BackgroundTo compare the intervertebral disc and nucleus pulposus stresses under different lumbar curvature configurations.MethodsFinite element models of a healthy lumbar spine were established for eight postures: standing with a forward inclination position, standing in a neutral position, standing with a backward inclination position, relaxed sitting with a forward inclination position, upright sitting in a neutral position, relaxed sitting with a backward inclination position, relaxed sitting in a neutral position, and relaxed sitting in a neutral position with lumbar support. After assigning different material properties, the model of the standing in neutral position was selected for validation. Following the application of a 400 N physiological load, the lumbar intervertebral disc and nucleus pulposus von Mises stresses were analyzed for each posture.ResultsAmong the three standing postures, the peak von Mises stresses in the L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 discs were higher than that in the L1-L2 and L2-L3 discs. The smallest peak von Mises stresses in the L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 discs were observed in the neutral standing position. The nucleus pulposus stresses were minimal in the L3-L4 and L4-L5 discs in the neutral standing position, while the nucleus pulposus stresses in L5-S1 disc was minimal in the backward-inclined standing position. Among the five sitting postures, the smallest peak von Mises stress and nucleus pulposus stresses in the L4-L5 and L5-S1 discs were found in the upright sitting in a neutral position and the relaxed sitting in a neutral position with lumbar support. Across all postures, the nucleus pulposus stresses was the lowest.ConclusionLumbar curvature configurations significantly influences both the distribution and magnitude of von Mises stress in the L4-L5 and L5-S1 intervertebral discs and nucleus pulposus. Maintaining proper spinal alignment and avoiding postures that reduce lumbar lordosis are generally more favorable for lowering stress levels at these two segments.
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) and related nanoparticle preparations are being investigated for intestinal mucosal repair. Much of the therapeutic evidence concerns heterogeneous plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) isolated following plant tissue disruption; this review therefore distinguishes extracellularly released vesicles, tissue-derived nanoparticle preparations with unresolved origins, and reconstructed carriers. Building on foundational edible plant nanovesicle studies, we synthesize preclinical evidence across inflammatory control, structural repair, regenerative activity, and functional barrier recovery. Reported effects include modulation of macrophage activity, inflammasome signaling, and mucosal immune responses, reduced neutrophil-associated injury, epithelial protection, and improvements in junctional and mucus-associated barrier features. Intestinal stem cell responses and organoid formation support regenerative activity in selected studies, although durable regeneration remains insufficiently established. Uptake of plant-derived RNAs by gut microorganisms and metabolic relays involving tryptophan derivatives and short-chain fatty acids connect selected preparations to microbiota-host communication. Engineering strategies support drug and nucleic acid delivery, gastrointestinal protection, local colonic exposure, and cellular uptake. Evidence remains predominantly preclinical, with gaps in preparation identity, batch consistency, causal validation of active cargo, dose-exposure-response relationships, safety, and scalable manufacturing. Translation requires preparation-specific characterization and reproducible potency assays, together with integrated assessment of mucosal structure, regeneration, barrier function, and durability.
Efficient extracellular secretion remains a major bottleneck in microbial cell factories, motivating the search for chassis organisms with native high-throughput transport capacity. Klebsiella quasipneumoniae (Kqp), a recently delineated member of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex, encodes diverse secretion-related systems, including RND-type efflux pumps, type II and type VI secretion systems (T2SS/T6SS), outer membrane vesicle (OMV) pathways, and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) export machinery. In clinical settings, these systems contribute to opportunistic pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, and host adaptation; in biotechnology, they may provide transport modules that can be detoxified and redirected for extracellular production. This review examines the feasibility of reprogramming Kqp from a pathogen-related bacterium into a safe industrial secretion chassis. We summarize the molecular architecture, substrate-recognition logic, and regulatory networks of major secretion pathways, then discuss CRISPR-Cas-driven removal of virulence and resistance determinants, biocontainment, and synthetic-biology strategies for reallocating secretory capacity. We further survey potential applications in bulk chemicals, human milk oligosaccharides, recombinant proteins, and industrial enzymes. Finally, we identify key barriers to industrial translation, including growth-secretion energetic trade-offs, periplasmic protein misfolding, endotoxin-associated downstream processing, OMV heterogeneity, scale-up robustness, and quantitative safety validation. Establishing Kqp as an industrial chassis will require evidence-tiered strain selection, quantitative secretion-capacity measurement, regulatory decoupling of resistance-associated pumps, and One Health-aligned safety assessment. Direct evidence in K. quasipneumoniae remains limited; therefore, this review distinguishes direct Kqp observations from studies in other KpSC members or K. oxytoca, evidence from non-Klebsiella hosts, and forward-looking proposals. OMV yield is considered separately from lipid A/endotoxin-related properties.
Large and biologically compromised bone defects remain difficult to repair because structural loss is often accompanied by persistent inflammation, insufficient vascularization, inadequate recruitment of reparative cells, and reduced osteogenic capacity. Biomaterial-based local delivery offers a means of addressing these interacting barriers by retaining therapeutic agents at the defect site, protecting labile bioactive molecules, and controlling the magnitude and duration of local exposure. This review adopts a barrier-oriented and exposure-centered framework that links the dominant biological deficit and stage of healing with therapeutic-agent selection, biomaterial-carrier properties, and local exposure design. We compare major therapeutic categories, scaffold platforms, and strategies for controlling release rate, timing, sequence, spatial distribution, and stimulus responsiveness. Across different bone-defect settings, regenerative performance depends less on maximizing cargo loading, prolonging release, or increasing material complexity than on matching dose, retention, bioactivity, and exposure profile to a defined therapeutic need. Key translational barriers include uncertain dose–exposure relationships, discrepancies between in vitro release and in vivo exposure, manufacturing and sterilization constraints, reproducibility, and limited clinical validation. Future development should prioritize biologically timed, quantitatively defined, reproducible, and clinically practical delivery systems.
IntroductionIndustrial exoskeletons with integrated sensors are emerging as a technology for monitoring biomechanical exposure and supporting the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in industrial environments.MethodsThis systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, retrieving 106 studies published between 2021 and 2026 from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. VOSviewer version 1.6.20 and R‐Studio version 2026.01.2+418 were used for bibliometric and descriptive analyses. The review provides a qualitative synthesis supported by descriptive quantitative reporting of the extracted outcomes.ResultsThe evidence indicated a technological shift from passive devices toward intelligent exoskeletons integrating surface electromyography, inertial measurement units, machine vision, physiological sensors, and artificial intelligence. Individual studies reported maximum reductions of 68.2% in muscle activity, 34% in spinal compression, and up to 60% in muscle fatigue, alongside productivity improvements of up to 59.5%. Machine learning approaches achieved an ROC of 0.985, automated assessment accuracies of 98.5%, and posture estimation with an ICC of 0.967. However, these values were not pooled estimates and varied across study designs, sensor configurations, tasks, and assessment protocols.DiscussionThe evidence remains constrained by small sample sizes, sensor drift, interoperability limitations, and insufficient long‐term validation in real‐world industrial environments. Sensor‐integrated exoskeletons show potential for ergonomic monitoring and risk reduction, but their effectiveness and industrial generalizability require further validation through standardized, interoperable, and longitudinal field studies.
