The growing restrictions of traditional CMOS scaling have prompted towards the investigation of hybrid logic architectures that incorporate new devices like memristors. This paper proposes a hybrid PMOS–memristor logic architecture utilizing 45 nm PMOS technology along-with 10 nm memristor for scalable arithmetic circuit construction. PMOS transistors placed in the pull-up network and memristors placed in the grounded pull-down network configuration to create compact and efficient logic architectures. A theoretical analysis utilizing the VTEAM model indicates that the memristor high-resistance state optimizes the trade-off between propagation delay and power consumption; as R_high increases, delay increases while power decreases, resulting in a low power–delay product that is effectively unaffected with respect to R_high . Transient simulations has been utilized to demonstrate the functionalities of the logic gates such as NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR, and other digital circuits like 2:1 multiplexer. Minimum number of the transistors and memoristors have been utilized to construct the gates like XOR, XNOR, and combined XOR–XNOR structures to reduce hardware complexity while maintaining correct functionality. The architecture is further extended to implement a Half Adder (HA), multiple Full Adder (FA) configurations incorporating a hybrid 2:1 multiplexer, and a 4-bit Carry Look-Ahead Adder (CLA). Comparative performance analysis in terms of transistor/memristor count, propagation delay, average power consumption, and power–delay product (PDP) demonstrates the improved hardware efficiency with reliable logic-level restoration.
Corneal hydration is the critical parameter which governs the corneal reflective power and transparency yet its real-time monitoring with compact and non-invasive technology remains challenge. Conventional THz spectroscopy suffers from bulky instrumentation and qualitative metrics. This proposed work presents the split ring resonator integrated polyimide based dual band antenna-based sensor for reagent free, point of care corneal hydration monitoring. The proposed antenna-based sensor is having resonance at 2.59 and 4.25 THz. The full wave simulation with three-layer cornea model consist of epithelium, stroma and endothelium exhibits a resonance shift when the stroma permittivity changes with respect to the stroma hydration level. With the constant dielectric model (εr = 2–60), the sensor achieves a maximum sensitivity of 15.5 GHz/εr and average sensitivities of 4.48 GHz/εr (Band 1) and 2.97 GHz/εr (Band 2). For the physiologically realistic double Debye model, the normalized over wide range (εr = 2–60) sensitivities 4 GHz/εr and 1.9 GHz/εr for the Band 1 and Band 2, respectively. SRR metamaterial is responsible for the strong electromagnetic interaction with the high loss stroma layer. The metamaterial characteristics is validated with the help of NRW waveguide extraction method. The dual band resonance also helps in cross validation. The proposed antenna sensor overcomes the limitation in the literature with its characteristics such as noninvasive, quantified frequency shift response, label free, compact, and dual band resonance. A point SAR analysis further supports the safe operation of the proposed THz corneal hydration sensor by confirming localized electromagnetic energy absorption under low power excitation. The present work is a proof-of-concept computational study which establishes a path towards an establishment of antenna-based THz sensor for corneal hydration monitoring which is critical in the early detection of cornea edema, dry eyes evaluation, and post-surgical tissue recovery.
Distributed sensors and an increasingly intelligent edge are helping to drive more real-time sensing and automation in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) deployments. However, operating the devices over a long period of time is still challenging as a result of energy availability uncertainty and/or limitations of traditional communication protocols. This work presents a multi-mode energy harvesting-assisted edge computing architecture, integrated with a joint optimization of energy consumption and communication behaviour, which is aimed at enhancing the sustainability, reliability and autonomy of operation in an industrial IoT context.A proposed framework brings together vibration-, thermal- and RF based energy harvesting sources while leveraging an edge-centric control approach to dynamically schedule, route, and adapt the communications parameters based on energy harvested, task urgency, and network conditions. A mathematical model is developed and implemented using a decentralized control algorithm that captures dynamics of energy harvesting, overhead of communication and task prioritization. The framework is tested on a hardware testbed made with Raspberry Pi and NS-3 simulations. The experimental results show that the proposed architecture is able to successfully provide an average of 87.6
The heart is an organ where continuity is essential. Therefore, the power supply required in a cardiac pacemaker must be designed very carefully. The study first presents an overview of the pacemaker, focusing mainly on lead configurations and programming approaches. On the basis of lead configuration, single chamber, dual chamber, and bi-ventricular pacemakers have been compared. Studies revealed that with dual chamber pacemakers, 20–30
This article addresses the need for a compact Ka-band antenna with wide bandwidth and high gain. A half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) topology is adopted for compactness, and a multi-slot stub-loaded radiating patch combined with a periodic defected ground structure (DGS) is incorporated to significantly enhance the impedance bandwidth. To further improve radiation performance, a cross-shaped artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is placed below the ground plane of the antenna to suppress back radiation and enhance broadside gain. Together, this configuration enables dual resonances at 19.1 GHz and 31.5 GHz, achieving wide impedance bandwidths of 11
Dengue fever requires sensitive Potential diagnostic tools capable of detecting subtle infection-induced changes in blood properties during the early stages of disease. This study presents a computationally designed multilayer surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor operating in the Kretschmann configuration at λ = 633 nm for label-free dengue detection using plasma, platelet, and haemoglobin samples. The proposed structure consists of a ZBLAN prism, TiO₂ coupling layer, Ag plasmonic film, BaTiO₃ overlayer, and a monolayer black phosphorus sensing interface. TiO₂ is selected to improve electromagnetic coupling because of its higher refractive index relative to ZnO, increasing the peak interfacial electric field from 248.3 kV/m to 318.7 kV/m. A 5 nm BaTiO₃ layer, maintained above its reported ferroelectric critical thickness, further increases the field to 407.0 kV/m. Layer thicknesses are optimized using a constrained DE/rand/1/bin differential evolution algorithm that simultaneously considers sensitivity, resonance linewidth, and resonance depth.Performance evaluation using the transfer matrix method and finite element simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics shows excellent agreement, with resonance angle differences below 0.05°. The optimized sensor achieves angular sensitivities of 167.69 deg/RIU for plasma, 261.82 deg/RIU for platelets, and 332.56 deg/RIU for haemoglobin, with a maximum figure of merit of 217.08 RIU⁻¹ and a signal-to-noise ratio of 7.62. A Potential diagnostic framework incorporating instrumental noise and biological variability produces signal-to-threshold ratios of 74, 287, and 389 for plasma, platelets, and haemoglobin, respectively. A multilayer perceptron surrogate model trained on 900 simulated samples achieves R² = 0.9926, enabling rapid performance prediction. All results are based on computational modelling, and experimental validation will require sensor fabrication, material characterization, and testing with clinically confirmed dengue samples.
A compact, quadrupedal, bonded-type miniature piezoelectric robot (QBMPR) that combines rapid locomotion and fine quasi-static displacement resolution was designed. A configuration for a quadrupedal bonded-type piezoelectric robot was proposed to achieve a compact structure. A driving method that combines resonance and non-resonance for miniature piezoelectric robots was proposed, enabling the robot to move rapidly while maintaining fine quasi-static displacement resolution. A prototype was developed, with dimensions of 40 × 30 × 40 mm3 and a weight of only 4.9 g, and relevant characteristic tests were conducted on it. Experimental results showed that the QBMPR had a maximum linear locomotion speed of 24 mm/s, a maximum rotational speed of 3.2°/s, a highest quasi-static displacement resolution of 290 nm, could withstand a maximum load of 5.1 times its own weight, and could move on slopes below 9°. The QBMPR combines resonant rapid locomotion and fine quasi-static displacement resolution while maintaining a miniaturized size, providing a feasible solution for applications such as transistor damage inspection and microscope focusing.
With the rapid advancement and miniaturisation of electronic devices, the global demand for efficient thermal management solutions is expected to increase significantly by 2029, necessitating more effective cooling technologies. In this regard, microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to dissipate extremely high heat fluxes within compact spaces, ensuring reliable operation and preventing overheating in high-density electronic systems. Despite these advantages, MCHS fabrication remains a significant challenge, particularly in achieving high dimensional accuracy, geometric consistency, surface quality, and repeatability, all of which directly influence thermal–hydraulic performance and large-scale manufacturability. This review provides a comprehensive examination of MCHS fabrication methods, with particular emphasis on the accuracy and quality of the fabricated microstructures. Conventional fabrication techniques, including photolithography, etching, and micromachining, are critically reviewed alongside emerging approaches such as additive manufacturing and laser sintering. The review systematically analyses dimensional deviations, surface roughness, structural defects, and fabrication-induced uncertainties reported in the literature, highlighting their implications on MCHS performance and reliability. Furthermore, this work identifies current limitations and research gaps related to fabrication quality assessment and emphasises the need for fabrication evaluation to support the development of high-precision, scalable MCHS fabrication technologies.
Piezocatalysis has emferged as a promising approach for environmental remediation, yet optimizing the charge carrier separation in perovskite nanomaterials remains a challenge. Herein, we report a novel strategy to dramatically enhance the piezo-driven detoxification of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] using transition-metal (Fe and Cu) doped SrMnO3 perovskite nanoparticles. The structural and morphological engineering induced by doping was thoroughly correlated with the catalytic performance. Williamson-Hall analysis revealed that Fe and Cu incorporation significantly increased the lattice microstrain from 6.54 × 10− 4 for pristine SrMnO3 to 8.98 × 10− 4 and 8.54 × 10− 4, respectively, which directly amplified the non-centrosymmetric structural distortion and internal piezoelectric polarization. Under ultrasonic vibration, the Cu-SrMnO3 and Fe-SrMnO3 nanoparticles achieved exceptional Cr(VI) reduction efficiencies of 92.1
In today’s modern world, there exists a need for contactless drug delivery and sampling systems to cater to medical applications by creating a sterile environment. The rise of miniaturization enables us to design highly compact integrated systems. This paper illustrates an IoT-enabled transdermal platform integrating a microcontroller-driven peristaltic micropump with a hollow stainless steel microneedle array for both controlled drug administration and body fluid sampling. The system enables remote start/stop operation and real time monitoring of the remaining drug delivery duration through web and mobile interfaces. Finite element analysis of the microneedles revealed that the stress generated during skin insertion is considerably lower than the yield strength of SS304. Experimental flow characterization showed good agreement with simulation yielding average flow rates of 0.9 µL/s in simulation, 0.73 µL/s for the standalone pump and 0.59 µL/s after integration with the microneedle array. To investigate sampling performance, glycerol-deionised water mixtures of different viscosities were employed. Stable operation was achieved in both drug delivery and sampling modes. In the drug delivery mode, the volume of DI water delivered is measured to be 0.05mL after 1 min of operation and increases to 0.4 mL at 10 min. When needle is connected to tube, Volume of DI water delivered is measured to be 0.025 mL after 1 min of operation and increases to 0.325 mL at 10 min, demonstrating a gradual stabilization and sustained pumping performance over time. Insertion experiments demonstrated complete penetration of microneedles without exhibiting bed of nails effect and diffusion studies in agarose gel confirmed successful fluid transport in tissue like phantom.
In this paper, a Schottky source/drain FinFET nano-sensor has been designed for the detection of various Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) such as Methanol (CH3OH), Ethanol (C2H5OH), Propanol (C3H7OH) and Butanol (C4H9OH). The Schottky source/drain and its Fin-shaped cavity provide superior sensing compatibility for VOC sensing via the dielectric modulation technique. The Schottky contacts established at the source electrode/silicon channel and drain electrode/silicon channel interfaces significantly reduce parasitic resistance enables faster carrier injection and transportation through the channel region, thereby enhancing the drain current. In addition, this nano-sensor has offered fast response time due to label free approach of detection. The sensing capability of this nano-sensor has been examined in terms of Ioff (OFF current) sensitivity, drain current sensitivity and switching ratio (Ion/Ioff) sensitivity. The superiority of this nano-sensor has been demonstrated by achieving maximum Ioff sensitivity and drain current sensitivity of 1 × 109 68.8
Acetone is a widely used volatile organic compound (VOC) with significant industrial relevance. However, exposure to elevated concentrations (104–105 ppm) poses serious health and safety risks due to its toxicity and flammability. Rapid and reliable detection of such high acetone concentrations remains challenging for many existing sensor technologies. In this work, we demonstrate that low-cost, commercially available, uncoated silicon microcantilevers (Si MCs) can serve as effective gravimetric sensors for high-concentration acetone monitoring with fast response under ambient conditions. The sensor exhibits two distinct sensitivity regimes across the investigated acetone concentration range, and is attributed to variations in surface site availability and progressive saturation effects. The results are further interpreted quantitatively using adsorption isotherm analysis, with the Sips model providing the best fit to the experimental data. A fast response time of 38 (± 8) s and recovery time of 100 (± 5) s were achieved, under ambient conditions. The sensors further demonstrate low hysteresis, good thermal and long term stability. These results establish the potential of uncoated Si MCs as robust and fast-response gravimetric platforms for monitoring high acetone concentrations under ambient conditions.
This research presents a novel microelectromechanical (MEMS) capacitive pressure sensor designed for continuous low-pressure measurement, particularly within the blood pressure range of 0–23 kPa. The main goal of this work is to achieve higher sensitivity and smaller size compared to conventional MEMS diaphragm sensors by introducing a new structural design. The key innovation of this study lies in the integration of a circular polysilicon diaphragm with interdigitated comb electrodes, supported by three sets of circular folded meanders arranged 120° apart. These meanders serve as flexible springs, significantly reducing edge stiffness and improving diaphragm deflection. The total device has a radius of 80 µm, while the diaphragm itself has a radius of 43 µm and a thickness of 3 µm. The diaphragm is separated from the bottom electrode by an air gap of 3 µm. Polysilicon, a common material in MEMS fabrication, is used for all structural layers. Finite element simulations have been performed in COMSOL Multiphysics to analyze diaphragm displacement, stress distribution, and modal behavior. The simulation results have been validated with analytical calculations conducted in MATLAB, showing excellent agreement between both methods. The resonant frequency of the device is 288 kHz, while the maximum diaphragm deflection at 23 kPa reaches 1.17 µm. The sensor demonstrates a mechanical sensitivity of 50.9 nm/kPa and a capacitive sensitivity of 1.38 × 10⁻5 (1/Pa). Compared with conventional fixed-edge diaphragm designs, the proposed nested folded meander structure effectively reduces stiffness, increases sensitivity, and ensures mechanical reliability, making it suitable for compact and accurate low-pressure biomedical sensing applications.
The optical analysis of Quantum Dot-Light Emitting Diode (QLED) based on CdSe is presented in this work using Finite element analysis method. The study investigates how optical confinement and emission performance is impacted by single and double layer CdSe quantum dot (QD). Strong cavity supported optical confinement is indicated by the results, which display a gaussian like spectral response with frequency peaks in the visible region ( 500–560 nm). A red shift in resonance wavelength results from increasing the thickness of the quantum dot layer, which improves alignment with CdSe emission. Orientation dependent emission is revealed via dipole analysis, alongside the X-oriented dipole which has power density of 1546 W/m2 showing a greater connection to the cavity mode. An improved light extraction efficiency at 530–560 nm is observed at the substrate region. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of several quantum dot materials shows that emission can be adjusted throughout the visible spectrum. The results suggest an approach to optimize QLED performance for optoelectronic applications possibly relevant for biosensing and advanced display technologies.
Biosensors hold great promise for identifying and evaluating a wide range of abnormalities in the body of a human. Across the world, lung cancer stands as the leading cause of death among all cancers. It accounts for the highest number of cancer-related fatalities globally, underscoring its serious impact on public health and the urgent need for improved prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies. Noninvasive diagnosis has transformed the early identification of illnesses or anomalies in medicine by identifying specific biomarkers. The bloodless diagnostic is made using fluids in the body, including urine, saliva, sweat, and exhaled breath. An ideal diagnostic system consists of a unit for processing, data analysis software, sensors for identifying multiple volatile organic compounds (VOC), and an electronic circuit for extracting signals from the sensors. In non-invasive diagnostic studies, acetone (VOC) found in human breath-out has demonstrated great promise as a biomarker for early lung cancer and disease detection, providing a quick and easy screening method. In this work, the potential of glassy carbon (GC) electrode material with a TiO _2 –ZnO–CNT sensing channel made with carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) to sense acetone is explored. This strategy produced steady and dependable progress in the creation of reasonably priced, room-temperature biosensors for VOC detection.
Highly sensitive thermal flow sensors are usually fabricated with heaters and temperature sensors on fragile membranes. To expand the application areas of such sensors, the membranes can be supported by other materials to achieve a greater robustness. However, most supporting materials degrade the sensor performance because they provide an additional heat-transfer path through the chip. This effect is also demonstrated in this work by integrating the hybrid polymer ORMOCOMP, which causes a reduction in the output signal. In this work, a new approach is proposed to realize a more robust thermal flow sensor than one with a free-standing silicon nitride membrane, while simultaneously increasing sensitivity. To this end, the porous material silica aerogel is integrated beneath the membrane to prevent deformation under external loads. The maximum loads on these membranes can be enhanced by up to 40
