Spent coffee grounds still contain valuable bioactive compounds that can be valorized through kombucha fermentation to develop functional beverages and support the sustainable utilization of coffee processing by-products. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different sugar sources on the transformation of bioactive compounds and the chemical and sensory properties of coffee ground kombucha. Kombucha was prepared using spent coffee grounds as the fermentation substrate with three sugar sources (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and fermented for 15 days at 28 °C using a standard SCOBY culture. Microbial growth, reducing sugar, total acidity, and pH were monitored, while total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and sensory properties were analyzed. The results showed that the sugar source significantly influenced fermentation and product characteristics. Glucose promoted the most intensive fermentation, resulting in the highest acidity (13.94 g/L) and lowest pH (2.20). In contrast, fructose produced the highest total phenolic content (1341.81 µg/mL) and antioxidant activity (83.22%). Sensory evaluation indicated that fructose-based kombucha was the most preferred due to its balanced aroma, flavor, sweetness, and acidity. Overall, fructose was identified as the most suitable sugar source for producing coffee ground kombucha with enhanced bioactive and sensory qualities.
This study examines the integration of ocean literacy and digital technology in vocational tourism education in Indonesia. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, the research explored students’ familiarity with digital learning tools and their understanding of marine concepts. While many students indicated the use of mobile applications and online platforms for learning, their exposure to ocean environments was limited, particularly for those living in inland areas. This creates challenges for marine education because direct experience is often essential for building conceptual understanding. However, technology-based learning may serve as an alternative because it enables virtual exposure to coastal systems. The Technology Acceptance Model was applied to examine how students respond to educational technologies. Findings are discussed in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in areas concerning education, environment, and tourism. Vocational tourism education is considered in this context because it connects career preparation with sustainable practices, including the need to link tourism activities with marine awareness through accessible and adaptable learning methods.
Triazolopyrimidines are heterocyclic compounds with a unique structure and a wide range of applications in medicinal chemistry. The versatility of the triazolopyrimidine scaffold allows for the exploration and development of compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. This literature review encompasses the period from 2014 to 2022 and offers a comprehensive and inclusive overview of the synthesis, reactivity, and biological properties studies of triazolopyrimidines. The review summarizes the various synthetic methods used to prepare triazolopyrimidines and their reactions with different reagents. It also examines their pharmacological properties, such as anti-COVID-19 and anticancer effects, and their molecular docking analysis with relevant targets. The review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the potential applications of triazolopyrimidine in the field of medicinal chemistry. This literature review from 2014 to 2022 provides a comprehensive exploration of triazolopyrimidines, highlighting their diverse applications in medicinal chemistry. The review aims to offer a thorough understanding of triazolopyrimidines' versatility, serving as a valuable resource for advancing drug development in medicinal chemistry.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a biopolymer with promising biomedical applications, and its properties can be enhanced through hydroxyapatite (HA) incorporation. This study synthesized HA from chicken eggshells via the hydrothermal method, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by valorizing biowaste. The synthesized HA exhibited 35.24 nm crystal size and 86.98% crystallinity. HA was integrated into CMC membranes (i.e. 1 and 5%), with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG-400; as a plasticizer). Increased HA content reduced membrane flexibility, but PEG-400 improved structural cohesion. Microscopic analysis revealed better HA dispersion at 5% loading, enhancing membrane performance. Thermal gravimetric analysis confirmed improved thermal resistance, evidenced by a higher decomposition onset temperature. These findings suggest that CMC/HA composite membranes, especially with PEG-400, offer sustainable solutions for biomedical applications, demonstrating superior mechanical and thermal properties while promoting eco-friendly material utilization from biowaste.
Historic buildings in coastal and low-lying cities are increasingly threatened by tidal flooding, land subsidence, and climate-driven sea-level rise. Preserving these assets requires a framework that integrates cultural heritage values with disaster risk assessment. This study applies three approaches: bibliometric analysis to examine research trends on historic buildings and disasters; weighting analysis of cultural values based on Burra Charter parameters, including historical, aesthetic, social, and authenticity aspects; and spatial analysis using GIS and Digital Elevation Model data to map flood-prone zones. The results show that landmark buildings with strong historical and architectural significance are consistently prioritized for preservation. In contrast, structures with limited cultural importance or advanced deterioration rank lower in feasibility for conservation. Spatial mapping highlights that heritage sites in flat and low-lying areas face the greatest exposure to flooding and sea-level rise. This interdisciplinary framework provides a scientific basis for prioritizing heritage preservation in flood-vulnerable urban environments. It also supports adaptive conservation strategies that align cultural continuity with resilience to environmental hazards.
This study proposes a sustainable extraction strategy for anthocyanins from red dragon fruit peel using a choline chloride:urea (1:2) deep eutectic solvent (DES) system, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 3, 9, and 12. Extraction conditions were optimized through Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology, targeting temperature (25-45 °C), phase ratio (0.5-2), and solid-liquid ratio (1:10-50 g/mL). The optimal parameters (33°C, 1:1.7 phase ratio, and 48:1 mg/mL solid–liquid ratio) achieved a 99.5% yield (29.15 mg/100 g) of total anthocyanins, outperforming conventional techniques. The FTIR confirmed the structural integrity of both DES and anthocyanins, with hydrogen bonding facilitating efficient solubilization under mild, non-degradative conditions. This environmentally friendly method transforms agricultural waste into high-value antioxidants, advancing circular bioeconomy principles. The approach offers scalable potential for application in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, reinforcing responsible production practices while promoting innovation in green extraction technologies.
Water scarcity in extreme climates presents a global challenge directly linked to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). This study introduces an innovative solar still design using nanofluid encapsulation to enhance freshwater production because conventional systems often struggle with limited efficiency. The modified solar still employed sealed glass tubes containing CuO nanofluid, improving solar energy absorption and heat retention because the nanofluid could enhance thermal conductivity. The system maintained higher operational temperatures, leading to increased evaporation and freshwater yield. The encapsulation prevented nanoparticle contamination, ensuring water safety and long-term system stability. This approach demonstrates significant potential to support sustainable freshwater solutions aligned with global SDG targets under harsh environmental conditions.
Strongly saline soils cover approximately 2,400 km² of the Khorat Plateau, Thailand, posing challenges for agriculture and environmental sustainability. This study aimed to characterize soil salinity and heavy metal patterns across five soil layers in both badlands and paddy fields. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salt content, and concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn. Results showed higher EC and salt percentages in badlands, while paddy fields exhibited greater levels of micronutrient metals such as Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, likely due to agricultural practices. Heavy metal concentrations remained below national safety thresholds, suggesting low contamination risk. Statistical analyses revealed significant correlations among salinity indicators, soil properties, and metal contents. These findings provide baseline data critical for environmental monitoring and support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 15 by informing strategies for food security, sustainable land use, and soil resource conservation in salinity-affected regions.
This study explores the alkali-free synthesis of binary (MnCo) and ternary (MnCoCr) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to enhance structural and physicochemical properties relevant to advanced catalytic systems. The materials were synthesized using an ammonium nitrate buffer, followed by controlled ageing and calcination. Characterization included PXRD, BET, TGA, FESEM, and FTIR techniques. The ternary MnCoCr LDH demonstrated improved crystallinity, larger surface area, and more uniform morphology compared to the binary MnCo LDH. These enhancements occurred because chromium altered interlayer spacing and cation interactions, promoting better nucleation and structural integrity. The findings suggest that careful control of metal composition and synthesis conditions can effectively tailor LDH properties. This approach supports sustainable materials engineering and opens new possibilities in catalysis, adsorption, and energy storage applications.
Foundational Engineering Mathematics often shows uneven engagement and high early failure in diverse cohorts. This study evaluated a six-week integrated framework combining a placement diagnostic, weekly pre- and post-lecture online quizzes, peer-learning tutorials, and one invigilated written quiz. Data from eight online quizzes, one written quiz, and the placement test were analysed for participation, performance, and progression. Results showed sustained engagement (mean participation 89%) and average quiz performance of 6.9/10; failure peaked at 33% in an early pre-quiz but declined to 15-18% in later weeks. Placement was predictive: 79% who passed the diagnostic later passed quizzes, whereas failing or absent groups were less consistent. The approach worked because frequent low-stakes assessments provided retrieval practice and timely feedback, heterogeneous peer groups offered scaffolding, and the early diagnostic identified at-risk students who needed support. This framework offers a scalable path to enhance engagement, reduce early failure, and strengthen accountability in foundational engineering mathematics.
This study investigates the integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within engineering education by providing conceptual definitions, identifying research trends, and analyzing strategic approaches. Using a systematic literature review enriched with bibliometric analysis, the study explores six key aspects: the role of SDGs in engineering education, the intersection of sustainability and technical learning, the integration of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), core competencies required for sustainability, systems thinking as a foundational skill, and institutional challenges and opportunities. Bibliometric mapping reveals increasing global attention to SDGs in engineering, particularly in 2022 and 2024. The findings show a paradigm shift from purely technical training to holistic, interdisciplinary education that combines ethics, ecology, and social impact. Despite structural barriers and curricular gaps, strategic opportunities (such as faculty readiness, innovative pedagogies, and technological tools) support transformative learning. This review provides a comprehensive framework for aligning engineering education with the SDGs and contributes to the development of sustainability-literate future engineers.
In the era of Industry 4.0, ensuring product quality through accurate and efficient defect detection has become essential because traditional manual inspection methods are often time-consuming and prone to inconsistency. This study aims to enhance defect detection in smart manufacturing by proposing a hybrid deep learning architecture that combines ConvNeXt and stacked autoencoders. The method leverages ConvNeXt for robust feature extraction and stacked autoencoders for efficient data reconstruction and classification. The model was trained and tested on real-world industrial image datasets involving damaged and intact packaging. Results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms conventional convolutional neural networks in both detection accuracy and processing efficiency because of its ability to extract deep spatial and semantic features. This research contributes to the advancement of autonomous quality control systems in smart manufacturing. Its impact lies in reducing human dependency, improving inspection accuracy, and fostering the development of intelligent, self-regulating production lines.
This study evaluates the economic feasibility of developing innovative and eco-friendly tourism products in Ciletuh Geopark through collaborative governance, namely functional aromatherapy candles made from banana peel extract. The research applies content analysis and economic evaluation using principles such as profit margin, payback period, and net present value. Data on materials and tools were collected from credible e-commerce sources officially recognized by local government, ensuring complete specifications. The analysis included calculating all relevant data and simulating production over 20 years. Results indicate the project is economically viable, with strong profit potential and positive outcomes across all parameters, especially with massive marketing through collaborative governance. This research contributes to sustainable tourism by promoting waste-based green products, generating socio-economic benefits for stakeholders, and supporting the achievement of SDGs.
This study examined the effectiveness of two newly synthesized benzimidazole derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution. The newly synthesized benzimidazole derivatives are 1-(Cyclohex-1-enyl)-3-((3-(4-nitrophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2(3H)-one (as P1) and 1-(Cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)-benzimidazol-2(3H)-one (as P2). Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were applied, complemented by density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations. Results showed that both compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors, simultaneously reducing anodic and cathodic reactions. At an optimal concentration, they achieved inhibition efficiencies of more than 97%. Quantum chemical analysis revealed a change in energy gap and stronger adsorption energy, displayed greater reactivity and stability. SEM-EDX confirmed the formation of a protective layer through spontaneous adsorption, consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. These findings highlight the potential of benzimidazole derivatives as efficient and sustainable corrosion inhibitors because they enhance material protection, improve thermodynamic stability, and reduce environmental and economic losses in industrial uses.
This research applies computational engineering to explore malonate and tetrazole derivatives as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. A comprehensive in silico approach, including pharmacokinetics prediction, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, was utilized to evaluate the drug-likeness, binding affinity, and stability of the designed compounds. The malonate derivatives demonstrated strong interaction stability with the target protease and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles with minimal predicted toxicity, supporting their potential as therapeutic candidates. A bibliometric analysis was also performed to position this study within the broader scientific landscape, showing increasing global interest in SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors and antiviral drug development. This work aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals by contributing to global health improvement and fostering innovation in pharmaceutical engineering. The promising computational outcomes underscore the need for further experimental validation to confirm therapeutic efficacy and safety, potentially contributing to future antiviral treatment strategies.
This study investigates the fire performance of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) using a combination of densification and borax treatment to enhance its safety for structural applications. Laminated Batai wood underwent borax treatment either before or after densification, followed by tests on absorption capacity and combustion resistance. The results revealed variations in fire resistance and density profiles depending on the treatment sequence. Densification increased density, and borax improved flame retardancy. The treatment order influenced absorption rates and charring behavior because the densification process modified internal porosity, affecting chemical penetration. Image analysis and thermal evaluation confirmed that specific combinations improved fire performance. This approach offers a scientific and technological basis for optimizing fire-resistant engineered wood products with lightweight species.
This study aimed to systematically review research on digital technology in differentiated English language teaching by integrating a systematic literature review with bibliometric mapping. The data were collected from Scopus and analyzed using PRISMA guidelines and VOSviewer. Results indicated that digital platforms, learning management systems, and adaptive technologies were central to personalization. Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things are emerging but underutilized. These technologies are significant because they enable real-time adaptation and enhance learner-centered instruction, although institutional readiness, teacher competence, and infrastructure mediate their effectiveness. Bibliometric insights showed three clusters: pedagogical integration, institutional innovation, and data-driven personalization. This review contributes by linking pedagogy, science, and technology, offering a framework for scaling and sustaining digital differentiation in English language teaching. The findings are expected to guide educators, policymakers, and researchers toward effective and equitable technology-enhanced instruction.
The synthesis of dithiocarbamate derivatives and their potential application as accelerators and anti-degradants in rubber compounds have been investigated. The physico-mechanical properties of vulcanizates based on IR SKI-3 and their resistance to thermo-oxidative aging have been determined. The influence of the obtained compounds on the dynamic properties of the composition has been established. Partial replacement of captax with synthesized 2-fluorophenyl dithiocarbamate triethylamine allows maintaining the strength at the level of the control sample. At the same time, the rubbers exhibit increased resistance to dynamic loads and comparable values of the tangent of mechanical loss angle at high deformation levels compared to vulcanizates containing only captax. This effect is achieved by increasing the polarity of the radical and improving the mobility of the chains of rubber macromolecules, which is confirmed by the calculation of the time spectrum of relaxation for mechanical vibrations under shear deformations. Also, the synthesized product has a positive effect on the resistance of rubber to thermal-oxidative aging.
The modernization of submersible pump designs is essential for enhancing the sustainability and operational reliability of irrigation systems. This study integrated bibliometric analysis and experimental evaluation to address performance degradation caused by cavitation, sedimentation, and mechanical wear. The bibliometric analysis identifies increasing global research attention toward energy-efficient and reliable irrigation technologies. Experimental investigations assess pump efficiency, hydraulic performance, and component wear under controlled laboratory conditions. Physical inspections reveal that impeller erosion and casing degradation significantly reduce hydraulic stability because sediment-laden flows and cavitation accelerate material loss. To predict pump longevity, a vibration-based reliability model was developed, allowing early detection of failure progression and enabling condition-based maintenance. These design innovations improve irrigation efficiency and energy utilization while extending pump service life because they mitigate wear progression and operational instability. The outcomes contribute directly to multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in water resource management, clean energy utilization, food security, and climate resilience. This integrated approach provides a practical framework for sustaining irrigation infrastructures under growing agricultural and environmental demands.
This study focused on the adsorption of malachite green onto clays in aqueous solutions. The results were simulated using an artificial neural network (ANN). Materials were characterized using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Sorption experiments were carried out in the discontinuous mode, examining the influences of contact time, adsorbent dose, solution pH, initial concentration, and temperature. The neural network topology was 4–10-1. The results predicted by this model show a good agreement with experimental data. The mathematical modelling of the obtained isotherms revealed that the Freundlich isotherm model is perfectly consistent with the experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters, such as the changes in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy, are determined. The MG adsorption is physical, spontaneous, and exothermic for both adsorbents. This method, therefore, appears as an effective means to achieve the objectives of sustainable development of the United Nations.
