Electrospinning

Noise pollution poses a considerable threat to human health with the rapid development of global industrialization; therefore, it is a growing demand worldwide for controlling noise. Due to the range of advantages of electrospinning and acoustic nanofibrous materials, this chapter focuses on the mechanism of sound absorption, classification of sound-absorbing materials, electrospun fibrous materials for sound absorption, and the effect of electrospinning parameters on sound absorption. It also guides further exploration of electrospun nanofibers in sound absorption applications.

With the advance of personalized medical devices, flexible wearable and implantable sensors can detect physiological signals accurately in real time, which have attracted increasing interest. Unfortunately, traditional sensors with three-dimensional (3D) architectures and large volumes face challenges when integrating into irregular and soft, dynamic tissues, resulting in unstable device–tissue interfaces. Electrospun nanofibers are promising candidates for fabricating nanofiber-based sensors due to their lightweight, high biocompatibility, safety, and matching mechanical properties such as bending stiffness with tissues. This chapter discusses the categories and mechanisms of developing flexible sensors, including mechanical sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, gas sensors, and electrochemical biosensors. By utilizing electrospun nanofibers, researchers are able to overcome the limitations of traditional sensors and create flexible sensors that are better suited for use in dynamic tissue environments.

Electrospun nanofibers show immense potential in biomedical materials because of the high porosity, small pore size, and large specific surface area of electrospun membranes. This chapter presents an overview of electrospinning nanofibers applied to wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug release carriers. By analyzing the present research achievements, application prospects, problems to be solved, and possible solutions, electrospinning is expected to play a more critical role in the biomedical field.

Electrospun nanofibrous membranes have better performance for air filtration than traditional filtration materials. Changing fiber morphology, membrane structure, and electrostatic properties is an effective way to realize the high efficiency and low resistance of nanofibrous membranes. Based on these methods, beaded fibers, porous fibers, cobweb structures, and gradient structures have been created and applied in the preparation of filter materials, playing an important role in separating particulate matter (PM). In order to further expand the application scenarios of nanofibrous membranes in the field of filtration, more and more functional nanofibrous membranes have been developed. Nanofibrous membranes based on electrospinning have become important materials in the field of air filtration.

Photocatalysis technology could efficiently harness solar energy to drive chemical reactions. The traditional nanoparticle photocatalyst is easy to agglomerate, easy to lose, and difficult to separate and recycle, which has the risk of secondary pollution. However, the electrospun nanofibers are characterized by small fiber diameter, small membrane aperture, large specific surface area, and high porosity, which can be used as the substrate of photocatalyst support and provide more photocatalytic reaction sites. Therefore, this chapter introduces the reaction principle of photocatalysis and the problems faced by photocatalysts. Further, the types and applications of electrospun photocatalysts are also introduced.

Electrospun nanofibers with excellent structural and functional properties have broad application prospects in the fields of environment, energy, biomedicine, and so on. However, with the development of nanofiber materials and their applications, the low efficiency of electrospinning is becoming more and more prominent. Therefore, the development of mass production of electrospun nanofibers has important academic significance and industrial value. This chapter summarizes the strategies to improve the production efficiency of existing electrospinning techniques and divides them into (i) multiple-needle electrospinning, (ii) multiple-hole electrospinning, (iii) free-surface electrospinning, (iv) melt electrospinning, and (v) multifield-assisted electrospinning according to the spinneret configuration and production rate of nanofibers.

Wearable sensors have made tremendous progress in miniaturization and multifunctionality with their remarkable features of flexibility and integration. However, the power supply of sustainable and popular wearable devices is still dominated by traditional rigid chemical batteries, which do not fully meet the needs of wearable applications. Utilizing the coupling effect of contact initiation and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were shown to be very promising power supply systems for effectively converting irregular and low-frequency energy into electrical energy. Electrospinning has received extensive attention as the most feasible and tunable method for preparing nanofibers. The prepared nanofibers have become an outstanding choice for constructing TENG owing to their large specific surface area and various nanostructures. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the latest advances in the working principles and practical applications of electrospun nanofiber-based TENG.

Chapter 13 Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Water-Induced Electric Generation Zhaoyang Sun, Zhaoyang Sun Donghua University, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLiming Wang, Liming Wang Donghua University, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Zhaoyang Sun, Zhaoyang Sun Donghua University, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLiming Wang, Liming Wang Donghua University, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Liming Wang, Liming Wang Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 200051 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiaohong Qin, Xiaohong Qin Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 200051 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 February 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527841479.ch13 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Water, one of the most important sources existing on our earth plays vital and essential roles in all aspects from basic physiological reactions in cells, and daily lives to industrial processes. Water-induced electric generation, which converts energy in water to electricity, is a promising technology for next-generation energy conversion. Electrospun nanofibers take advantage of their high-specific area and porous structure and are a good candidate to construct the moist-electric generators. In this chapter, we have discussed this technology in two systems, water-induced electric system and moist-induced electric system, constructed using electrospun nanofibers. Also, each aspect is discussed in four parts including, device setup, materials selection principle, mechanisms, and application. References Tentzeris , M.M. , Georgiadis , A. , and Roselli , L. ( 2014 ). Energy harvesting and scavenging . Proceedings of the IEEE 102 : 1644 – 1648 . 10.1109/JPROC.2014.2361599 Web of Science®Google Scholar Xue , J.J. , Wu , T. , Dai , Y.Q. , and Xia , Y.N. ( 2019 ). Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: methods, materials, and applications . Chemical Reviews 119 : 5298 – 5415 . 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00593 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tao , X.J. , Zhou , Y.M. , Qi , K. et al. ( 2022 ). Wearable textile triboelectric generator based on nanofiber core-spun yarn coupled with electret effect . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 608 : 2339 – 2346 . 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.151 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Selleri , G. , Gino , M.E. , Brugo , T.M. et al. ( 2022 ). Self-sensing composite material based on piezoelectric nanofibers . Materials & Design 219 : 110787 . 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110787 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lee , J.A. , Aliev , A.E. , Bykova , J. et al. ( 2016 ). Woven-yarn thermoelectric textiles . Advanced Materials 28 : 5038 – 5044 . 10.1002/adma.201600709 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sun , Z.Y. , Feng , L.L. , Wen , X. et al. ( 2021 ). ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 47 : 56226 – 56232 . 10.1021/acsami.1c17847 Google Scholar Tabrizizadeh , T. , Wang , J. , Kumar , R. et al. ( 2021 ). Water-evaporation-induced electric generator built from carbonized electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mats . ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 43 : 50900 – 50910 . 10.1021/acsami.1c13487 Google Scholar Sun , Z.Y. , Feng , L.L. , Xiong , C.D. et al. ( 2021 ). Electrospun nanofiber fabric: an efficient, breathable and wearable moist-electric generator . Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9 : 7085 – 7093 . 10.1039/D0TA11974A CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sun , Z.Y. , Wen , X. , Wang , L.M. et al. ( 2022 ). Emerging design principles, materials, and applications for moisture-enabled electric generation . eScience 2 : 32 – 46 . 10.1016/j.esci.2021.12.009 Google Scholar Zhao , Q.N. , Jiang , Y.D. , Duan , Z.H. et al. ( 2022 ). A Nb 2 CT x /sodium alginate-based composite film with neuron-like network for self-powered humidity sensing . Chemical Engineering Journal 438 : 135588 . 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135588 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sun , Z.Y. , Feng , L.L. , Wen , X. et al. ( 2021 ). Nanofiber fabric based ion-gradient-enhanced moist-electric generator with a sustained voltage output of 1.1 volts . Materials Horizons 8 : 2303 – 2309 . 10.1039/D1MH00565K CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lyu , Q.Q. , Peng , B.L. , Xie , Z.J. et al. ( 2020 ). Moist-induced electricity generation by electrospun cellulose acetate membranes with optimized porous structures . ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12 : 57373 – 57381 . 10.1021/acsami.0c17931 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wang , L.M. , Feng , L.L. , Sun , Z.Y. et al. ( 2022 ). Flexible, self-cleaning, and high-performance ceramic nanofiber-based moist-electric generator enabled by interfacial engineering . Science China Technological Sciences 65 : 450 – 457 . 10.1007/s11431-021-1969-y CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Olthuis , W. , Schippers , B. , Eijkel , J. , and van den Berg , A. ( 2005 ). Energy from streaming current and potential . Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 111–112 : 385 – 389 . 10.1016/j.snb.2005.03.039 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar van der Heyden , F.H.J. , Bonthuis , D.J. , Stein , D. et al. ( 2006 ). Electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency in nanofluidic channels . Nano Letters 6 : 2232 – 2237 . 10.1021/nl061524l CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar van der Heyden , F.H.J. , Bonthuis , D.J. , Stein , D. et al. ( 2007 ). Power generation by pressure-driven transport of ions in nanofluidic channels . Nano Letters 7 : 1022 – 1025 . 10.1021/nl070194h CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jiang , S.H. , Chen , Y.M. , Duan , G.G. et al. ( 2018 ). Electrospun nanofiber reinforced composites: a review . Polymer Chemistry 9 : 2685 – 2720 . 10.1039/C8PY00378E CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hussain , D. , Loyal , F. , Greiner , A. , and Wendorff , J.H. ( 2010 ). Structure property correlations for electrospun nanofiber nonwovens . Polymer 51 : 3989 – 3997 . 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.036 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhang , Z.H. , Li , X.M. , Yin , J. et al. ( 2018 ). Emerging hydrovoltaic technology . Nature Nanotechnology 13 : 1109 – 1119 . 10.1038/s41565-018-0228-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Xue , G. , Xu , Y. , Ding , T. et al. ( 2017 ). Water-evaporation-induced electricity with nanostructured carbon materials . Nature Nanotechnology 12 : 317 – 321 . 10.1038/nnano.2016.300 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhao , F. , Cheng , H.H. , Zhang , Z.P. et al. ( 2015 ). Direct power generation from a graphene oxide film under moisture . Advanced Materials 27 : 4351 – 4357 . 10.1002/adma.201501867 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wang , H.Y. , Sun , Y.L. , He , T.C. et al. ( 2021 ). Bilayer of polyelectrolyte films for spontaneous power generation in air up to an integrated 1,000 V output . Nature Nanotechnology 16 : 811 – 819 . 10.1038/s41565-021-00903-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Liu , X.M. , Gao , H.Y. , Ward , J. et al. ( 2020 ). Power generation from ambient humidity using protein nanowires . Nature 578 : 550 – 554 . 10.1038/s41586-020-2010-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Electrospinning: Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications ReferencesRelatedInformation

Electrospinning is an advanced electro-hydrodynamics technique in nanotechnology fields, which has attracted wide attention by virtue of the capacity to prepare two-dimensional (2D) nanofiber networks with ultra-thin diameter, high specific surface area, and high porosity in one step. As a special fiber manufacturing process, electrospinning starts with Taylor cone from polymer solution or melt in strong electric field. When the electric field forces overcome the surface tension of the solution, the tip of the cone excites jet and is finally deposited on the collector forming fibrous membrane. In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology, electrospinning has made rapid development and scientists have done a lot of systematic and in-depth research work in this field. Meanwhile, the theory of electrospinning has also been continuously improved.

Chapter 4 Manufacturing and Application of Electrospinning Nanofiber Yarn Ailin Li, Ailin Li Donghua University, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLiming Wang, Liming Wang Donghua University, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiaohong Qin, Xiaohong Qin Donghua University, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Ailin Li, Ailin Li Donghua University, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLiming Wang, Liming Wang Donghua University, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiaohong Qin, Xiaohong Qin Donghua University, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, 2999 Renmin North Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Liming Wang, Liming Wang Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 200051 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiaohong Qin, Xiaohong Qin Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 200051 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 February 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527841479.ch4 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Nanofiber yarns with an ordered arrangement of nanofibers and a controllable yarn structure present superior performance, such as flexibility, continuous nanochannels, and strong capillary pressure. Besides, as one of the most fundamental forms of materials in textile science and industry, nanofiber yarns can also be integrated with conventional textile processing processes, providing more opportunities for the applications of nanofiber yarn. In this chapter, the development of fabrication strategies for nanofiber yarns is comprehensively summarized and categorized by the yarn architecture and fabricating methods. The technological limitations of conventional strategies are discussed, and the novel yarn structure and corresponding application are highlighted. The remaining challenges and future development trends of fabrication of electrospinning nanofiber yarns and their applications are also discussed. References Dalton , P.D. , Klee , D. , and Möller , M. ( 2005 ). Electrospinning with dual collection rings . Polymer 46 ( 3 ): 611 – 614 . 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.075 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Yan , H. , Liu , L. , and Zhang , Z. ( 2011 ). Continually fabricating staple yarns with aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers . Materials Letters 65 : 2419 – 2421 . 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.04.091 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Teo , W.E. and Ramakrishna , S. ( 2005 ). Electrospun fibre bundle made of aligned nanofibres over two fixed points . Nanotechnology 16 ( 9 ): 1878 – 1884 . 10.1088/0957-4484/16/9/077 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Shuakat , M.N. and Lin , T. ( 2016 ). Direct electrospinning of nanofibre yarns using a rotating ring collector . Journal of the Textile Institute 107 ( 6 ): 238 – 239 . 10.1080/00405000.2015.1061785 Web of Science®Google Scholar Bazbouz , M.B. and Stylios , G.K. ( 2008 ). Novel mechanism for spinning continuous twisted composite nanofiber yarns . European Polymer Journal 44 : 1 – 12 . 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.10.006 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ko , F. , Gogotsi , Y. , Ali , A. et al. ( 2003 ). Electrospinning of continuous carbon nanotube-filled nanofiber yarns . Advanced Materials 15 ( 14 ): 1161 – 1165 . 10.1002/adma.200304955 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fennessey , S.F. and Farris , R.J. ( 2004 ). Fabrication of aligned and molecularly oriented electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and the mechanical behavior of their twisted yarns . Polymer 45 ( 12 ): 4217 – 4225 . 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.04.001 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Khil , M.S. , Bhattarai , S.R. , Kim , H.Y. et al. ( 2005 ). Novel fabricated matrix via electrospinning for tissue engineering . Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part B: Applied Biomaterials 72B : 117 – 124 . 10.1002/jbm.b.30122 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Smit , E. , Bűttner , U. , and Sanderson , R.D. ( 2005 ). Continuous yarns from electrospun fibers . Polymer 46 ( 8 ): 2419 – 2423 . 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.002 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Teo , W.E. , Gopal , R. , Ramaseshan , R. et al. ( 2007 ). A dynamic liquid support system for continuous electrospun yarn fabrication . Polymer 48 ( 12 ): 3400 – 3405 . 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.04.044 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tian , L. , Yan , T. , and Pan , Z. ( 2015 ). Fabrication of continuous electrospun nanofiber yarns with direct 3D processability by plying and twisting . Journal of Materials Science 50 ( 21 ): 7137 – 7148 . 10.1007/s10853-015-9270-z CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Yousefzadeh , M. , Latifi , M. , Teo , W.E. et al. ( 2011 ). Producing continuous twisted yarn from well-aligned nanofibers by water vortex . Polymer Engineering and Science 51 ( 2 ): 323 – 329 . 10.1002/pen.21800 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Liu , C.K. , Sun , R.J. , Lai , K. et al. ( 2008 ). Preparation of short submicron-fiber yarn by an annular collector through electrospinning . Materials Letters 62 ( 29 ): 4467 – 4469 . 10.1016/j.matlet.2008.07.058 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dabirian , F. , Hosseini , Y. , and Hosseini Ravandi , S.A. ( 2007 ). Manipulation of the electric field of electrospinning system to produce polyacrylonitrile nanofiber yarn . Journal of the Textile Institute 98 ( 3 ): 237 – 241 . 10.1080/00405000701463979 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lotus , A.F. , Bender , E.T. , Evans , E.A. et al. ( 2008 ). Electrical, structural, and chemical properties of semiconducting metal oxide nanofiber yarns . Journal of Applied Physics 103 ( 2 ): 024910 . 10.1063/1.2831362 Web of Science®Google Scholar Gu , B.K. , Shin , M.K. , Sohn , K.W. et al. ( 2007 ). Direct fabrication of twisted nanofibers by electrospinning . Applied Physics Letters 90 ( 26 ): 263902 . 10.1063/1.2753109 Web of Science®Google Scholar Pan , H. , Li , L. , Hu , L. , and Cui , X. ( 2006 ). Continuous aligned polymer fibers produced by a modified electrospinning method . Polymer 47 ( 14 ): 4901 – 4904 . 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.012 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dabirian , F. and Hosseini , S.A. ( 2009 ). Novel method for nanofibre yarn production using two differently charged nozzles . Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 17 ( 3 ): 45 – 47 . CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ali , U. , Zhou , Y. , Wang , X. , and Lin , T. ( 2012 ). Direct electrospinning of highly twisted, continuous nanofiber yarns . Journal of the Textile Institute 103 ( 80–88 ): 10 . Google Scholar Joseph , J. , Nair , S.V. , and Menon , D. ( 2015 ). Integrating substrateless electrospinning with textile technology for creating biodegradable three-dimensional structures . Nano Letters 15 ( 8 ): 5420 – 5426 . 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01815 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wu , S.H. and Qin , X.H. ( 2013 ). Uniaxially aligned polyacrylonitrile nanofiber yarns prepared by a novel modified electrospinning method . Materials Letters 106 : 204 – 207 . 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.05.010 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar He , J. , Qi , K. , Zhou , Y. , and Cui , S. ( 2014 ). Multiple conjugate electrospinning method for the preparation of continuous polyacrylonitrile nanofiber yarn . Journal of Applied Polymer Science ( 8 ): 131 , 40137 . Web of Science®Google Scholar He , J.X. , Qi , K. , Zhou , Y.M. , and Cui , S.Z. ( 2014 ). Fabrication of continuous nanofiber yarn using novel multi-nozzle bubble electrospinning . Polymer International 63 ( 7 ): 1288 – 1294 . 10.1002/pi.4672 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhou , Y. , Wang , H. , He , J. et al. ( 2018 ). Novel method for preparation of continuously twisted nanofiber yarn based on a combination of stepped airflow electrospinning and friction twisting . Journal of Materials Science 53 ( 22 ): 15735 – 15745 . 10.1007/s10853-018-2725-2 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ma , X. , Zhang , L. , Tan , J. et al. ( 2017 ). Continuous manufacturing of nanofiber yarn with the assistance of suction wind and rotating collection via needleless melt electrospinning . Journal of Applied Polymer Science 134 ( 20 ): 44820 . 10.1002/app.44820 Web of Science®Google Scholar Barani , H. ( 2014 ). Antibacterial continuous nanofibrous hybrid yarn through in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles: preparation and characterization . Materials Science & Engineering, C: Materials for Biological Applications 43 : 50 – 57 . 10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.004 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jin , S. , Xin , B. , and Zheng , Y. ( 2019 ). Preparation and characterization of polysulfone amide nanoyarns by the dynamic rotating electrospinning method . Textile Research Journal 89 ( 1 ): 52 – 62 . 10.1177/0040517517736474 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hosseini Ravandi , S.A. , Mehrara , S. , Sadrjahani , M. , and Khodaparast Haghi , A. ( 2020 ). Tunable wicking behavior via titanium oxide embedded in polyacrylonitrile nanofiber strings of yarn . Polymer Bulletin 77 ( 1 ): 307 – 322 . 10.1007/s00289-019-02737-8 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wu , S. , Zhang , Y. , Liu , P. , and Qin , X. ( 2016 ). Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber yarns and fabrics produced using a novel electrospinning method combined with traditional textile techniques . Textile Research Journal 86 ( 16 ): 1716 – 1727 . 10.1177/0040517515603808 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wu , S. , Duan , B. , Liu , P. et al. ( 2016 ). Fabrication of aligned nanofiber polymer yarn networks for anisotropic soft tissue scaffolds . ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8 ( 26 ): 16950 – 16960 . 10.1021/acsami.6b05199 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Shao , W. , He , J. , Han , Q. et al. ( 2016 ). A biomimetic multilayer nanofiber fabric fabricated by electrospinning and textile technology from polylactic acid and Tussah silk fibroin as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering . Materials Science & Engineering, C: Materials for Biological Applications 67 ( 1 ): 599 – 610 . 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.081 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Joseph , J. , Krishnan , A.G. , Cherian , A.M. et al. ( 2018 ). Transforming nanofibers into woven nanotextiles for vascular application . ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10 ( 23 ): 19449 – 19458 . 10.1021/acsami.8b05096 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Li , Y. , Guo , F. , Hao , Y. et al. ( 2019 ). Helical nanofiber yarn enabling highly stretchable engineered microtissue . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 ( 19 ): 9245 – 9250 . 10.1073/pnas.1821617116 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Abhari , R.E. , Mouthuy , P.A. , Vernet , A. et al. ( 2018 ). Using an industrial braiding machine to upscale the production and modulate the design of electrospun medical yarns . Polymer Testing 69 : 188 – 198 . 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.05.014 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fan , L. , Ma , Q. , Tian , J. et al. ( 2018 ). Conjugate electrospinning-fabricated nanofiber yarns simultaneously endowed with bifunctionality of magnetism and enhanced fluorescence . Journal of Materials Science 53 ( 3 ): 2290 – 2302 . 10.1007/s10853-017-1661-x CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fan , L. , Ma , Q. , Tian , J. et al. ( 2017 ). Novel nanofiber yarns synchronously endued with tri-functional performance of superparamagnetism, electrical conductivity and enhanced fluorescence prepared by conjugate electrospinning . RSC Advances 7 ( 77 ): 48702 – 48711 . 10.1039/C7RA09598H CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhou , F.L. , Gong , R.H. , and Porat , I. ( 2009 ). Nanocoating on filaments by electrospinning . Surface and Coating Technology 204 ( 5 ): 621 – 628 . 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.08.053 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhou , F.L. , Gong , R.H. , and Porat , I. ( 2010 ). Nano-coated hybrid yarns using electrospinning . Surface and Coating Technology 204 ( 21–22 ): 3459 – 3463 . 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.04.021 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Liu , C.K. , He , H.J. , Sun , R.J. et al. ( 2016 ). Preparation of continuous nanofiber core-spun yarn by a novel covering method . Materials and Design 112 : 456 – 461 . 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.09.081 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Su , C.I. , Lai , T.C. , Lu , C.H. et al. ( 2013 ). Yarn formation of nanofibers prepared using electrospinning . Fibers and Polymers 14 ( 4 ): 542 – 549 . 10.1007/s12221-013-0542-4 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tebyetekerwa , M. , Xu , Z. , Li , W. et al. ( 2018 ). Surface self-assembly of functional electroactive nanofibers on textile yarns as a facile approach toward super flexible energy storage . ACS Applied Energy Materials 1 ( 2 ): 377 – 386 . 10.1021/acsaem.7b00057 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Shao , W. , Tebyetekerwa , M. , Marriam , I. et al. ( 2018 ). Polyester@MXene nanofibers-based yarn electrodes . Journal of Power Sources 396 : 683 – 690 . 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.06.084 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Marriam , I. , Wang , X. , Tebyetekerwa , M. et al. ( 2018 ). A bottom-up approach to design wearable and stretchable smart fibers with organic vapor sensing behaviors and energy storage properties . Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6 ( 28 ): 13633 – 13643 . 10.1039/C8TA03262A CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dabirian , F. , Hosseini Ravandi , S.A. , Hinestroza , J.P. , and Abuzade , R.A. ( 2012 ). Conformal coating of yarns and wires with electrospun nanofibers . Polymer Engineering and Science 52 ( 8 ): 1724 – 1732 . 10.1002/pen.23109 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gu , Z. , Yin , H. , Wang , J. et al. ( 2018 ). Fabrication and characterization of tgf-β1-loaded electrospun poly (lactic- co -glycolic acid) core-sheath sutures . Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces 161 ( 1 ): 331 – 338 . 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.066 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Padmakumar , S. , Joseph , J. , Neppalli , M.H. et al. ( 2016 ). Electrospun polymeric core-sheath yarns as drug eluting surgical sutures . ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8 ( 11 ): 6925 – 6934 . 10.1021/acsami.6b00874 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mao , N. , Chen , W. , Meng , J. et al. ( 2018 ). Enhanced electrochemical properties of hierarchically sheath-core aligned carbon nanofibers coated carbon fiber yarn electrode-based supercapacitor via polyaniline nanowire array modification . Journal of Power Sources 399 : 406 – 413 . 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.022 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar He , J. , Zhou , Y. , Wang , L. et al. ( 2014 ). Fabrication of continuous nanofiber core-spun yarn by a novel electrospinning method . Fibers and Polymers 15 ( 10 ): 2061 – 2065 . 10.1007/s12221-014-2061-3 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mao , N. , Peng , H. , Quan , Z. et al. ( 2019 ). Wettability control in tree structure-based 1D fiber assemblies for moisture wicking functionality . ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11 ( 47 ): 44682 – 44690 . 10.1021/acsami.9b14370 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mao , N. , Ye , J. , Quan , Z. et al. ( 2020 ). Tree-like structure driven water transfer in 1d fiber assemblies for functional moisture-wicking fabrics . Materials and Design 186 : 108305 . 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108305 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wang , L. , Wu , Y. , Guo , B. , and Ma , P.X. ( 2015 ). Nanofiber yarn/hydrogel core-shell scaffolds mimicking native skeletal muscle tissue for guiding 3D myoblast alignment, elongation, and differentiation . ACS Nano 9 ( 9 ): 9167 – 9179 . 10.1021/acsnano.5b03644 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar You , X. , He , J. , Nan , N. et al. ( 2018 ). Stretchable capacitive fabric electronic skin woven by electrospun nanofiber coated yarns for detecting tactile and multimodal mechanical stimuli . Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6 ( 47 ): 12981 – 12991 . 10.1039/C8TC03631D CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sun , X. , He , J. , Qiang , R. et al. ( 2019 ). Electrospun conductive nanofiber yarn for a wearable yarn supercapacitor with high volumetric energy density . Materials 12 ( 2 ): 273 . 10.3390/ma12020273 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ji , S.H. , Cho , Y.S. , and Yun , J.S. ( 2019 ). Wearable core-shell piezoelectric nanofiber yarns for body movement energy harvesting . Nanomaterials 9 ( 4 ): 555 . 10.3390/nano9040555 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ma , L. , Zhou , M. , Wu , R. et al. ( 2020 ). Continuous and scalable manufacture of hybridized nano-micro triboelectric yarns for energy harvesting and signal sensing . ACS Nano 14 ( 4 ): 4716 – 4726 . 10.1021/acsnano.0c00524 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mao , N. , Peng , H. , Qin , X. , and Yu , J. ( 2021 ). Contact force within electrospun nanofiber core-spun yarns and moisture management ability of their fabrics . Journal of the Textile Institute 10 : 1 – 13 . Google Scholar Liu , P. , Wu , S. , Zhang , Y. et al. ( 2016 ). A fast response ammonia sensor based on coaxial PPy-PAN nanofiber yarn . Nanomaterials 6 ( 7 ): 121 . 10.3390/nano6070121 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wu , S. , Liu , P. , Zhang , Y. et al. ( 2017 ). Flexible and conductive nanofiber-structured single yarn sensor for smart wearable devices . Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical 252 : 697 – 705 . 10.1016/j.snb.2017.06.062 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jiang , G. , Zhang , J. , Ji , D. et al. ( 2017 ). A novel approach for fabricating antibacterial nanofiber/cotton hybrid yarns . Fibers and Polymers 18 ( 5 ): 987 – 992 . 10.1007/s12221-017-1194-6 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Yang , Y. , Quan , Z. , Zhang , H. et al. ( 2022 ). Investigation on the processability, structure and properties of micro-/nano-fiber composite yarns produced by trans-scale spinning . Journal of the Textile Institute 51 ( 3 suppl ): 5409S – 5426S . 10.1177/1528083720941177 CASGoogle Scholar Chen , C. , Cao , J. , Qin , X. et al. ( 2022 ). A novel concept to produce submicron-cotton/polyester composite core-spun yarn via modified apparatus . Journal of Natural Fibers 19 ( 16 ): 13232 – 13242 . https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2022.2087132 . 10.1080/15440478.2022.2087132 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Yang , Y. , Zhao , Y. , Quan , Z. et al. ( 2019 ). An efficient hybrid strategy for composite yarns of micro-/nano-fibers . Materials and Design 184 : 108196 . 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108196 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Qiu , Q. , Chen , S. , Li , Y. et al. ( 2020 ). Functional nanofibers embedded into textiles for durable antibacterial properties . Chemical Engineering Journal 384 : 123241 . 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123241 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mao , N. , Qin , X. , Wang , L. , and Yu , J. ( 2021 ). Electrospun nanofiber/cotton composite yarn with enhanced moisture management ability . Textile Research Journal 91 ( 13–14 ): 1467 – 1477 . 10.1177/0040517520984978 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Mao , N. , Qin , X. , Wang , L. , and Yu , J. ( 2021 ). The migration behavior of electrospun nanofibers within cotton slivers in roller drafting and their effects on composite yarn quality . Textile Research Journal 91 ( 13–14 ): 1555 – 1564 . 10.1177/0040517520986519 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Electrospinning: Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications ReferencesRelatedInformation

Interfacial solar-driven steam generation (ISSG) is an emerging solution to address the shortage of freshwater resources and the energy crisis. The unique structure of electrospun nanofibers makes them exhibit many functional properties, which have shown broad application prospects in these fields. This chapter thus aims to summarize and orient structural evaporators in more detail from a spatial dimension perspective through systematic discussion. And their emerging coupling applications in interfacial solar-driven structure evaporators (ISSEs) are also discussed. Finally, the salient challenges that need to be addressed in designing structural evaporators and distillers to overcome the global water–energy crisis are highlighted.

This chapter explains soft actuators, with emphasis on certain key aspects of electrospun actuators that have developed in recent years. This chapter is about the importance of electrospun actuators compared with other soft actuators by film, the fabrication process of electrospun actuators, the mechanism behind actuation, the parameters that affect the actuation behavior, and the classification of soft actuators based on smart polymers.

Oil spills and organic pollutant discharges have caused serious and even irreversible damage to ecosystems in recent years, and oil–water separation has become a global challenge in how to effectively treat oil–water mixtures. This chapter briefly introduces the sources of oily wastewater and their hazards, the current methods of treating oil–water pollutants, the advantages and principles of oil–water separation by nanofiber-based materials, the design of nanofibrous membranes with different wetting properties, and the preparation and application progress of nanofibrous membranes in the field of oil–water separation. Further, some insights are presented on the problems and future developing directions in the research field of oil–water separation.

With the improvement of people's pursuit of quality of life, it is increasingly difficult for traditional textiles to meet the needs of special fields of application. Waterproof and breathable materials have gained widespread attention due to their unique water resistance and permeability, and have been widely used in many fields such as medical protection, clothing materials, building maintenance, and electronic devices, effectively meeting the functional needs of special scenarios. In comparison to other methods, electrospinning is a versatile technology with great compatibility in materials and provides a facile way to fabricate fibrous membranes of controlled porous structure from micro- to nanoscale. This chapter describes the waterproof and breathable membrane from various aspects, highlighting the advantages of electrospinning technology in the preparation of waterproof and breathable membrane.

Stretchable electronic devices have a wide range of applications in wearable electronic devices, electronic skin, stretchable display, human–computer interaction, intelligent medical devices, and other fields. Therefore, the characteristics of conductive stability and flexibility are particularly critical in stretchable electronic devices. In recent years, liquid metal (LM) has been used to create electronic devices with good conductivity and stretchability. Herein, we summarized the preparation and application of electrospinning LM-based stretchable electronic materials. First, the combination of LM and electrospinning is summarized from the point of view of the characteristics of LM and electrospinning process. Second, the application of electrospun LM-based stretchable electronics in the field of strain-sensing and strain-insensitive electrodes is described. Lastly, the pros and cons of electrospun LM-based stretchable electronics are enumerated, and the direction for further research is suggested.

Electrospinning has been regarded as a convenient and efficient technique for preparing polymer fibers. The obtained electrospun fibers present a great application promising in various areas including filtration, distillation, and protect clothing due to its small fiber diameters, high specific surface area, easy-to-modify surface characteristics, and controllable fiber structure. At present, the fiber with single circular section was difficult to meet the needs of practical applications in many occasions. The development of electrospun fibers with diversified structures has become an important research direction. In this chapter, we summarized the methods and mechanisms in the regulation of electrospun fiber from four aspects: spinning solutions, spinning process parameters, spinning nozzle structure, and receiving device (collector).

Heat insulation materials are materials that have the ability to insulate heat and impede the transfer of heat flow and are usually characterized by light weight, looseness, high porosity, and low thermal conductivity. Therefore, they are widely used in industries such as thermal equipment and pipeline, construction, aerospace, and other fields. Electrospun nanofibers possess a high specific surface area and controllable pore structure and are often used as heat insulation materials. Furthermore, aerogel refers to a gel composed of microporous solids in which the gas is the dispersed phase and the nanofiber aerogel can be synthesized from nanofibrous membranes. More importantly, the high specific surface area and high thermal stability of nanofibers make the prepared ceramic aerogels more stable at high temperatures. In this chapter, the heat insulation mechanism and conductivity of high-temperature heat insulation materials are described. The high-temperature insulation material is mainly divided into two-dimensional (2D) nanofibrous membrane and 3D nanofiber-based aerogel according to the structure. The research status of 2D electrospun nanofibrous membrane, 3D electrospun nanofiber-based aerogel insulation materials, and application of electrospun nanofiber-based insulation materials is emphatically introduced, and the development of high-temperature insulation materials is prospected.

Nowadays, polymeric materials are widely used in the development of food packages. However, as food products with a greater safety and longer durability are required, packaging research area has been focused on the production of functional materials able to reach such further protection. The incorporation of natural and synthetics active compounds into the polymeric materials by traditional techniques has been the main used strategy, surging thus the research area of active food packaging. Furthermore, the latest science advances provide promising technologies for developing packaging materials, such as the electrospinning. This technique has allowed obtaining ultrathin electrospun mats based on micro- and/or nanofibers that have been proposed as novel active materials able to be applied as wrapper films, sachets and bags during the food packaging. In this chapter, the description of electrospinning, the effect of their principal parameters during the development of active food packaging materials as well as their current applications on different foodstuffs are presented.