief still remains as a problem, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pre-cystoscopy anxiety and post-cystoscopy pain among patients who was hospitalized for cystoscopy. Methods: This was a cross sectional study and sampling of this study was done in April 2017 to April 2018 in surgical unit of amiralmoemenin hospital in zanjan, Iran, using non-probability convenience Sampling method, 61 patients aged 16-45 years old who was hospitalized for cystoscopy was recruited in this study. Pre-cystoscopy anxiety was assessed by spilberger (STAI) questionnaire and post-cystoscopy pain measured by pain visual analogs scale (VAS). Results: The mean (SD) age of men and females were 43.81 (14.68), 44.88 (13.61) years old, respectively The relationship between state anxiety and post cystoscopy pain was direct and significant (p<0.05). The relationship between trait anxiety and post cystoscopy pain was direct and significant too (p<0.05). Conclusion: the state and trait Anxiety of patients who were hospitalized for cystoscopy could increases the intensity of patients' pain in post-cystoscopy.
Background and Objective: Inhalation of chemicals and toxins in cigarette and hookah smoke results in loss of integrity of oral cavity tissues. The objective of this study was to compare the periodontal health of hookah and cigarette smokers. Materials and Methods: In this study, 73 men at the age group of 20-35 years who smoked hookah for more than 5 years and 73 men at the same age who smoked cigarette for more than 5 years and 73 healthy men referred to the periodontal department of Mashhad dentistry school were selected and studied. Periodontal indices including pocket depth, GI, BOP, CAL were assessed in two groups. Also, using parallel periapical radiography, mesial and distal marginal bone level around the first molar tooth was measured. Finally, the data were assessed and compared using appropriate statistical analysis. Results: Pocket depth was 24.27% and 23.62%, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers, and it was 0.96% in healthy subjects, clinical attachment level was 4.48 and 4.41 mm, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers, and it was 0.77 mm in healthy subjects. Gingival index (GI) was 1.40 and 1.42, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers and it was 0.52 in healthy subjects, BOP value was 6.52 and 6.52%, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers and it was 10.86% in healthy subjects. Mesial marginal bone level of first lower molar tooth was 2.27 and 2.32 mm, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers and it was 1.74 mm in healthy subjects and distal marginal bone level of lower first molar tooth was 2.38 and 2.35 mm, respectively, in cigarette smokers and hookah smokers and it was 1.75 mm in healthy subjects. Comparison of results between the two groups of cigarette smokers and hookah smokers did not show any significant relationship in any of the variables, but there was a significant relationship between the two groups and the healthy group (P <0.001). Conclusion: Periodontal parameters in healthy individuals are significantly better than those of smokers. Also, although there is a relationship between cigarette smoking and hookah smoking and periodontal parameters, these two groups do not show a significant difference in terms of periodontal parameters.
Background: Nursing is considered as one of the most stressful jobs due to the emotional nature of the patient's demands, long working hours, professionals and interpersonal conflicts. Aim: The purpose of present research was the study of job satisfaction predictors consisted personality traits, resilience, emotional expression and ambiguity tolerance of emergency nurses in Tehran hospitals. Methods: This is a descriptive and correlational study. The population includes all emergency nurses in all hospitals of Tehran in 2017. The sample size consisted of 300 nurses who were selected randomly. For data collection were used NEO Personality Inventory, Berkeley Emotional Expression Questionnaire (BEQ), Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), Resilience Scale (RS) and Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (ATS). Results: The results demonstrate that ambiguity tolerance, resilience and emotional expression respectively had respectively the highest impact on job satisfaction, but personality traits had the lowest impact on it. Implications for Practice: Personality traits can be a predictor of the job satisfaction of emergency nurses in hospital environment.
Introduction: Rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) is a common valvopathy in developing countries that requires invasive or minimally invasive treatment. There is scarcity of data regarding the long term follow up of treated MS patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of biologic and mechanical prosthesis and percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) in treated MS patients. Materials and Methods: This historical cohort study was conducted on treated MS patients who underwent treatment in a tertiary hospital in Mashhad, Iran. Treated MS patients were identified and asked to refer to the center for follow up. Demographic characteristics and type of treatment intervention were obtained from patient records. The follow up assessment included history of PTMC, readmission and echocardiography to assess trans mitral gradient (MG), size and function of right ventricle (RV) and the presence and severity of other valvopathies. Results: A total of 135 patients (21.5% males and 78.5% females) with the mean age of 43.68 ± 11.17 years old participated in the study. The most common intervention method was mechanical valve (61.5%) followed by PTMC (24.4%) and biologic valve (14.1%). Median follow up duration was 4 years. Majority of subjects (52.6%) remained asymptomatic and the functional class was reduced significantly compared to baseline. MG was significantly higher in PTMC and biological valve group compared to mechanical valve p<0.001). Mitral regurgitation (MR) was more prevalent in PTMC group (p<0.001) while abnormal RV size and function the least common in PTMC group (p=0.014 and p=0.002 respectively). Conclusions: All intervention groups resulted in improved functional class of MS patients but high prevalence of MR and lower prevalence of abnormal RV size and function were observed in PTMS group compared to surgical groups.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of one session acute exercise on the urinary excretion of urinary Gamma-glutamyl transferase, protein and creatinine levels in elite football players. A total of 30 Premier League football players with a mean age (26.1±3.80), a mean height (180.01±7.39), a mean weight (78.6±9.26) and a mean body mass index (24.87±1.13) were voluntarily and purposefully selected as statistical samples. The urinary sample of the players was collected in two stages. In the first stage, the players' urinary samples were taken on the rest day when they had not exercised for 24 hours. In the second stage, it was taken immediately after exercise and transferred to the laboratory. To test the hypotheses, especially to compare urinary protein, creatinine, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels before and after exercise, and to compare excretion levels of protein, creatinine, and gamma-glutamyl transferase between the positions, ANOVA test was used. There was a significant difference between the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase, proteinuria and creatinine before and after exercise (P
Background and Goal: Open fractures are at risk of infection with Clostridium tetani and severe traumatic infections. Tetabulin injection is strongly recommended for the patients with an open fracture and severe wounds. The goal of this study is to assess the consistency of tetabulin injection to the patients with an open fracture referred to the Khatamolanbia hospital in Zahedan in 2017 with the national guidelines. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. 300 patients with an open fracture referred to the ER of the Khatamolanbia Hospital in Zahedan in 2017 were selected as the sample. Their fracture type and severity were assessed. The data were classified in the tables and statistically analyzed using Chi-square, pared t-test, Pearson correlation, and regression in SPSS 26. Findings: Among 300 patients, 275 patients (91.7%) were male and 25 patients (8.3%) were female. The most frequent age range was 20 to 30 years old (31.7%), and the least frequent ones were 5 to 10 years old (10%) and more than 50 years old (11.6%). The results showed that gender has no significant effect on the predictability of the need of tetabulin injection for the patients with open fractures (P=0.780). However, age has a significant positive effect on the predictability of the need of tetabulin injection for the patients with open fractures; as the age increases, the need for tetabulin injection also increases, and it must be injected in the 50 years and older patients (P=0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that age was effective on the decrease of the serum level of anti-tetanus antibody, however, gender had no significant effect on it. Therefore, it is concluded that tetabulin injection for open fractures is consistent with the national guideline.
