Abstract: This article provides an overview of the ethnobotanical importance, phytochemistry, and evidence of the pharmacological use of Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.). Ali. in ethnomedicine. This review provides information regarding the historical uses of this plant, as well as scientific evidence supporting its traditional uses. Historically, the ethnomedicinal use of P. scariosus has included several applications such as management of cirrhosis, fluid retention (dropsy), digestive problems, snake and dog bites, fevers, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, nephritis, rheumatism, and bronchitis. To date, research has been limited mostly to the initial phase of exploring phytochemistry and preclinical pharmacology. Experimental results from trials have shown that extracts from the plant exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antidepressantlike, and anxiolytic-like properties. Several bioactive compounds have been identified through phytochemical testing of P. scariosus, such as rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-Orutinoside, and prenylated flavonoids, including scariosin and isorhynchospermin. The seeds have also been found to contain proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and saponins, as well as amino acids such as tyrosine, L-Dopa, and hydrogen cyanide. Based on preliminary findings, the available bioactive constituents in P. scariosus warrant further study as a potential source of bioactive plant products; however, the majority of the evidence is from in vitro and animal studies. Future work is needed to standardize phytochemicals, explore their mechanisms of action, evaluate toxicity, and conduct clinical validation for therapeutic use.
The pharmaceutical research field is experiencing a fundamental change because scientists now face more difficult biological data challenges, while patients increasingly need customized medications, and scientists require better methods to discover new drugs. Pharmaceutical research progress is hampered by traditional computational methods, which fail to analyze extensive datasets, thus reducing both research speed and accuracy. The brain-inspired architecture of neuromorphic computing enables organizations to implement real-time adaptive systems that make decisions and process data more effectively. The research paper examines how neuromorphic computing functions within the pharmaceutical sector by demonstrating its usage in drug development processes, personalized medicine treatments, clinical trial research, and biosecurity measures. The brain-inspired computing models used by neuromorphic systems include spiking neural networks (SNNs) and memristor-based hardware, which help researchers improve molecular simulations and drug interaction predictions while creating personalized treatment plans. The systems enable real-time analysis and adaptive learning, which boosts drug screening efficiency and speeds up clinical trials while developing intelligent drug delivery systems. The main obstacles that obstruct neuromorphic computing development include two main issues that scientists must solve. These issues involve two main challenges: researchers need to improve computational efficiency, while AI pharmaceutical decisions require assessment of scalability and ethical implications. The implementation of neuromorphic models into current pharmaceutical systems needs scientists from three fields: AI research, neuroscience research, and regulatory authority work. Neuromorphic computing has the potential to transform pharmaceutical research by solving current computational problems while creating more precise and affordable therapies that focus on patient needs. The pharmaceutical sector waits for a major shift in drug development and healthcare transformation because scientists are developing neuromorphic hardware and hybrid AI systems.
Introduction: Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic phytochemical, is found in rice bran, sweet corn, tomatoes, and other fruits and vegetables. It is produced by the breakdown of essential aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine in plants through the Shikimic acid pathway. FA has a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects against a number of illnesses, including diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. This phenolic molecule is believed to have a wide range of positive health effects on humans, at least in part due to its potent antioxidant properties. Methods: After conducting scholarly searches for peer-reviewed descriptive studies on FA, all available information regarding the phytochemical and its medicinal properties was taken into consideration. Results: FA is a potent antioxidant for cellular membranes. It is a powerful free radical scavenger and is authorized for use as a food additive in several nations to prevent lipid peroxidation. FA inhibits lipid peroxidation and efficiently scavenges the superoxide anion radical. Discussion: FA, a common phytoconstituent present in our daily diet, has been employed extensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics sectors. It has numerous pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: With increasing applications in nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and medicine, ferulic acid demonstrates a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. Although its bioavailability and stability have been improved by advancements in formulation and delivery technologies, further clinical validation and standardized protocols are necessary to fully realize its translational potential.
Abstract: This review provides a concise overview of congestive heart failure (CHF), focusing on its causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment options, and future advancements. The primary goal is to highlight key aspects of CHF management, with particular emphasis on emerging therapies aimed at improving patient outcomes. Recent studies from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were evaluated, emphasizing the relationship between etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies for CHF. Key areas include pharmacological therapies, device-based interventions, surgical approaches, lifestyle modifications, and emerging treatments, such as stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and RNA-based therapies. CHF commonly results from conditions, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and cardiomyopathies, which impair cardiac function. Clinical symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Diagnosis relies on imaging techniques (echocardiography, MRI), biomarkers (BNP, NT-proBNP), and clinical evaluation. Standard treatment involves medications (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, SGLT2 inhibitors), devices (ICDs, pacemakers), and surgical interventions (CABG, valve repair). Emerging therapies, including stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and RNA-based approaches, show potential for restoring cardiac function. Prognosis depends on disease severity, comorbidities, and response to treatment. CHF is a complex condition that requires early diagnosis and targeted management. While current therapies effectively control symptoms, emerging innovations offer promise for improving long-term outcomes. Future research should focus on personalized care strategies and accessible treatments to reduce the global burden of CHF.
Abstract: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complicated autoimmune condition characterized by a multifactorial aetiology that encompasses genetic, environmental, hormonal, and immunological variables. Notwithstanding breakthroughs in diagnostics and therapies, controlling disease progression and attaining remission continue to pose considerable clinical hurdles. This review seeks to deliver an exhaustive examination of the developing etiopathogenetic processes and treatment strategies for SLE, particularly emphasizing pharmacological medicines now under clinical evaluation. A comprehensive literature analysis was performed in esteemed databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus and significant discoveries were considered from recent epidemiological research, mechanistic insights into immunological dysregulation, and contemporary pharmaceutical methods, especially those in active or concluded clinical trials. Principal immunopathogenic factors in SLE encompass type I interferons, dysregulated T and B cell activation, dendritic cell impairment, and the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Understanding the intricate aetiology of SLE has facilitated the development of customized therapies that offer opportunities for improved disease management. A diverse range of biologics aimed at B cells (Rituximab, Belimumab), cytokines (Anifrolumab, Tocilizumab), and intracellular signalling pathways (JAK/STAT inhibitors) is undergoing clinical development. By critically evaluating efficacy, safety, and translational relevance, this review integrates fundamental pathological mechanisms with patient-oriented therapy approaches. Together with summarizing new treatments and trial findings, it also draws attention to the shortcomings of current treatment approaches and offers researchers and clinicians a structured framework to guide treatment choices, improve trial procedures in the future, and speed up the creation of next-generation treatments designed to improve SLE outcomes.
Introduction: The PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint is a central mechanism of tumor immune escape, and its inhibition with monoclonal antibodies has reshaped cancer immunotherapy. Despite their clinical success, antibodies present significant drawbacks, including poor oral bioavailability, limited penetration into solid tumors, high production costs, and immune-related toxicities. These limitations highlight the urgent need for small-molecule inhibitors capable of providing safer, more accessible, and therapeutic alternatives with more favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Materials and Methods: An integrated computational pipeline was employed, combining ligand-based drug design, virtual screening, molecular docking, and in silico ADMET profiling. To enhance reliability beyond conventional docking scores, we prioritized kinetic parameters, dissociation constant (KD), and residence time (τ), as indicators of binding stability. Interaction mapping focused on conserved PD-L1 hotspots (ARG113, GLU58, TYR123), while metabolism- and toxicity-related endpoints, including CYP inhibition, hERG channel blockade, hepatotoxicity, and skin sensitization, were systematically predicted. Site-of-metabolism analyses guided structural refinement to mitigate metabolic liabilities. Results: Several optimized analogues exhibited nanomolar Kd values, prolonged residence times, and strong, consistent interactions with key PD-L1 residues. ADMET predictions revealed favorable pharmacokinetic properties, low probability of CYP inhibition, absence of hERG blockade, and negligible hepatotoxicity. Only a moderate risk of skin sensitization was predicted for a limited subset of compounds. These findings suggest a high therapeutic potential with manageable safety concerns. Discussion: The combination of kinetic stability (KD and τ) with toxicological endpoints provided a more robust prioritization framework than reliance on binding free energy alone. This integrative strategy highlights the value of computational pipelines in guiding early drug discovery, reducing attrition, and generating leads that balance potency with safety. Moreover, the methodological approach is broadly applicable to other protein–protein interaction targets beyond PD-1/PD-L1. Conclusion: Our results support the feasibility of small-molecule PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors as next-generation immune checkpoint blockers. By integrating docking-based design with kinetic and toxicological profiling, this study demonstrates a rational, cost-effective framework for advancing immunotherapeutic discovery toward preclinical development.
Introduction: Migraine and cluster headaches are common primary headache disorders that substantially impair quality of life and increase healthcare burden. Treatment efficacy is often limited by variability in patient response, partly due to genetic factors. This review examines current acute and preventive therapies for migraine, with a focus on the influence of genetic variations. Methods: A literature review was performed on migraine pathophysiology, highlighting the trigeminovascular system and genetic contributions, particularly in familial hemiplegic migraine. Pharmacological interventions assessed included triptans, NSAIDs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, and emerging agents such as CGRP-targeted antibodies, gepants, and relaxants. The impact of genetic variations on drug efficacy, metabolism, and safety was also evaluated. Results: Genetic mutations affect both migraine susceptibility and therapeutic response. Triptans and NSAIDs remain first-line acute treatments, whereas anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and calcium channel blockers are commonly used for prophylaxis. Emerging CGRP-targeted therapies and gepants provide effective alternatives for patients with inadequate responses to conventional therapies. Genetic polymorphisms may modify pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, supporting personalized treatment strategies. Discussion: The interconnection between genetics and pharmacological response underscores the importance of individualized treatment. While traditional therapies remain effective for many years, emerging agents provide options for refractory cases. Understanding genetic contributions can guide therapy selection, optimize efficacy, and minimize adverse effects. Conclusion: Migraine management relies on traditional pharmacological agents alongside emerging therapies targeting CGRP pathways. Genetic variations significantly influence disease susceptibility, treatment response, and safety. Integrating genetic insights into clinical practice can optimize therapeutic outcomes and advance personalized management strategies for patients with primary headache disorders.
Introduction: Triazine scaffolds offer appealing models for developing enzymefocused therapies that can overcome resistance due to their structural flexibility and target selectivity. In this work, a short, chemically homogeneous series of 1,3-thiazine-substituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives was subjected to an initial exploratory structure-activity relationship investigation and to molecular docking to investigate their possible dual-target binding interactions. Methods: A three-descriptor Multiple Linear Regression model was developed to correlate N, EHOMO, and SB parameters with experimental antimalarial activity (pIC50). Y-randomization and leave-one-out cross-validation were used to evaluate the model's robustness. Molecular docking was done against P. falciparum plasmepsin-II and DNA gyrase. Results: The MLR model demonstrated high structural homogeneity (R2 = 0.964; adjusted R2 = 0.948). Electronic descriptors, molecular polarisability, and topological variables all had a significant influence on predicted activity. Based on pIC₂⁽ values, compound 6j showed the highest predicted antimalarial efficacy. Compound 6e, on the other hand, showed the most advantageous and reliable dual-target binding interactions with DNA gyrase and Plasmepsin-II, suggesting it could be a good lead candidate for further optimization. Discussion: The results imply that the triazine scaffold's electronic and steric characteristics are essential for regulating antimalarial activity. A potentially complementary therapeutic approach is indicated by the identified enzyme-targeted binding profile, which differs mechanistically from traditional medications such as artemisinin and chloroquine. Conclusion: Compound 6j was the most active lead candidate for predicted antimalarial activity. To verify biological efficacy, experimental validation is necessary, as the study is computational and relies on a small dataset.
Abstract: Traditional reconstructive techniques for craniofacial bone defects, including autologous bone grafts and alloplastic materials, often have limitations, such as donor-site morbidity, limited availability, and lack of biological activity. In recent years, regenerative medicine has introduced promising approaches utilizing stem cells and growth factors to promote osteogenesis and tissue repair. This study provides a critical overview of stem cell types, growth factors, and delivery strategies used in pediatric craniofacial bone regeneration. Unlike previous reviews, it emphasizes comparative effectiveness, key advantages and limitations, and unresolved controversies in the field. The methodological quality and levels of evidence across studies are also evaluated. Evidence from both preclinical research and clinical applications is examined, underscoring current achievements and remaining challenges in translating these therapies into routine pediatric practice. Overall, the integration of stem cell biology, bioengineering, and surgical innovation is advancing the development of personalized, biologically driven solutions for craniofacial reconstruction.
Abstract: Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types that play a crucial role in intercellular communication. Their inherent biocompatibility, stability, and ability to traverse biological barriers make them efficient carriers for therapeutic RNA molecules. Engineered RNA-loaded exosomes have emerged as a next-generation platform for targeted RNA delivery in precision medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design and engineering of RNA-loaded exosomes, emphasizing loading strategies, targeting mechanisms, and pharmacokinetic behavior. It also discusses current methodologies for exosome characterization and highlights their translational potential in the treatment of cancer, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the review outlines existing challenges, including large-scale production, standardization, and regulatory constraints. Overall, the article underscores the mechanistic insights and therapeutic relevance of RNA-loaded exosomes as a promising and clinically translatable tool in modern drug research.
Abstract: The pharmaceutical industry faces significant challenges in developing novel medications, including high failure rates, substantial financial investments, and prolonged development timelines. Consequently, drug repurposing, identifying new therapeutic uses for existing drugs, has gained considerable attention. This strategy offers several advantages, such as utilizing compounds with established safety profiles, reducing development costs, and accelerating the time-to-market. A variety of computational and experimental methods have been proposed to identify suitable drug repurposing candidates. These approaches often leverage publicly accessible drug databases and integrate data from fundamental and translational research, clinical trial results, anecdotal reports of off-label drug use, and other available human data sources. By employing artificial intelligence algorithms and other bioinformatics tools, researchers can systematically analyse drug–protein interactions. These analyses can be further enhanced by incorporating genetic data, clinical observations, molecular structural information (e.g., through molecular docking), biological pathways, disease signatures, drug targets, phenotypic outcomes, binding assays, and AI-driven predictions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the strategies, approaches, and methodologies applicable to drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning. Additionally, it presents a compilation of successfully repurposed drugs along with their corresponding therapeutic indications.
Snakebite envenoming remains a significant public health concern in Central America, particularly in rural and agricultural communities where snakebite incidents are frequent and access to medical care is often limited. This mini-review examines the current state of snakebite management in the region, with a particular emphasis on Guatemala, where approximately 849 cases are reported annually according to official sources. Epidemiological data from the Ministry of Health indicate that the departments of Petén, Alta Verapaz, and Izabal are the most affected. Compiled data demonstrate that males aged 5 to 30 years experience the highest incidence of snakebites, primarily related to agricultural and outdoor activities. Medically significant snake species, mainly from the genera Bothrops, Crotalus, and Micrurus, are responsible for severe clinical manifestations, including local tissue damage, systemic hemorrhage, and neurotoxicity. Antivenom therapy remains the only treatment but faces persistent challenges, such as limited accessibility, geographic variation in venom composition, and logistical challenges in distribution and storage. In Guatemala, antivenoms are predominantly supplied by international producers (Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Costa Rica; Bioclon, Mexico; and Instituto Biológico Argentino, Argentina), although their efficacy varies due to differences in venom immunogenicity, which complicates standardized treatment. This mini-review underscores the importance of addressing snakebite envenoming as a neglected tropical disease and identifies the urgent need for area-specific antivenom development, improved medical infrastructure, community education, and enhanced epidemiological surveillance. Special attention is given to Guatemala’s unique challenges, including misinformation, delayed medical attention, and insufficient treatment availability within the public health system.
Abstract: Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) is among the most prevalent and debilitating microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, with Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy (DPN) representing the predominant phenotype. Despite decades of research, diagnostic precision at early stages remains inadequate, and existing therapies are largely confined to symptomatic management rather than disease modification. This review critically evaluates recent advances in the mechanistic understanding, early diagnostic innovations, and evolving therapeutic paradigms of DN. Special emphasis is placed on emerging biomarkers, digital diagnostics, regenerative interventions, and neuromodulatory strategies that hold potential to transform clinical practice. A Literature survey was conducted across the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify published studies. Eligible peer-reviewed articles included clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and translational research focusing on early detection modalities, molecular biomarker discovery, pharmacological interventions, and novel regenerative or neuromodulatory therapies. Key findings were synthesised and analysed narratively. Recent diagnostic innovations enable sensitive detection of small fibre neuropathy, often preceding overt clinical manifestations. On the therapeutic front, a multimodal strategy is gaining ground. Established pharmacological agents such as pregabalin and duloxetine remain central, but adjunctive interventions, including antioxidant-enriched nutritional strategies and neuromodulation techniques (e.g., transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, spinal cord stimulation), provide additional benefit. Regenerative approaches, notably stem cell therapy, exosome-based delivery, and CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene modulation, are emerging as promising avenues for reversing neuronal injury rather than merely alleviating symptoms. Advances in precision diagnostics and integrative therapeutics are redefining the clinical landscape of DN. Early identification through sensitive digital and molecular tools, combined with multimodal and regenerative treatment strategies, underscores a paradigm shift from reactive symptomatic care toward preventive neurology and personalised medicine. Harnessing these innovations may ultimately alter the trajectory of DN, reducing disability and improving long-term quality of life in patients with diabetes.
Abstract: The outlook for diabetes management has undergone significant evolution, driven by advancements in therapeutic approaches beyond traditional insulin treatments. This article highlights key innovations in diabetes care, including novel insulin formulations (rapid-acting, longacting, and biosimilars), noninsulin therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and advanced drug delivery systems encompassing nanoparticle-based technologies, microneedle patches, smart insulin pens, and implantable devices that improve adherence, convenience, and efficacy. Promising avenues such as stem cell-derived beta cells, pancreatic islet cell transplants, and gene editing techniques such as CRISPR are also explored for their potential in curative therapy. Despite the transformational promise of these advances, their clinical implementation requires addressing regulatory and ethical hurdles while ensuring long-term safety, thereby facilitating sustainable, individualized, and potentially curable diabetes treatment.
Abstract: Hepatotoxicity, the adverse effect of various substances on liver health, poses significant challenges in clinical practice and drug development. This review explores the multifaceted landscape of hepatotoxicity induced by drugs, herbal plants, and other agents, providing insights into their mechanisms, risk factors, and clinical implications. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a major concern, with both prescription and over-the-counter medications implicated in hepatotoxic reactions. Herbal plants, often perceived as natural remedies, can also harbour hepatotoxic compounds, highlighting the importance of rigorous safety assessments. Other agents, including environmental pollutants and industrial chemicals, contribute to liver injury through various pathways. This review discusses the complex interplay between hepatotoxic agents and host factors, including genetic predisposition, metabolic pathways, and immune responses. Biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of hepatotoxicity are evaluated to improve clinical outcomes and facilitate drug development processes. Furthermore, the role of preclinical models in predicting hepatotoxicity and elucidating underlying mechanisms is examined, emphasizing the need for robust translational research. In conclusion, navigating hepatotoxicity requires a comprehensive understanding of the diverse agents and pathways involved, vigilant surveillance, and proactive risk management strategies. By elucidating the mechanisms and risk factors associated with drugs, herbal plants, and other agents that induce liver injury, this review aims to guide clinicians, researchers, and regulatory agencies in mitigating the impact of hepatotoxicity on public health and drug safety.
Abstract: Abacavir, Dolutegravir, and Lamivudine, as well as Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine, are five ART regimens that successfully control HIV-1 replication and prevent sexual transmission when taken together once daily by mouth (as a fixed-dose combination). This review provides a general outline and critical commentary of publications in the last two decades (2004–2024) covering analytical methods developed for quantification of these drugs. These agents, belonging to diverse pharmacological classes—nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)-demonstrate potent antiviral activity with favourable pharmacokinetics. Due to the high usage of these drugs in both monotherapy and combination therapy, the availability of reliable, validated analytical and bioanalytical methods for their quality assurance, stability testing, and treatment monitoring is highly essential. Methods such as UVvisible spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC, UHPLC, and LC-MS/MS were systematically validated for various parameters, viz., linearity, precision (intra-day and inter-day), accuracy, specificity, and robustness, in conformity with ICH guidelines as well as FDA and EMA guidance. The review emphasizes stability-indicating methods, impurity profiling, chemometric optimization, and high-throughput simultaneous determination in complex dosage forms. In addition, it discusses method performance characteristics among platforms and highlights the increasing importance of LC-MS/MS in ultra-sensitive bioanalysis for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic investigations. An integrated tabular description allows for quick method selection for regulatory, clinical, or industrial use. In summary, the present review delivers important information about the analytical scenario of these major drugs, providing a useful reference to researchers, analysts, and regulatory scientists in the area of pharmaceutical analysis.
Abstract: Inflammation is considered a key factor in the initiation, promotion, angiogenesis, and spread of tumors, with cytokines significantly influencing both the progression and defense mechanisms in breast cancer. The precise mechanisms initiating breast cancer remain unclear, though multiple theories have been proposed. Cytokines, a class of inducible and secreted proteins vital for immune cell communication, fall into several families, including tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). The interplay between inflammation and cancer occurs via two distinct but interconnected pathways: the intrinsic pathway, influenced by genetic mutations driving tumor development, and the extrinsic pathway, activated by chronic inflammation, which contributes to cancer risk. A variety of cytokines influence the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, TGF-β, and oncostatin M are implicated in promoting COX-2 expression, which in turn enhances VEGF production in tumor cells. These molecules support cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastatic behavior, with pathways like NF-κB amplifying these processes. Notably, TGF-β transitions from acting as a tumor suppressor to a factor promoting metastasis. While TNF-α can encourage tumor cell growth and motility, its localized administration at high doses exhibits antiangiogenic and antitumor properties. CSF-1 is believed to facilitate the infiltration of macrophages into breast tumors. Cell lines derived from breast cancer often express both CSF-1 and its receptor (CSF-1R), sustaining cell proliferation in models like SKBR3 and MDAMB468 through the ERK1/2 pathway, which activates c-Jun and enhances the expression of c-Myc and cyclin D1. IL-19 and IL-20 have been shown to stimulate breast cancer cell migration in vitro. On the other hand, IL-10, a strongly anti-inflammatory cytokine, acts by suppressing gene expression and antigen presentation, thereby reducing immune responses. Targeted therapies that inhibit specific cytokine pathways-such as the IL-6/sIL-6R signaling axis-represent promising strategies for breast cancer treatment. Moreover, hypoxic conditions and inflammatory responses are essential for the formation of new blood vessels (neoangiogenesis). In this context, cancer nanomedicine provides innovative solutions for improving drug delivery and reducing systemic toxicity. Nanoparticles (NPs), used as delivery systems, can be loaded with anti-inflammatory agents to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is a promising field in materials science and healthcare due to its focus on engineering functional systems at the nanoscale. Advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the incorporation of therapeutic agents into nanoparticles for cancer treatment, offering benefits like increased solubility, altered pharmacokinetics, prolonged drug half-life, enhanced bioavailability, and decreased metabolism. Transdermal therapy is effective in treating localized breast and skin cancers, providing continuous low-dose chemotherapeutics, and creating cancer vaccines like cervical cancer vaccines. However, formulation design is challenging due to conjugation chemistry and the prolonged and repeatable administration of therapeutically effective dosages. UV exposure during infancy and adolescence causes basal cell carcinoma, whereas its chronic exposure in preceding decades has been attributed to the genesis of squamous cell carcinoma. Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the fastest-growing malignancy among white populations. Topical therapy is crucial for managing non-melanoma skin cancers, but inadequate drug penetration and patient compliance hinder its effectiveness. Researchers have utilized advanced delivery technologies like topical patches to address the issue of traditional topical therapies. This review introduces NMSC and discusses topical treatments, focusing on the new technology of topical patches. It explains their ability to overcome limitations of current medicines and is the first to combine all advances. Most importantly, this paper details all of the latest advances in innovative topical patches for the treatment of NMSC.
This review aims to investigate the global regulatory landscape for cosmetics, with a special focus on labeling requirements, excipient prohibitions, regulations for counterfeit products, and pre- and post-marketing approvals. The current scenario helps in analysing potential research areas that require special attention to promote product innovation and enhance consumer safety. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify the regulatory situation in the leading global markets. Key areas of emphasis included safety assessments, pre-market evaluations, and post-market surveillance practices. The findings reveal that 1–3% of the population experiences allergic reactions due to chronic cosmetic use. A significant rise in cosmetic consumption is generally associated with the bioaccumulation of toxic compounds in the body. Despite international concerns regarding the safety assessment of cosmetics, current regulatory guidelines still favor manufacturers over consumers, with crucial gaps in pre-market assessments and inadequate post-market surveillance. This review underscores the urgent need for harmonized and standardized regulations on a global scale to improve consumer safety. Addressing existing gaps in safety testing and product development practices is crucial to ensuring consumer health and safety while promoting innovation in the cosmetic industry. Strengthened regulatory measures can better protect consumers from potential health risks associated with cosmetic products.
Abstract: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a group of insulin-sensitizing drugs that have primary application in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). By activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), TZDs increase insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver, thereby optimizing glucose metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Their effectiveness in blood glucose control, however, is tempered by concerns about side effects such as weight gain, edema, cardiovascular risks, and increased bone fracture risk, and thus their sub-universal use. More recent studies on TZDs include the synthesis of novel derivatives with enhanced safety profiles, multi- or dual-targeting agents, and PPAR-γ- independent effects, aimed at minimizing side effects and preserving insulin-sensitizing activity. Additionally, personalized medicine strategies using genetic and biomarker-based approaches aim to optimize TZD therapy by aligning treatment with a patient's unique metabolic profile. TZDs outside diabetes also hold potential for the treatment of other diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome. This review generally discusses the mechanisms, clinical uses, safety issues, and future perspectives on TZD research, explaining their evolving role in metabolic disease management. Future progress is destined to enhance their therapeutic utility through novel drug design and precision medicine strategies.
