The article is devoted to the study of the cladding layer thickness evolution during the hot rolling of a S355+316L clad plate. In the production of clad rolled products, the main challenge is the significant non-uniform deformation of the dissimilar layers, leading to an uneven cladding layer thickness, which is regulated by standards. The aim of the work was a comprehensive study of the co-deformation of the layers to analyze the influence of the reduction strategy on the formation of the cladding layer geometry and based on this, to develop practical recommendations. To achieve this goal, an integrated approach was applied, which included determining the rheological properties of the studied steels over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates, as well as developing and subsequent verification of a three-dimensional mathematical model of the rolling process using the finite element method in the ANSYS software package. The model was validated against data from laboratory and industrial experiments, showing an error in predicting the final cladding layer thickness of no more than 7 %. Using the verified model, a numerical study of three different reduction strategies was conducted: a standard one, one with large reductions in the initial passes, and one with small reductions at the beginning of the process. The simulation results showed that the cladding layer thickness is significantly non-uniform along the length and width of the rolled sheet. The relative strain ratio varies from :1.07 in the central part to 1.25-1.35 at the head and tail ends, leading to a difference in the cladding layer thickness of up to 24 %. It was found that the selected rolling strategies have an insignificant effect on the degree of this non-uniformity. The physical reason for the non-uniformity in the central part is the tensile stresses acting on the cladding layer from the base layer, while at the sheet ends the primary contribution comes from longitudinal metal flow and the "extrusion" effect. Based on the approximation of the shape of the thickenings, the amounts of crop required to meet standard requirements were calculated: :365 mm from the head and tail ends and :177 mm from each side edge of the sheet. The data obtained are of significant practical importance for optimizing the production processes of clad rolled products.
This research presents the experimental results of the dual-stage technological route for removal of sulphuric impurities from refractory iron-bearing ore. Such ore contains various fractions and is subjected to processing in the conditions of solid phase and liquid phase sintering, via standard temperature procedures and with active use of catalytic impurities having different chemical composition. The study was carried out using high-temperature derivatography, which allows to analyze dependence between dissociation speed of minerals and temperature. The developed procedure for kinetic measurements of dissociation of sulphates opens new possibilities for examination of the thermal properties during chemical and metallurgical processes, within the wide range of iron-bearing ores. The results of dependence between desulphurization of iron-bearing ore and the size of ore fraction as well as addition of catalytic impurities are obtained. It was established that presence of pre pieces with size larger than 5-6 mm in charge, which are hardly absorbed by a sintering melt, leads both to decrease of sinter mechganical strength and to increase of sulphur content in this sinter. Additionally, it was revealed that removal of impurities from usual and refractory ore, in its small and large fractions, occurs at different temperature procudures. Essential difference in the decomposition mechanism for sulphates at the temperatures of solid phase and liquid phase sintering were found out. Usual (not refratory) ore needs high oxidation degree of a slag phase to provide liquid phase sulhur removal from large fractions, while replacement of an air atmosphere by neutral medium leads to decrease of decomposition temperature of sulphates. It was established for refractory ore that fluxing during low-temperature sintering has a negative effect on desulphurization, while during high-temperature sintering this effect is positive. Thus, analysis of the experimental data copnfirms necessity of using the dual-stage technological route in desulphurization nof ironbearing ore, in order to obtain high-quality sinter.
The increasing share of steel produced from recycled scrap results in the formation and accumulation of dust generated in the gas cleaning systems of electric arc furnaces (EAF dust). This paper presents statistical data reflecting the dynamics of steel production in electric arc furnaces and the formation of EAF dust at metallurgical enterprises in the Russian Federation from 1992 to 2023. An analysis of the key technological stages of modern electric arc furnace operation is provided, enabling insights into the formation mechanisms of the dust's chemical composition. The study highlights the main challenges associated with EAF dust processing, particularly the zinc content (which determines processing technology and economic feasibility) and the presence of chlorine and non-ferrous metal impurities. The potential sources of chlorine and non-ferrous metal contaminants during smelting were identified. The dual negative impact of chlorine-containing compounds is discussed: on the one hand, they promote the formation of highly toxic organic compounds such as dioxins and furans; on the other, they significantly degrade the quality of the final product obtained during subsequent pyrometallurgical processing into Waelz oxide. Approaches to reducing chlorine content during the steelmaking stage and minimizing its impact on toxic compound formation were examined. The methods for removal of chlorides from EAF dust-pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and hybrid pyro-hydrometallurgical-were reviewed. The various EAF dust processing technologies depending on zinc content were presented, as well as the options for iron recovery. Key words: EAF dust, scrap, zinc, chlorides, dioxins and furans, EAF dust recycling methods, roasting, washing.
This study investigates the effect of a 1 % niobium addition on the microstructure and properties of high-chromium cast iron ChH16. Thermodynamic modeling using the ThermoCalc software and the TCFE13 database demonstrated that niobium promotes NbC carbide formation, with its precipitation occurring most actively in the 1000- 600 degrees & Scy; range. The experimental results confirm that niobium refines the cementite structure, increasing hardness and wear resistance without significantly reducing bending strength. Comparative analysis of ChH16 alloyed with 1 % Nb and ChH32 indicates that the experimental alloy offers improved wear performance while maintaining mechanical integrity. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that NbC carbides are distributed uniformly throughout the matrix. This contributes to enhanced wear resistance due to their high hardness and stability. Hardness and wear tests confirmed an increase in wear resistance comparable to that of ChH32, while the bending strength remained unchanged, making the material suitable for applications involving abrasive and impact loads. Additionally, the formation of niobium carbides facilitates chromium retention in the matrix, suggesting improved heat resistance. These findings suggest that ChH16 with 1 % Nb is a promising material for mining and metallurgical equipment components subjected to severe wear conditions and high temperatures.
In modern metalworking and mechanical engineering, improving the performance characteristics of component surfaces is a key objective to increase their service life and reliability. This is especially relevant under conditions of high temperatures, intensive mechanical loads, and aggressive environments. One of the promising approaches to addressing this issue is the use of deposited coatings based on special alloys with the addition of modifying components. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the concentration of a carbon-fluorine-containing additive (fine dust from aluminum production electrostatic precipitators), added to the core of 35V9Kh3SF flux-cored wire with a steel 08ps sheath, on the properties of the deposited metal. The research methodology included the production of three batches of flux-cored wire with varying contents of the carbon-fluorine-containing additive (1, 3, and 5 wt.% of the total charge mass) and the performance of arc surfacing using a flux derived from ferrosilicomanganese slag on a 09G2S steel plate. To analyze the properties of the deposited layers, the samples were prepared by electro-discharge sawing for determining chemical composition, conducting electron microscopy, energy-dispersion spectral analysis, as well as measuring nanohardness, Young modulus, and microhardness of the deposited layer. The results of the study showed that introduction of the carbon-fluorine-containing additive to the composition of the 35V9Kh3SF flux-cored wire increased the average microhardness of the deposited layer by 64 %, nanohardness by 63 %, and Young modulus by 66 %. These conclusions demonstrate the potential for optimizing the composition of flux-cored wire to produce metallic coatings with enhanced properties. The results can be applied in the development of coatings for mechanical engineering, metallurgy and other industries where high reliability and stability of deposited layers are required.
The workability of equipment operating in the northern regions can be ensured by using various technologies during its manufacture. Laser exposure is widely used in various industries, including manufacture of welded joints, heat treatment of small areas, application of coatings, preparation of surfaces for further processing, and marking of products both directly on the material surface and on special films. This work examines the processes occurring in the surface layer of AISI 321 austenitic steel products exposed to nanosecond laser radiation. Various methods for controlling the metal melt in the exposed zone are considered. It has previously been established that moving the beam along a trochoidal trajectory allows creation of stable linear relief up to similar to 700 mu m high, while moving along a spiral trajectory produces point elements up to similar to 500 mu m high. In the present study, structures up to similar to 400 mu m high were obtained using a linear trajectory. Laser processing methods that can be implemented using standard low-power laser equipment, were studied, enabling surface processing of austenitic steel without use of protective gas environments. It was shown that laser exposure of surface layers preserves the austenitic structure, stabilizes it, just reduces the oxide phase content, and does not lead to the formation of carbide phases in the area of the formed relief. These results are important for various branches of mechanical engineering, including laser processing during welding, creation of functional surfaces, application of durable markings, production of a preset profile in the manufacture of decorative and applied products, and tactile elements such as Braille script. The study demonstrates the potential of liquid phase control for effective relief formation on the surface of austenitic steels.
One of the key challenges in contemporary construction and mechanical engineering is the development of metallic products and structures with enhanced performance characteristics while simultaneously reducing their material consumption and overall cost. A promising approach to addressing this challenge lies in the design and implementation of bi-steel structures, which rationally combine steels of different strength grades. In the present study, a comprehensive numerical analysis of the stress-strain state of bi-steel roof trusses with an 18 m span (chords made of steel S345, web members made of steel S255) was performed using the finite element method within the LIRA 10.12 software package. In addition, a comparative evaluation of their techno-economic efficiency was carried out relative to conventional mono-steel structures (steel S255). The analysis included the distribution of internal forces and load-bearing capacity in both bi-steel and mono-steel trusses. The numerical simulations confirmed that the adoption of a bi-steel configuration does not alter the fundamental structural behavior of the truss but enables a redistribution of stresses and improves overall structural reliability. Section optimization demonstrated that transitioning to the bi-steel design reduces the total truss weight by 25.1 % while maintaining its load-bearing capacity, thereby lowering transportation and on-site assembly costs. The techno-economic assessment further revealed associated reductions of 11.4 % in material costs, 16.7 % in production labor intensity, and 12.3 % in the final factory cost of the structure. The results obtained provide a foundation for further investigations, including experimental validation, studies of fatigue performance, and the development of regulatory guidelines for the application of bisteel structures.
In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in studying the behavior of trace impurity elements at all stages of ferrous metal production. This is driven by the processing of low-grade ores with complex chemical compositions and the use of secondary materials "enriched" with trace elements. Analysis of metallurgical raw materials and products reveals the presence of up to 40 elements from the periodic table in quantities exceeding 5 ppm. The rapid development of the electronics industry has driven growing interest in secondary resources of gallium and indium, which are critically important for semiconductor manufacturing. A metallurgical system was investigated, comprising pig iron, blast furnace slag, and lead as its main components under conditions characteristic of a blast furnace hearth. Gallium and indium were introduced into the system via various methods encapsulated in aluminum foil. In all experiments, an almost complete separation of gallium and indium between the pig iron and lead phases was achieved. Up to 99 % of the gallium introduced into the system partitioned into the pig iron, while 90-95 % of the introduced indium partitioned into the lead. The presence of small quantities of gallium and indium in the graphite phase suggests the potential for the formation of these metals' carbides under blast furnace conditions. A significant transfer of manganese sulfides into the lead-based phase was also observed in the investigated metallurgical system.
Improvement of the technology for manufacture of billets of railroad wheels and hollow car axles, using intensive plastic deformation for effective rise of quality and functional properties of finished products, is the aim of this research. The paper presents the results of influence of deformation, which is realized via joint effect of rolling, reeling and consequent piercing, on mechanical properties of billets made of wheel steel of grade T. The rolling process in a three-roll mill is conducted via two passes with diameter reduction 20 % and elongation coefficient 1.56, while reeling in a two-roll mill is implemented with diameter reduction 12.5 % and elongation coefficient 1.31. Such deformation procedure creates the conditions allowing to increase strength and plastic properties of wheel steel and to form the structure in the central area of a deformed billet for consequent piercing. After piercing of preliminarily deformed billet, the properties of wheel steel stabilize significantly. When comparing the mechanical properties of wheel steel in the initial state and after deformation, the strength properties (cu, a0,2) increase by 1.6 times and plastic properties (delta, w) increase by 1.3 and 1.1 times respectively.
This paper presents a study of the influence of laser parameters (power and speed) on image contrast when applying markings using an ultra-dense nanobar-code on metal surfaces made of different materials. The experiment was conducted using a MiniMarker-2 laser system. A mode matrix was constructed by varying the parameters. The article examines the technology of laser application of an ultra-dense matrix nanobar-code (NBC) with a module size of 50-100 mu m, designed for product identification in the context of Industry 4.0 concepts. Unlike traditional QR and DataMatrix codes, NBC provides high information density in an area of less than 1 mm2. A systematic comparative study was conducted on four materials with fundamentally different physical and chemical properties: stainless steels, titanium, brass and aluminum. The key element was the mode matrix (507 combinations of power and speed). Each mode was evaluated for contrast using RGB analysis. A 3D response surface model (Python) was constructed using the matrix, visualizing the nonlinear dependence of contrast on parameters. A two-factor experimental design with high variation resolution was also implemented using the Mini-Marker-2 laser system. It was found that maximum contrast on 08Kh13 steel is achieved not with extreme parameters, but with balanced parameters. A two-stage encoding method-forming dark and light modules using different laser modes-for artificial contrast enhancement without ablation was proposed and experimentally validated. The paper includes tables for selecting optimal laser modes, as well as photographs of the results of applying the selected modes to the surfaces of stainless steel, brass, aluminum, and titanium samples.
The article considers the problem of pipeline protection against corrosion, which is the main cause of accidents during their operation. It is noted that the optimal method for protection against internal corrosion and asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits is the use of glass enamel coatings, which have increased smoothness and chemical resistance in comparison with other types of coatings. It is shown that in order to ensure the smoothness of the coating, it is necessary to ensure its high flowability, the effect of various fluorine-containing additives on the flowability indices is studied. Cryolite (Na3AlF6) was chosen as the optimal fluorine-containing additive, since it has the lowest fluorine losses when introduced into the charge, which makes it more environmentally friendly in comparison with sodium fluorosilicate and fluorspar. The work describes in details the process of obtaining glass enamel frits with different cryolite content (from 0 to 10 % in 2 % increments). The methods for preparing raw materials, melting glass mass and granulating frits are given. Studies of the flowability of the obtained compositions at a temperature 860 degrees & Scy; were conducted. The optimal cryolite content providing the best flowability indices has been established. It has been shown that addition of cryolite helps to reduce the melting point and to improve the flow properties of glass enamel. It has been revealed that the excessive cryolite content (10 %) leads to formation of complex crystalline structures and to decrease of the melt mobility. The mechanism of the action of fluorine compounds affecting the viscosity and surface tension of enamel, as well as their effect on the structure of the silicon-oxygen network, has been analyzed. The microstructures of the developed glass enamel coatings have been examined at a magnification of 50x. The results of the study have great practical importance for the development of glass enamel coating compositions with improved technological characteristics. The obtained data can be used to create effective protective coatings for steel pipelines of various purposes.
High-chromium, low-nickel corrosion-resistant steels of the austenitic-martensitic class exhibit excellent corrosion resistance along with reasonably good mechanical strength, making them promising for various applications in mechanical engineering and building construction. Upon plastic deformation, their strength characteristics can further increase. However, the widespread industrial application of these steels is constrained by the complexity of their plastic forming processes (e.g., stamping, upsetting), due to a high propensity for cracking, which results in defects in the final products. This study investigates the causes of cracking in austenitic-martensitic corrosionresistant steels during plastic deformation, using high-chromium, low-nickel steel grade 07Kh16N6 as a representative material. Metallographic analysis reveals that the primary cause of crack formation during plastic deformation is the formation of deformation-induced martensite, which is associated with a negative volume change. This local volume contraction leads to the development of tensile stresses at sites of martensitic transformation. It is reasonable to assume that when large volumes of deformation-induced martensite form rapidly, the resulting tensile stresses may exceed the material's strength, thereby initiating cracking. Moreover, the generated tensile stresses can also promote the formation of so-called athermal martensite, which is accompanied by a slight volume expansion and, thus, a partial compensation of the tensile stresses. However, at high deformation rates, the formation of athermal martensite tends to lag behind the transformation-induced martensitic process, exacerbating the tendency for crack initiation and propagation. This hypothesis is indirectly supported by other researchers, who have also identified optimal strain rates (6.6710-4 s-1) and maximum allowable single-pass reduction ratio (no more than 19-22 %). In cases where higher reduction ratios are required, a multi-pass deformation strategy with intermediate recrystallization annealing is recommended to eliminate the martensitic phase and reduce cracking risk.
Demand in Russia for flexible tubing pipes (FTP) increased during last decades by 80 %, and import substitution of foreign technologies in FTP production became a priority task after introduction of sanctions. Coiled rolled sheet of high-strength low-allow steel with increased resistance to atmospheric corrosion is used for FTP manufacture. The operating features in the North regions determine necessity of using for FTP the materials meeting the requirement of ST80 strength grade according to the standard API Specification 5ST: tensile strength >= 610 MPa, relative elongation >= 20 %, Rockwell hardness <= 22 HRC and increased cold resistance down to-60 degrees & Scy;. The paper describes the research of the forming features of structural and phase state of low-alloy steel for FTP with ST80 strength grade, having the following original chemical composition, % (mass.), not exceeding: 0.16C; 0.50Si; 1.00Mn; 0.70Cr; 0.80(Ni+Cu+Mo); 0.050(Nb+V+Ti), depending on thermokinetic transformation conditions. Structural and thermokinetic diagrams were built for the new steel with original chemical composition. To provide the required complex of properties on the base of the selected thermokinetic transformation conditions, the parameters of controlled rolling with accelerated post-deformation cooling were determined. Based on the results of investigations, it was established that achievement of the highest level of viscous-plastic properties (KCV-60 = 122 J/cm2) at the preset strength level of the steel with ST80 strength grade (au >= 610 MPa, HRC <= 22) is provided in steel owing to forming of dispersed ferrite-bainite structure. This process occurs during realization of controlled phase transitions: the temperature of the beginning and the end of accelerated cooling 830 degrees & Scy; and 600 degrees & Scy; respectively.
This paper examines innovative processes for the direct reduction of sponge iron (DRI) and its use in electric steelmaking production. The primary raw material for iron reduction is iron ore from the Dashkesan deposit in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The chemical composition of Dashkesan iron ore is presented, along with the degree of metallization of this raw material. Data are provided on the extent of carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, and non-ferrous metal removal from the ore. It was found that in the process using a gaseous reductant, "sooty" carbon is deposited from the gas phase onto the developed surface of the DRI. The removal of phosphorus during direct reduction is not feasible; therefore, before this operation, deep beneficiation of ores intended for direct reduction is necessary. The main source of sulphur in DRI is the reductant. When using a solid reductant, the sulphur content is high, so in this case, flux (limestone, dolomite) must be added to the charge. When using a gaseous reductant, the sulphur content in the product is low. The content of non-ferrous metals, nitrogen, and hydrogen in metallized pellets is low. A relationship between the apparent density and porosity of briquettes, ores, and pellets has been established. High porosity is observed in pellets, which is related to the porosity of the initial iron ore and the reduction in oxide volume during reduction. The quality of the steel produced is greatly affected by the secondary oxidation of DRI. Due to its highly developed surface and high porosity, DRI is prone to secondary oxidation during transportation and storage. Therefore, studies were conducted to reduce the level of secondary oxidation, and a passivation technology was developed to protect the iron from further oxidation.
The provision of high-performance ammunition in the required quantity has played and is playing a key role in achieving victory in military conflicts. During the Great patriotic war, the industry of ammunition production was often called the "front line of the homefront", because "without ammunition, guns and rifles do not fire, mortars and katyushas are silent, ships, tanks, planes become unarmed and defenseless ... " [1, p. 3]. The successful suppression of the enemy, the capture of fortified positions, and the support of the advancing troops directly depended on the sufficiency of ammunition supplies. The article discusses some issues of the production and consumption of ammunition (primarily land artillery) at various stages of the Great patriotic war (1941-1945). Special attention is paid to the role of ferrous metallurgy, which supplied the main raw materials and semiproducts for the manufacture of blanks for shells and weapons. Extensive statistical data are provided. As an illustrative material, the article contains samples of visual products from the Great patriotic war (photographs, posters, postcards) related to the production of ammunition. During the war years, they symbolized the unity of the front and rear, recorded the process of hard work, and showed the importance of the contribution of each industry employee to the common victory.
Production of high-quality products requires knowledge of the phase composition of both the raw materials and the final product. Usually, phase diagrams are used for this purpose. However, they are usually three-component diagrams, while natural and man-made formations are multicomponent diagrams. In this paper, it is proposed to use mathematical models of phase composition diagrams for these purposes. Mathematical models have no restrictions on the number of oxides (or metals) presented in raw materials or finished product, they operate in a multidimensional space, not only in a three-dimensional one, where phase diagrams or physical properties are usually displayed. The authors have created mathematical models of a number of three-, four-, five- and six-component systems. The computer programs, which were created on the basis of the models, allow calculation of the numerical values of the phases with high accuracy. In this paper, mathematical models of one quinary MgO-MnO-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 and two six-component systems CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3 and CaO-MgO-FeO-Cr2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 were used to analyze the issue under discussion. They can describe the slag procedure of blast furnace and cupola smelting of cast iron, production of steel as well as silicon, manganese, chromium ferroalloys and slag-stone castings. The aim of the work is to develop and to apply mathematical models of phase composition for analysis and selection of the chemical composition of raw materials in manufacture of high-quality products, including slag casting and metallurgical slags. The work is aimed at creating numerical methods for calculating the phase composition of multicomponent systems and their use in optimizing processes such as cast iron making, steel making and ferroalloy production, as well as for solving the problems related to the creation of slag-cast products intended for storing and pumping acids, burying radioactive substances or lining of high-temperature zones in smelting furnaces.
The article investigates the electrochemical synthesis of sodium ferrate using anodes made of ferritic steel alloyed with silicon concentrations of 4.15 %, 5.5 %, 6.8 % and 7.5 %. It has been found that silicon content increase in the anodes contributes to a significant improvement in the basic parameters of the process. With silicon content of 7.5 %, the maximum concentration of sodium ferrate in solution was reached-up to 18 g/dm3, which is 3 times higher than with transformer steel anodes, while increasing productivity and reducing specific energy consumption for synthesis. The increased silicon content facilitates the destruction of the oxide film on the surface of the anode in alkaline solution, which slows down electrochemical processes, which makes it possible to stabilize the reactor's efficiency for a long time. Sodium ferrate demonstrates high efficiency in removing heavy metals, organic compounds, and fine particles from wastewater generated by mining and metallurgical plants. These data confirm the possibility of using sodium ferrate for the purification of the process waters used in the processing of non-ferrous ores and rare earth metals, as well as to prevent negative effects on the environment.
Various approaches and materials are used in the development of corrosion-resistant coatings. Polymer-based coatings have already proven their durability and ease of use and are promising materials for the development of corrosion-resistant protection. In comparison with metallized coatings, they are not subjected to constant destruction, and, unlike ceramic coatings, have sufficient plasticity to withstand mechanical loads and impact during transportation and installation. This paper presents the results of a study on the development of a corrosion-resistant polymer coating based on epoxy and polyurethane enamels, proposed for protecting the outer surface of a hot water supply pipeline with non-insulated insulation during channel-free laying. Polyurethane and epoxy enamels have their pros and cons. The idea of the work is to use a combined two-layer coating of polyurethane and epoxy enamel for corrosion protection in order to combine the positive properties of these polymers in a single complex. The effectiveness of protecting the pipe surface from corrosion damage using a combined coating is reduced by poor adhesion of the coating material to the steel pipeline surface. For better adhesion to the metal, the pipe surface was pre-treated using a laser unit to obtain a developed relief and a preset roughness. Laser treatment is offered as an alternative to surface preparation instead of sandblasting.
It was established as a result of the analysis of the operability of bunkers for temporary storage and dosage of bulk materials in the dosage site of the sintering shop, that an arching effect in the process of their long-term operation appears; this effect concludes in sticking of materials above the hopper outlet, which are temporarily or permanently preventing material flow. For normal operation of dosing devices, it is necessary to ensure the continuous flow of material from the bins, since the main purpose of the dosage is to ensure continuous material flow from hoppers, because production of sinter with established quality and constant physicochemical properties is the main aim of dosing. To eliminate hangings in hoppers along their walls, manual labor is used, which poses a high danger to human health, due to high dustiness and high trauma hazard of the work performed. In order to eliminate the problem of arching and sticking, it is proposed to apply a vibrating method for influencing on charge materials, namely installation of a vibrating device of the "false wall" type. This device is a vibration exciter (vibrator), rigidly fixed on a vibrating panel via support element. A vibrating shield (false wall) is a steel plate that makes oscillating motions. There is a rubber damper between vibrating shield and hopper wall, designed to protect both these components against wear. The main advantages of using a vibrating device of the "false wall" type are small capital costs for reengineering, simplicity of installation and suitability for use in a sintering shop. Introduction of the designed device ensures improvement of manufactured sinter quality by improving flowability of materials in the dosage site of the sintering shop and a more accurate dosage, as well as rejection of operations associated with cleaning of hoppers, which are hazardous for human health. The economic calculation confirms the feasibility of the conducting measures for reengineering of hoppers in the conditions of a sintering shop.
