This study presents a comprehensive geological characterization of marble and limestone columns from the ancient city of Tyana in the Cappadocia region, employing a multi-analytical approach. Mineralogical, petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic analyses reveal that the white marbles exhibit exceptionally high calcite purity and a well-developed granoblastic texture, closely resembling those of the Afyon-Dokimeion quarries. Gray marbles characterized by the presence of quartz and muscovite and relatively lower CaO and delta 13C/delta 18O values indicate a different stratigraphic level or different diagenetic/metamorphic conditions. In the purple-white marbles, hematiteinduced pigmentation, coupled with markedly enriched Fe2O3 and MnO contents and isotopic affinities, strongly indicates a provenance corresponding to the Pavonazzetto variety of Dokimeion marble. In contrast, the limestone specimens, characterized by micritic fabric, bioclastic inclusions, and depleted delta 18O values, are interpreted as locally sourced. The integration of mineralogical and isotopic distinctions among these stone groups underscores a deliberate and informed approach to material procurement in Roman architecture, reflecting the strategic utilization of both regional and local lithological resources.
The Biga Peninsula (NW T & uuml;rkiye), a key segment of the Alpine-Himalayan metallogenic belt, is characterized by extensive mineralization and geological complexity. This study integrates stream sediment geochemistry and geostatistics to model the spatial distributions of As, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd based on 2,369 stream sediment samples. The geochemical results indicate wide concentration ranges for the elements: As (from 3.00 to 839.00 ppm), Cu (from 3.67 to 1680.00 ppm), Pb (from 5.00 to 3989.62 ppm), Zn (from 8.00 to 17762.20 ppm), and Cd (from 0.10 to 210.20 ppm), with standard deviations ranging from 6.43 ppm (Cd) to 488.18 ppm (Zn). Descriptive statistics reveal non-normal distributions, with strong correlations among Zn-Cd (r=0.92), Pb-Zn (r=0.90), and Pb-Cd (r=0.84), while As and Cu appear to be geochemically independent. Cluster analysis confirms a strong geochemical affinity among Cd, Zn, and Pb, whereas As and Cu remain unrelated. Five statistical methods -arithmetic mean, median, interquartile range, percentile-based approach, and cumulative probability- were used to determine elemental threshold values, leading to the classification of anomalies as moderate, high, and very high. Variogram modeling reveals isotropic spatial patterns, enabling the use of ordinary kriging to estimate values at 15,312 grid points. Anomaly maps highlight a distinct Cd anomaly in the southeast, overlapping Zn-Pb-Cd zones, along with independent Cu-As patterns. Comparison with known mineral deposits confirms strong spatial correlations. High As concentrations were associated with the Sahinli, Kocatarla, and Balya deposits, whereas Cu anomalies aligned with the Koru, Ku & scedil;& ccedil;ay & imath;r, Handeresi, Ba & gbreve;& imath;rka & ccedil;dere, Tepeoba, Kocatarla, and Arapu & ccedil;andere deposits. PbZn-Cd anomalies correspond to mineralized zones such as Koru, Handeresi, Ba & gbreve;& imath;rka & ccedil;dere, and Balya. This study demonstrates a novel application of integrated geochemical and geostatistical modeling, employing a comparative, threshold-based approach to identify mineral exploration targets in the geologically complex Biga Peninsula.
This study aims to identify the geochemical anomalies of Cu and Au using stream sediment geochemical samples, geochemical maps, geochemical mineralization probability index (GMPI) and an extended zonality index derived from a staged factor analysis (SFA) using a fractal model in the 1:100000 geological map of Bostanabad. The results of factor analysis show that Cu was on factor F3-1 with Fe, Zn, V, Mn, Pb and Au on factor F3-3 with Hg. The C-N fractal approach was used to classify the GMPI data to determine Au and Cu anomalies, and the southern and central regions of the study area exhibit these anomalies. In addition, the zonality index for the two factors F3-1 and F3-2, which were determined after a three-stage factor analysis, was based on the elements associated with the epithermal Au deposit type using the equation (As & times;Sb)/(Au & times;Cu), while the Cu-Mo porphyry deposit type was determined by the equation (Zn & times;Pb)/(Cu & times;Mo). Subsequently, these zonality indices were categorized using C-A fractal modeling. Significant anomalies of this elevated zonality index and GMPI are associated with plutonic units and silicification as well as the intersections of faults, especially in the northeastern and northern sectors of the Bostanabad region. The data were factor analyzed using factor analysis, GMPI and zonality index to determine the association between the elements and classify them by paragenetic elements using the fractal method. Finally, the largest Cu and Au anomalies are found in the northern and northwestern regions. Field observations and petrographic analyzes, which include polished and thin section evaluation and XRD data, show the presence of pyrite and chalcopyrite mineralization associated with the intrusive rocks in the region. In addition, there is evidence of alteration and silicic dykes in the Eocene pyroclastic layers.
The nature of silver (Ag) in "pure" galena (PbS) crystals from the historical mines of Lavrion (Attica, Greece) and the Kassandra Mines (Stratoni and Olympias, Chalkidiki, Greece) is investigated in the present study using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy. The phase composition in the Lavrion sample is complex, including both the presence of nanominerals (Sb-sulfosalts, namely diaphorite-type [Ag3Pb2Sb3S8], in the size range of 10-500 nm) and Ag+ incorporated into the galena structure at concentrations between 0.11 and 1.83 wt%, as determined by TEM-EDS. In contrast, TEM analysis of the Chalkidiki galena revealed no Ag-bearing phases at the nanoscale, unlike in the case of Lavrion. Further investigation attempted via synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Ag+ both within the galena and in Sb-sulfosalts with which the galena phase is associated at the macroscopic and micron scales. Therefore, it is concluded that in Lavrion galena, silver occurs both as diaphorite nanoparticles and as Ag+ incorporated into PbS following a coupled substitution mechanism (Ag++Sb3+<-> 2Pb2+), while in galena from the Chalkidiki mine, the absence of other metals and metalloids at the nanoscale suggests that Ag appears to be either close to Ag0 or, more likely, related to a PbS-Ag2S solid solution.
New microchemical and mineralogical data of three historical Italian falls (Alfianello, Monte Milone, and Siena meteorites) are presented here. These three meteorites have been scarcely studied and are amenable to being reinvestigated to update/confirm their classification, in particular looking for possibly overlooked shock features. A petrographic thin section containing fragments of the selected meteorites was provided by the Natural History Museum of the University of Firenze (Firenze University Museum System) and has been studied by optical and electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and electron microprobe (FE-EMPA). The data collected led to the following classification: Alfianello: L6, S5, W0; Monte Milone: L5, S1, W0-1; Siena: breccia LL 3-6, S1, W01. Unlike previous studies, our new investigations revealed that the Alfianello sample displays the presence of ringwoodite (high-pressure polymorph of olivine), whereas the presence of maskelynite (diaplectic glass after plagioclase) was confirmed.
The Jurassic Karaburun deposit of the Central Pontides represents one of the largest known volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) systems in Turkiye, comprising similar to 125 Mt of ore with average grade 1.16 wt% Cu, 0.25 wt% Zn, and 0.05 wt% Co. Mineralization is hosted by low-grade greenschist-facies rocks of the Cangaldag Metamorphic Complex (CMC), where volcaniclastic and detrital successions interlayered with deep-marine sediments are intruded by mafic dikes and sills. Ore occurs mainly as stratiform, sheet-like to tabular bodies, expressed by disseminated, banded, pyritic clastic, semi-massive, and massive sulphide textures. To constrain ore-fluid evolution and metal provenance, we investigate primary fluid inclusions in ore-stage quartz and combined microthermometry with quartz delta O-18 and massive-sulphide Pb isotopes. Two-phase inclusions yield eutectic temperatures of-26 to-11 degrees C and lack clathrate formation, indicating a dominant H2O-NaCl system. Homogenization temperatures of 178-301 degrees C, corrected for similar to 160 bar hydrostatic pressure, imply trapping at 223 +/- 25 degrees C; ice-melting temperatures correspond to 1.4-11.1 wt% NaCl equiv. (mean 6.5 wt%). Moderately elevated salinity and the absence of boiling features support seawater-derived fluids modified by subseafloor circulation, with limited magmatic input. Quartz delta O-18 values (11.79 parts per thousand to 14.40 parts per thousand VSMOW) require isotopically evolved fluids, giving delta O-18(fluid) of similar to 3-6%o at FI-constrained temperatures. Pb isotope ratios (Pb-208/Pb-204= 37.463-37.751; Pb-207/Pb-204= 15.424-15.503; Pb-206/Pb-204= 18.079-18.431) are weakly radiogenic and narrowly variable, consistent with a predominately mantle-derived Pb source. Collectively, these constraints indicate formation in a Jurassic ensimatic arc-back-arc basin undergoing rifting, with chiefly seawater hydrothermal fluids modestly overprinted by magmatic volatiles.
A Microsoft (R) Visual Basic software, WinHolclas, has been developed to calculate the chemical formulas of hollandite-supergroup minerals based on data obtained from wet-chemical and electron-microprobe analyses. WinHolclas currently evaluates 12 valid mineral species using the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMMC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) nomenclature scheme for the hollandite-supergroup minerals, with the simplified general formula (A+, A2+)(M4+, M3+)8O16 in the coronadite and priderite groups. The program recalculates and estimates the chemical formulas of hollandite-supergroup species based on 16 oxygen atoms, with the option of octahedral site total of 8.00 atoms per formula unit normalization. Mineral compositions of the hollandite-supergroup are calculated based on the dominant tetravalent sixfold-coordinated cation, considering the dominant tunnel cation (A+, A2+) and the dominant charge-compensating octahedral cation (M3+, M2+). WinHolclas operates in four stages: (1) it estimates cation and anion contents provided by input chemical data; (2) it determines the dominant tunnel and charge-compensating cation in each group; (3) it assigns the hollandite-supergroup minerals to one of the two groups; and (4) it classifies the hollandite-supergroup species into an appropriate groups such as coronadite and priderite. WinHolclas allows users to: (1) enter up to 42 input variables for mineral-chemical analyses; (2) type and load multiple hollandite-supergroup mineral compositions in the data entry section; (3) edit and load the Microsoft (R) Excel files used in calculating, classifying, and naming the hollandite-supergroup minerals, and (4) store all the calculated parameters in the output of a Microsoft (R) Excel file for further data evaluations. The program is distributed as a self-extracting setup file, including the necessary support files used by the program, a help file, and representative sample data files.
Chromium (Cr) is a very important metal. In nature, Cr is present in chromium ores and the most important part is chromite. Chromite processing is done using pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies. Pyrometallurgical technology is generally done by extracting Cr into Fe and chromium alloys called FeCr and other alloys, while hydrometallurgical technology is generally done by extracting Cr into chromite oxide. In general, Cr extraction is done by 2 methods, namely aluminothermic and electrolytic methods. This shows that Cr metal is obtained through hydrometallurgical technology which is then carried out with pyrometallurgical technology in the aluminothermic process. The latest Cr extraction technology generally uses slag or waste that still contains Cr. Based on considerations regarding the increase in Cr extraction and Cr(VI) produced, the most appropriate method is liquid phase oxidation in chromite ore leaching because it is able to produce Cr extraction up to 96% without producing chromite ore processing residue (COPR) containing Cr(VI), making it possible to utilize COPR directly.
The catchment area of the Qarasu River is among the most important water suppliers to Gorgan Bay. It is located in the north of Iran, in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. This study investigates the role of geological units in the accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of the Qarasu River and Gorgan Bay. To this end, 21 samples (rock, sediment, and water) were analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The value of heavy metals in the studied samples are approximately for cobalt 1-27 (average 13 ppm), chromium 134-7 (average 88 ppm), copper 6-59 (average 32 ppm), nickel 1-76 (average 42 ppm), lead 1-49 (average 23 ppm), vanadium 8-185 (average 100 ppm), zinc 9-157 (average 99 ppm). The concentration of heavy metals progressively increases as one moves away from the river's source toward the coast of Gorgan Bay. In general, the main sources of heavy metals are the Gorgan schist and the minor Shemshak formation. Human involvement in the concentration of heavy metals in the Qarasu River and the shores of Gorgan Bay is very low to rare.
The Jizvan polymetallic ore deposit in northwestern Iran is formed by the intrusion of Oligocene igneous bodies into the Eocene pyroclastic-volcanic rocks. The Eocene volcanic rocks are basaltic trachyandesite to trachyandesite with a calc-alkaline to shoshonitic character. Intrusive and volcanic rocks from the Oligocene fall into the syenite and phonolite to trachyte domains, respectively, and are shoshonitic. The multi-element diagrams of magmatic rocks, normalized for the primitive mantle, show similar patterns to the post-collisional magmas, with some fractionation processes. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns for Eocene volcanic rocks resemble those of oceanic island basalts. The geochemical indicators for trace elements and rare earths show that the magmatic rocks were formed by partial melting of an enriched mantle source containing spinel and garnet. The diagrams identifying the tectonic setting show the formation of studied igneous rocks in the continental and post-collisional arcs. The data from microprobe analysis show that the formation temperature of biotite in syenite ranges from 650 to 850 degrees C, on the basis of the Ti versus Mg/(Mg+Fe) diagram. Thermobarometry, which is based on the composition of clinopyroxene in syenite, reveals that the formation temperature and pressure of this mineral range from 1030 to 1191 degrees C and from 1.26 to 13.27 kbar, respectively. The AlVI+2Ti+Cr versus Na+AlIV diagram shows the formation of clinopyroxene under conditions of high oxygen fugacity.
This study aims to determine the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic evolution of the Early to Middle Miocene Han & ccedil;ili Formation in the SW & Ccedil;ank & imath;r & imath;-& Ccedil;orum Basin (Ankara & Ccedil;ubuk region, T & uuml;rkiye), developed during the Neo-Tethys closure. Mineralogical, sedimentological, and geochemical properties of lacustrine sediments were analyzed by XRD, SEM, and XRF. The shallow lacustrine system is divided into four depositional phases: (1) mudstones deposited from suspended loads in shallow lakes; (2) sandy and sandy clayey dolomites representing mixed lacustrine/dry margin with seasonal fluvial influx; (3) pure and calcitic dolomites indicative of arid and drying alkaline lake; (4) freshwater limestones with caliche, reflecting humid conditions. XRD analysis identified dolomite, protodolomite, calcite, quartz, feldspar, amphibole, and clay minerals such as smectite, palygorskite, sepiolite, chlorite, and illite. The presence of protodolomite suggests early diagenetic precipitation under variable geochemical regimes preceding complete dolomitization. The occurrence of palygorskite and sepiolite suggests episodic evaporitic conditions and magnesium enrichment. Geochemical weathering indices (CIW, CIA, PIA) indicate moderate to intense chemical alteration in the source area. These findings indicate the Han & ccedil;ili Formation preserves evidence of four distinct climatic stages and documents lacustrine dynamics controlled by climatic fluctuations, regional tectonics, and sediment supply.
Ore grinding is an essential step in mineral processing, which aims to reduce ore dimension and improve recovery in separation stages. An excessive generation of fines during grinding of feldspar ore frequently limits its treatment. Most of the previous studies have focused on the analysis of ultrafine particles to allow for treatment by flotation or leaching, which costs energy and is not environmentally friendly. the present study aims to increase the yield of potash feldspar in a coarser size range (-0.5 to +0.063 mm), allowing the use of alternative, cleaner, and less energy-consuming processing techniques by optimizing the grinding parameters. Optimal recovery of feldspar using physical separation methods was achieved by modifying ball mill parameters according to particle size and employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for particles ranging from 0.5 mm to 0.063 mm. The results present a proportional relationship between weight yield and grinding time; the optimum conditions were 16 minutes of grinding with an 82.5% filling charge. The study demonstrated that feldspar ore needs similar grinding time to attain an equivalent particle size, despite if the process proceeds dry or wet, indicating no difference in grinding performance between the two modes. The ratio of fine particles markedly escalates with extended grinding, underscoring the importance of optimizing and controlling grinding time to avoid overgrinding and ensure effective size reduction.
The Tilkikoy manganese deposit is located within the Neotethyan Ankara M & eacute;lange, a major constituent of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone in northwestern Turkey. The deposit is hosted by radiolarites, which are part of a volcanic-sedimentary sequence formed during the closure of the Neotethyan Ocean. The ore bodies are predominantly strata-bound and occur in massive, banded, and layered forms within the radiolarites. The primary ore mineral is pyrolusite, accompanied by minor amounts of cryptomelane. Trace amounts of gangue minerals such as hematite, quartz, and pyrite have also been observed. Trace element discrimination diagram indicate a hydrothermal source is effective for mineralization. This interpretation is supported by high Mn/Fe ratios (ranging from 0.23 to 20.69), elevated Co/Zn (1.30) and Co/Ni (1.07) ratios, and low total rare earth element contents (Sigma REE=34.10 ppm). Additionally, the low concentrations of Cu+Ni+Co (298.65 ppm), a pronounced negative cerium anomaly (Ce/Ce*PAAS=0.57), and a high Y/Ho ratio (26.64) all point toward hydrothermal processes. Redox-sensitive elemental ratios such as Ni/Co (0.82-5.6) and V/Mo (6.7-26.5), as well as Mn*SN (-1.18-0.20) and Ceanom. (-.18), indicate deposition under oxygenated and low-salinity seawater conditions. This interpretation is further supported by low Sr concentrations (308 ppm), a CaO/(CaO+MgO) ratio of 0.49, and a Sr/Ba ratio of 0.98. In addition, the weak negative Eu anomaly (0.70) based on chondrite-normalized REE patterns, Ce anomaly (0.57), Sigma REE/Fe ratio (27.8 center dot 10(-4)) values, and Ti/V (3.9) indicating a lowtemperature hydrothermal fluids (<250 degrees C) and close to the spreading ridge environment. In conclusion, the Tilkik & ouml;y manganese deposit is interpreted to have formed from lowtemperature hydrothermal fluids related to the spreading ridge of the Izmir-AnkaraErzincan branch of the Neotethyan Ocean.
This study presents a geochemical and geostatistical analysis of the Eastern Black Sea region of T & uuml;rkiye, a critical part of the Tethyan metallogenic belt, which spans G & uuml;m & uuml;& scedil;hane, Trabzon, Giresun, and parts of Bayburt. The study aimed to assess the mineralization potential of the region for both base and precious metals, using 2,405 stream sediment samples collected across an area exceeding 2000 km2. Geochemical analysis revealed significant concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Au, with gold levels reaching up to 3,000 including traditional statistics, factor analysis, and multifractal approaches (ConcentrationNumber [C-N] and Concentration-Area [C-A]), were applied to define threshold values and identify anomalous zones. Factor analysis identified two principal associations: base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) and precious metals (Au, As), with cross-loading of Pb indicating shared mineralization processes. Kriging interpolation and multi-anomaly mapping were employed to delineate areas of interest for both gold and base metal exploration. Results revealed high Au concentrations in Demir & ouml;z & uuml; (Alucra-Giresun), Demirkap & imath; (TorulGumushane), and other areas, while Cu, Pb, and Zn enrichments were observed in regions such as G & uuml;ll & uuml;ce-Emeksen (Ya & gbreve;l & imath;dere-Giresun) and Tohumluk-Tepek & ouml;y-Ardu & ccedil;. The study demonstrated that combining factor analysis with advanced geostatistical methods, such as the M+2MAD and C-N methods, provides an effective framework for identifying prospective areas for mineral exploration. These results highlight the potential of the Eastern Black Sea region for future exploration and demonstrate the value of statistical geochemical techniques in optimizing exploration strategies.
This study presented the improvement of the qualities of organic coatings compounds in construction industry. Different amount ratios, 0-2% (w/w), of red rose petals, hazelnut shells, zinc borate, and thyme oil were added into the water-based interior organic coating. The Box-Behnken optimization technique was utilized to examine the optimum additive-containing composition of organic coatings for better qualities, using coating thickness as response for all experimental sets. R2 value of the equation as 0.9555 between 0 and 1 proved that the experimental data provided a perfect linear curve. The improvement of optimum coating rheological properties was investigated by physical tests; water absorption, impact resistance, covering ability, adhesion, and corrosion. According to Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a homogeneous and well-dispersed organic coating mixture was obtained. Moreover, it was observed that thermal degradation value for both reference and optimum organic coating compound was protected as 403.15 degrees C by Thermal Gravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA) results.
A Microsoft (R) Visual Basic software, WinCrtclas, has been developed to calculate the chemical formulas of cerite-supergroup minerals (CSM) based on data obtained from wet-chemical and electron-microprobe analyses. WinCrtclas currently evaluates 17 valid mineral species using the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMMC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) nomenclature scheme in the general formula A9XM[T7O24 & Oslash;4]Z3. The program recalculates the compositional formulas of CSM based on 28 oxygen atoms with the T-site total of 7.00 normalization option. Mineral formulas of the CSM are calculated considering the valency-imposed double site occupancy and the site total charge approach, allowing a double suffix to state the essential A constituents in the general formula. WinCrtclas operates in four stages: (1) it estimates cation and anion contents provided by input chemical data; (2) it determines the dominant cation and anion at the A, X, M, T and Z sites; (3) it assigns the CSM based on the dominant cations and anions at these sites; and (4) it classifies the species into an appropriate groups. WinCrtclas allows users to: (1) enter up to 41 input variables for mineral-chemical analyses; (2) type and load multiple CSM compositions in the data entry section; (3) edit and load the Microsoft (R) Excel files used in calculating, classifying, and naming the CSM, and (4) store all the calculated parameters in the output of a Microsoft (R) Excel file for further data evaluations.
The Kashan region is located in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic Arc (UDMA). In this area, Miocene adakitic rocks, including andesites and rhyodacites, occur as lava flows and domes. The primary mineral assemblages consist of amphibole, biotite and plagioclase, with minor alkali feldspar. Mineral chemistry analyses reveal that plagioclase compositions from andesine to oligoclase, amphiboles vary from Mg-hastingsite, tschermakite to Mg-hornblende, and biotites span from annite to phlogopite. Amphiboles show high Fe3+/(Fe3++Fe2+) ratios, whereas magmatic biotites in rhyodacites exhibit low total Al and narrow Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios, indicative of relatively oxidizing conditions. Oxygen fugacity (& fnof;O2) values range from 10-10.4 bar (0NNO+0.75, representing nickel-nickel oxide) in andesites to 10-12.3 bar (0NNO+1.7) in rhyodacites. Application of the calcic amphibole geothermobarometer indicates that amphiboles crystallized at temperatures of 791-986 degrees C and pressures of 620-800 MPa in andesites, and at 636-850 degrees C and 250-450 MPa in rhyodacitic rocks, corresponding to maximum crustal depths of 28 km. Primary biotites in rhyodacites crystallized slightly later at temperatures of 690-784 degrees C (average 712 degrees C).
In this work, a first detailed Raman spectroscopic measurement study of natural magnesiochromites from a multi-textural ophiolitic chromitite sample from Harmanc & imath;k district in north-western T & uuml;rkiye has been presented to characterize the Raman spectral features of Turkish high-Cr ophiolitic chromitites. The magnesiochromites in the multitextural chromitite sample has an almost uniform composition, with Cr2O3, Al2O3, and TiO2 contents being 62.02 wt%, 9.18 wt%, and 0.14 wt% in average, respectively. Cr#s are 0.82 and Mg#s are 0.65 in average, in the ranges that of typical ophiolitic chromitites of boninitic to arc-related affinity. Despite this uniform composition, three distinctive Raman spectra morphologies (Types I, II and III) are determined. Of these, the Type I spectra is by far the dominant. Three common main band clusters are defined (BG1, BG-II and BG-III) for all of the morphological types. The BG-I (-385-605 cm-1) and BG-II (-649-739 cm-1) are the main clusters that incorporate the high intensity and descriptive peaks and shoulders. The BG-III includes the very low intensity broad bands around 1122 to 1763 cm-1, considered as overtones of the BG-I, and BG-II. Four of the several bands in the BG-I and BG-II has been assigned to the A1g (-690 cm-1), F2g(3) (-605 cm-1), F2g(2) (-555 cm-1), and Eg (-470 cm-1) modes of spinel. Of the several un-assigned bands, the -730 cm-1 band has been interpreted to be related with the high-Cr nature of the studied sample. The variance in this band's intensity has been interpreted to be related with concomitant or post-crystallization textural arrangement and the plastic mantle deformation. This result emphasize the viability of a preliminary approach on orientation of the magnesiochromites in the ophiolitic chromitites via Raman spectroscopy, if the composition variable can be constrained.
This study aims to determine the mineral phases containing gold mineralization and other mineral indicators in two prominent deposits (West Branch and Piment) in Tasiast. This latter area is one of the major areas of the Reguibat Shield and is primarily composed of Mesoarchean rocks from the Aoueouat greenstone belt. In addition, the West Branch is hosted in meta-igneous rocks, whereas Piment is situated within meta- sedimentary rocks. The results of 55 samples collected from the cores of two boreholes show that the crossed series is composed by rocks of the types felsite (FVC), greywacke (SGW), siltstone (SVC), micaschist (MCS) and banded iron formation (BIF). Petrographic observations via polished and thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cathodoluminescence (CL) confirmed by mineralogical results were performed by means X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealed that the genesis of gold deposits in both boreholes was linked mainly to hydrothermal activity. The minerals associated with the hydrothermal deposits are biotite, muscovite, fuchsite, zoisite, staurolite, chlorite, cummingtonite, tourmaline, hornblende and garnet. They are present in variable proportions in the crossed rocks, which suffered a high degree of metamorphism. On the other hand, the genesis of gold is mostly linked to hydrothermal activity. In fact, this mineral is associated mainly with sulfides such as pyrrhotite and occasionally appears as inclusions inside pyrite and arsenopyrite. Therefore, the hydrothermal system that generated the gold mineralization was likely active under brittle and ductile deformation conditions after mild metamorphism.
Global cultural heritage is facing multiple challenges, including environmental degradation, accelerated modernization, and limited accessibility. Although immersive virtual reality (IVR) has become an important technological tool for cultural heritage preservation, existing research primarily focuses on its technical implementation, with relatively limited exploration of systematic approaches. This study adopts an interdisciplinary perspective to systematically analyze cultural heritage types and proposes protection strategies suitable for different cultural contexts. The focus is on digital reconstruction, preventive conservation, cultural transmission, and gamified virtual experiences, with the aim of effectively integrating IVR technology into cultural heritage preservation practices. By examining key elements such as technical architecture, functional modules, representative case studies, user experience, and cultural continuity, this study reveals the underlying connections between implementation strategies, contextual adaptation, experience optimization, and the sustainable preservation of cultural heritage.
