Abstract: The body undergoes a complex physiological process called wound healing to restore and repair damaged or injured tissue. The physiological process of wound healing is intricate and dynamic, comprising a series of interconnected stages, including inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling, that repair injured tissues. Novel approaches, including stem cell-based therapies, biomaterials, growth factors, nanotherapeutics, 3D bioprinting, gene therapy, plateletrich fibrin therapy, microRNA-based interventions, and cold plasma technology, are used to improve wound healing. Nowadays, the potential synergistic benefits of combining these novel approaches to improve wound-healing outcomes and accelerate healing are evident in recent data. This review offers a cohesive framework for understanding recent developments in formulation strategies aimed at optimizing wound healing and how emerging technologies are revolutionizing wound management and paving the way for personalized treatment approaches.
Introduction/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance from improper antibiotic use poses a global health threat. Understanding prescribing patterns is essential to promote rational use. This study analyzed antibiotic prescribing in a tertiary care hospital using WHO prescribing indicators and the AWaRe classification. Methods: A six‑month retrospective cross‑sectional study of 150 patients assessed sociodemographic and clinical profiles. Antibiotic consumption was measured using the Defined Daily Dose (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day). WHO indicators such as average antibiotics per encounter, generic prescribing, Essential Medicines List use, injection frequency, and AWaRe categories were applied to evaluate appropriateness. results: Piperacillin and tazobactam was the antibiotic most frequently consumed (10.7 DDD/1000/day). Only 35.8% of antibiotics belonged to the Access category, while 56.1% were from the category of Watch, and prescriptions from the Reserve and Not Recommended categories were 3.7% and 4.4%, respectively. The average number of antibiotics per encounter was 1.6, adhering to WHO standards. Only 27.2% were prescribed under a generic name, while 93.5% of antibiotics were from the Essential Medicine List, and 61.8% were as injections. Results: Piperacillin‑tazobactam was most consumed (10.7 DDD/1000/day). Access antibiotics accounted for 35.8%, Watch 56.1%, Reserve 3.7%, and Not Recommended 4.4%. The average number of antibiotics per encounter was 1.6, within WHO standards. Generic prescribing was low (27.2%), while 93.5% were from the EML. Injections were frequent (61.8%). Discussion: Prescribing aligned with WHO standards for average antibiotics per encounter (1.64 vs. 2.01 in prior studies). However, injection use (61.8%) exceeds the optimal range of the WHO. EML adherence was high (93.5%), but generic prescribing was poor compared to 87.5% of another study. Access group use (35.8%) did not meet the WHO’s ≥60% target, while Watch group use (56.1%) was excessive yet comparable to other reports. Reserve and Not Recommended antibiotics were used less than in some studies. Amoxicillin‑clavulanate and piperacillin‑tazobactam were the most prescribed, with higher DDDs than comparative findings. Conclusion: Prescribing patterns did not fully comply with WHO indicators or AWaRe targets. Excessive use of watch groups underscores the need for strengthening antibiotic stewardship programs.
The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide health issue, and new approaches to treatment and drug development are needed. Gepotidacin, the first-inclass triazaacenaphthylene antibiotic, has a non-traditional mechanism of action, unlike the fluoroquinolones, by binding gyrase and topoisomerase IV, acting as a non-standard compound. This shows effectiveness against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including MDR strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is limited by its low solubility, bioavailability, and possible systemic toxicity. Delivery systems using nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid NPs, and dendrimers are promising methods for drug delivery, as they can improve solubility, protect the drug against early degradation, and enable targeted delivery via controlled release. Such platforms increase site-specific accumulation, reduce dosing frequency, and reduce off-target effects, thereby maximizing therapeutic effects and patient compliance. In addition to enhanced pharmacokinetics, nanocarrier systems may be designed for active targeting or as stimuli-responsive systems that deliver the drug in response to infection-specific indicators such as pH, enzymes, etc. In preclinical research, it is posited that nanoformulated gepotidacin displays greater antibacterial efficacy and decreased resistance. Nevertheless, despite these advancements, there are still translation issues, such as regulatory, safety, and scale concerns. This review assesses the therapeutic potential of gepotidacin and the benefits of nanocarrier-based delivery in addressing the limitations of current antibiotic treatments.
Introduction:: Surface disinfection is one of the important non-pharmaceutical intervention measures that help prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Disinfectants with an efficacy claim against Human Coronavirus strain 229E (HCoV-229E) have been used for the disinfection of SARS-CoV-2; however, the comparative susceptibility of these two viruses to chemical disinfection has not been well defined. To address this, laboratory data were generated to compare the level of inactivation of human coronaviruses HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 to a common antimicrobial agent, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), on a hard non-porous surface. Methods:: A hard surface-based Quantitative Method (QM) was used to evaluate the viral inactivation efficacy by three treatments of NaOCl against HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. For each treatment, viral inoculum containing soil load was applied onto a stainless steel carrier and dried. The inoculated carrier was exposed to NaOCl or a control fluid and held for five minutes. Following the exposure time, a neutralizer was added, and the sample was serially diluted and inoculated onto host cells to determine the number of infective units. The resulting Log10 of the density for control and treated carriers was used to generate Log10 reduction (LR) values for comparative statistical evaluation. Results:: The mean LR ± standard error (SE) for HCoV-229E was 0.96 ± 0.09 (n=10) at 500 ppm NaOCl, 2.41 ± 0.15 (n=10) at 1,000 ppm NaOCl, and 4.54 ± 0.13 (n=10) at 1,500 ppm NaOCl. The mean LR ± SE for SARS-CoV-2 was 0.91 ± 0.24 (n=4) at 500 ppm NaOCl, 1.96 ± 0.26 (n=4) at 1,000 ppm NaOCl, and 4.23 ± 0.16 (n=4) at 1,500 ppm NaOCl. Both viruses were significantly responsive to the increasing concentrations of NaOCl. HCoV-229E had slightly higher mean LRs compared to SARS-CoV-2 at each NaOCl concentration; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.067). Regression analysis using a linear mixed effects model (LMM) also indicates that the susceptibility of HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 to NaOCl is comparable. Discussion:: Understanding the antimicrobial tolerance of viruses can enhance public health response to viral infections. By determining the tolerance, the most appropriate antimicrobial agent can be chosen to disinfect surfaces contaminated with viral particles. Disinfection of highcontact surfaces can reduce the amount of fomite transmission and limit outbreaks. Conclusion:: The data suggest that HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 are statistically comparable in their susceptibility to NaOCl treatments.
Introdcution: ESKAPE pathogens, including Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., along with other major uropathogens such as Escherichia coli, represent a significant antimicrobial resistance burden worldwide. Their significant role in urinary tract infections (UTIs) poses major therapeutic challenges, particularly in resource-limited and geographically distinct settings.To assess the multidrugresistant (MDR) burden, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and prevalence of ESKAPE uropathogens isolated at a tertiary care facility in the Nilgiris region of India. Methods: Between May 2022 and June 2023, 332 culture-positive urine samples were obtained for a prospective cross-sectional analysis. The VITEK-2 Compact system and conventional microbiological techniques were used for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Resistance surveillance and alert generation were conducted using WHONET 5.6. These results led to the development and implementation of an antibiotic policy unique to the hospital as well as recommendations for empirical therapy for the treatment of UTIs. Results: 93.4% of isolates consisted of ESKAPE-associated pathogens and other major MDR uropathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.3%) and Escherichia coli (48.8%) being the most common. Ampicillin (59%), Amoxicillin (41%), Ciprofloxacin (42.8%), and Cefotaxime (60.8%) all showed high levels of resistance. Colistin (100%) and Vancomycin (100%) retained complete susceptibility. E. coli (72%), A. baumannii (50%), E. faecalis (64%), and P. aeruginosa (31%) had the highest MDR prevalence. ESBL and fluoroquinolone resistance trends were increasing, according to WHONET alerts. Discussion: The microbiological profiles revealed in this investigation are quite similar to previously reported national and international antibiotic resistance surveillance trends. Escherichia coli remained the leading uropathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and other ESKAPE organisms, patterns that closely mirror those reported by the WHO GLASS 2023–2024 surveillance summary Conclusion: The most common cause of UTIs in this area is “ESKAPE pathogens and non- ESKAPE uropathogens such as Escherichia coli”, which have a high MDR burden and considerable resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship initiatives have been reinforced, and empirical therapy has become more appropriate with the adoption of a data-driven, locally relevant antibiotic policy. To maintain treatment efficacy and slow the emergence of resistance, ongoing surveillance and regular policy revisions are still essential.
Introduction:: Gram-negative bacteria are developing resistance against most of the frontline anti-infective drugs. Aquatic environments act as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which pose a serious threat to public health, animals, and the environment. Methods:: The prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from river water and municipal wastewater from four districts of Himachal Pradesh state, India, was determined by the disc diffusion method. Phenotypic assays were used to determine the extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), and class C cephalosporinases (AmpC). Whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of a multidrug-resistant bacterial isolate, Pseudomonas protegens BSS-21, was carried out. Results:: Bacterial isolates (n = 65) belonged to ten genera, viz. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Budvicia, Buttiauxella, Citrobacter, Proteus, Serratia and Providencia. Bacterial isolates exhibited a high level of antibiotic resistance to cefazolin (69.23%), amoxycillin/ clavulanic acid (58.46%), cefoxitin (47.7%), ampicillin (41.5%), cefprozil (38.46%), aztreonam (33.85%), imipenem (29.23%), piperacillin (27.7%), cefotaxime (23.1%), ceftriaxone (21.5%) and cefuroxime (21.5%). However, resistance to other tested antimicrobials was in the lower range of 1.5% – 15.38%. Antibiotic susceptibility testing data revealed the occurrence of a multidrug-resistant phenotype in 39 isolates (60%). Phenotypic occurrence of ESBLs, MBLs, and AmpC was confirmed in 13.84%, 10.76%, and 3.07% bacterial isolates, respectively. Whole genome sequencing of P. protegens BSS-21 revealed a circular chromosome of 6251705 bp harboring ARGs (blaIMI, adeF, arnT, fosA, vanG, vanW, and yajC), virulence factors (clpV1, hsiG1, hcp1, flgC, fliA, fleN, flgI, algD, and pvdS), along with multiple transposable elements and insertion sequences. Discussion:: Multidrug-resistant bacteria exhibiting the β-lactamase phenotypes and showing the occurrence of ARGs, virulence factors, and resistance determinants were detected from river water and wastewaters of northern India. Conclusion:: This is the first report on the genomic characterization of multidrug-resistant P. protegens from the study region. These findings emphasize the need for routine monitoring and surveillance of aquatic environments as a One Health strategy for mitigating the menace of AMR. As this study has limitations of being confined to a small geographical area and whole genomic sequencing of one isolate, future explorations based on a larger study area and genomic characterization of a larger set of bacterial isolates are warranted.
Introduction: The biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a sustainable way to develop multifunctional nanoparticles. The inclusion of ZnONPs in silk fibroin (PVA)/berberine composites could influence their biomedical properties via hydrogen bonding interactions between ZnONPs and silk fibroin and electrostatic interactions with berberine molecules. Methods: L. rhamnosus was used for the synthesis of ZnONPs. Characterization of ZnONPs was performed using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis. Nanoparticles were embedded in silk fibroin (PVA)/berberine scaffolds. The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity; the DPPH assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant potential, and the in vitro scratch assay was used to test the wound-healing ability Results: The analysis revealed uniformly dispersed ZnONPs (30–50 nm) characterized by SEM. The crystalline structure was confirmed by XRD and FTIR. Antibacterial testing of the scaffolds revealed larger inhibition zones for ZnONP-integrated scaffolds against Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (18 mm) than those without ZnONP incorporation. The DPPH screening showed improved antioxidant activity (92% at 100 µg/mL). Scratch assays demonstrated a significant enhancement in the migration of fibroblasts and wound closure, reaching 98% at 48 h Discussion: The combined effects of ZnONPs and berberine improved antimicrobial activity via ROS generation and membrane disruption while enhancing antioxidant protection by reducing oxidative stress and accelerating wound healing through increased cell proliferation and migration. Conclusion: Biogenically synthesized ZnONPs integrated into silk fibroin (PVA)/berberine scaffolds significantly enhance antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties, suggesting strong potential for biomedical applications in wound care and infection control.
Introduction: The emergence and proliferation of microorganisms resistant to conventional antimicrobial agents represent one of the most significant threats to global public health. Certain pathogens have evolved resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, including those considered last-resort therapies, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and treatment complexity. The growing incidence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has rendered many standard treatments ineffective, prolonging the duration of illness, elevating healthcare costs, and increasing the risk of fatal outcomes. Methods: Multidrug Resistance (MDR) is now widespread among diverse infectious agents, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, contributing to the global burden of infectious diseases. These MDR organisms, often referred to as “superbugs,” present a formidable challenge to modern medicine. Results: Although resistance can occur naturally, factors such as inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents, suboptimal infection control practices, and inadequate sanitation significantly accelerate its development and dissemination. Discussion: The present findings emphasize the growing global challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), which has emerged as one of the most pressing threats to public health. The widespread occurrence of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) across bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites reflects the alarming adaptability of microorganisms and their ability to undermine even last-resort therapies. This has serious clinical implications, as infections caused by MDR organisms are associated with prolonged illness, increased mortality, and greater healthcare costs. Conclusion: In response to this pressing issue, the present study aims to investigate and identify potential therapeutic strategies effective against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Introduction: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) among gram-negative pathogens poses a major global threat, with limited new antibacterials approved. Cefepime/ enmetazobactam, a novel β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor, restores cefepime activity against extendedspectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales and other multidrug-resistant gramnegatives, offering an option for complicated Urinary Tract Infections (cUTIs). Methods: This narrative review synthesises phase 1–3 trials, in vitro surveillance, pharmacokinetic data, and network meta-analyses on cefepime/enmetazobactam versus comparators in cUTIs and related infections. Results: Enmetazobactam inactivates class A β-lactamases (KPC-2, CTX-M-15, SHV-1), boosting cefepime susceptibility from 2% to 98% against ESBL-Enterobacterales; activity is robust against AmpC-producers but limited against metallo-β-lactamases, OXA-types, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. In the phase 3 ALLIUM trial (n=1034), cefepime/enmetazobactam achieved superior composite cure rates versus piperacillin/ tazobactam (79.1% vs 58.9%; difference 21.2%) in cUTIs/pyelonephritis, including ESBLsubgroups. Network meta-analyses confirm outcomes comparable to carbapenems, with similar safety (mainly hepatic/infusion events). Discussion: Cefepime/enmetazobactam shows favourable outcomes as a newer agent for ESBLcUTIs compared to piperacillin/tazobactam, although evidence remains cUTI-focused with modest ESBL representation and spectrum gaps against key resistant pathogens. Pathogendirected use within stewardship is essential. Conclusion: Cefepime/enmetazobactam may contribute to AMR management for susceptible cUTIs/pyelonephritis and HAP/VAP, but its role beyond these indications will depend on further trials in high-risk ESBL/carbapenemase infections.
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical global health issue, affecting millions annually. This article examines its worldwide implications, focusing on epidemiology, economic consequences, treatment challenges, antibiotic resistance, and mitigation strategies. Methods: A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted by reviewing current literature and statistical data on the TB burden, economic impact, and emerging treatment solutions. Results: TB disproportionately affects low- and middle-income nations, particularly India, and leads to long-term financial repercussions. The rise of multidrug-resistant and rifampicinresistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) has further complicated treatment protocols, increasing costs and reducing therapeutic efficacy. However, advancements in diagnostic tools and vaccine development offer promising solutions. Discussion: Policy interventions are crucial to reducing treatment costs and preventing financial hardship caused by high out-of-pocket expenses. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure and improving access to affordable medications are necessary steps. Innovative technologies and new treatment strategies could further enhance global TB management. Conclusion: Although TB presents significant challenges, progress in diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines provides hope for its eradication by 2050. Continued international collaboration and strong policy efforts remain essential to achieving this global health goal.
Introduction: Boswellia serrata, Canarium strictum, Commiphora caudata, and Commiphora wightii (Burseraceae) have proven wound-healing and antimicrobial effects due to their rich phytochemical composition. The present study sought to prepare, compare, and assess phytochemical-enriched herbal gels of these species for wound management and anti-infection. Materials and Methods: Authentication of the bark samples was performed by drying them in the shade, followed by sequential extraction with solvents of decreasing polarity in a Soxhlet apparatus. Ethanolic extracts (with the highest phytochemical yield of 10.5%- 12.5%) were added to Carbopol 934 at 2% w/w extract and sodium alginate gel base at 2% w/w extract. Gels were tested for pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, and stability as per ICH Q1A(R2) requirements. ATR-FTIR analysis was used to verify the presence of functional groups that had bioactive constituents. Results: The gels had dermally compatible pH (6.8-7.0), viscosity (5,000-8,000 cP), and extrudability (>90%). After one month of stability test at 40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH, no substantial physicochemical modifications were noted. The spectrophotometric data were verified by FTIR spectra, which identified boswellic acids, guggulsterones, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Discussion: The best extraction solvent was ethanol, as it yielded a wide range of active metabolites due to its mid-polarity. The developed gels were found to be pharmaceutically stable and appropriate for topical delivery. Conclusion: The best extraction solvent was ethanol, which yielded a wide range of active metabolites. The herbal gels were exhibited to be pharmaceutically stable and have a promising future as topical wound treatments.
IntroductionPostoperative sepsis is a severe complication with increasing incidence in recent decades. However, data on its prevalence and risk factors in abdominal surgery remain limited. AimsThis study aimed to investigate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of sepsis in patients undergoing abdominal surgery, focusing on risk factor identification to enhance prevention strategies and optimize empirical treatment. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify the associated factors and microbiology of sepsis in patients who underwent abdominal surgery between 2019 and 2021 at a hospital in Loja, Ecuador. Materials and MethodsA retrospective case series analysis was conducted on 1, 502 adult patients. Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test and odds ratios were applied for inferential analysis. Results and DiscussionSepsis occurred in 5.8% of patients and was significantly associated with age ≥65 years, comorbidities, emergency procedures, contaminated/dirty surgeries, laparoscopic approach, ICU admission, and mortality. Lower sepsis rates were observed in patients with gallbladder/biliary tract pathology and appendicitis/peritonitis. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the predominant isolates in clinical samples and rectal swabs, frequently exhibiting multidrug resistance and beta-lactamase production. ConclusionSepsis in abdominal surgery is linked to multiple clinical and surgical factors, particularly multidrug-resistant bacteria. These findings emphasize the need for early risk stratification, perioperative infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship programs to tailor empirical treatment. The high prevalence of resistant bacteria highlights the urgency of reinforcing microbiological surveillance and optimizing antibiotic prophylaxis. Implementing these strategies in clinical practice could improve patient outcomes and reduce the economic burden of sepsis management.
According to the WHO, the rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa continues to hold a prominent position as an antibiotic-resistant priority pathogen. It is an opportunistic pathogen that is very prevalent in hospital settings and causes nosocomial infections in immunocompromised individuals. The bacterium has a large genome with nearly 6000 genes that offer high adaptability and are connected to metabolic functions, virulence factors, transport efflux, and chemotherapy and resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, particularly β- lactams, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, which is on the rise in worldwide isolates. The wide range of virulence factors available to the pathogen allows it to be flexible and adaptable, allowing P. aeruginosa to customise its response to many environmental stressors. Prolonged durations of selection pressure, along with extensive antibiotic treatment, result in broad adaptive and acquired resistance in P. aeruginosa. Due to the predominance of MDR strains, alternative and novel antimicrobial therapies are considered to be effective treatments for multidrug-resistant infections, such as hospital-acquired pneumonia, urinary tract infections, wounds, surgical sites, and infections in malignant cells. Targeting certain resistance mechanisms, many strategies and initiatives have been used to counteract the growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Enhanced efflux pump action, porin modification in the outer membrane, enzymes that inactivate or modify antibiotics, and alterations to antibiotic target sites are among these mechanisms. This review discusses the many virulence characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hospitalacquired infections as well as new treatment options, with a particular focus on carbapenemresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These advances could provide an alternative strategy for utilising combination therapy to improve the lifespan of resistant antimicrobials, as well as an outline of their efficacy in overcoming multidrug resistance for controlling Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
Current research focuses on the development and evaluation of a nanohydrogel formulation to treat scalp and beard fungal infections, common issues often linked to poor hygiene that can lead to hair loss. This formulation includes an advanced drug-delivery system that can improve local bioavailability, provide symptomatic relief, and sustain release. Scalp and beard fungal infections are difficult to manage with conventional formulations due to short residence time, poor penetration, and recurrent disease. In this research, preformulation studies were performed, including particle size analysis, melting point, X-ray diffraction, and UV spectrophotometry for characterization. Itraconazole (antifungal) and mometasone (anti-inflammatory) nanoparticle was incorporated into gel by the solvent diffusion method. The gel was formulated by using different grades of Carbopol. The formulation was optimized based on physicochemical properties, viscosity, spreadability, and drug release behaviour. Antifungal efficacy was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. The optimized formulation results in a pH of 7.01 ± 0.1, a practical yield of 98% ± 0.5, and a viscosity of 3025.76 ± 33.88. Drug content was uniform, and spreadability was optimal. The particle size of nanoparticles was assessed through SEM and FT-IR, which ranges between 60 and 200 nm. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was assessed by PXRD. The antifungal activity was evaluated using a Nano-gel Franz diffusion cell. The zone of inhibition against Tinea Capitis & Tinea barbae was found to be 23.30±0.57mm & 30.10±0.57 mm, respectively. Drug release was measured by UV-spectrophotometry. The present research addresses the limitations of conventional antifungal therapies by developing a nano-hydrogel formulation specifically targeting fungal infections of the scalp and beard. Preliminary findings support the potential of nano-hydrogel systems to reduce dosing frequency, minimize local irritation, and achieve superior therapeutic outcomes. Results of performed research indicate that the prepared IZL & MSN Nano- Hydrogel formulation has superior efficacy, long-term effectiveness, improved patient acceptability, and significant potential against beard and scalp fungal infection at lower dosages with fewer side effects compared to conventional treatments.
The 21st century has witnessed a dramatic surge in dengue pandemics, establishing it as a major global health concern. Dengue is a debilitating viral disease caused by the dengue virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family. Transmission primarily occurs through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti. The global incidence of dengue has increased dramatically in recent decades, with an estimated 390 million infections occurring annually. Clinical manifestations of dengue vary widely, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe dengue, which can be life-threatening. Despite extensive research efforts, no specific antiviral therapy for dengue exists, underscoring the critical importance of early and accurate diagnosis for effective management and mortality reduction. However, the lack of widely available and reliable diagnostic tools, particularly in resource-limited settings, poses a significant challenge. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of dengue, encompassing its virology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and the latest advancements in diagnostic techniques. We delve into both conventional methods, such as serological and molecular tests, and emerging diagnostic approaches. Furthermore, we discuss current management strategies for dengue, including supportive care, vector control measures, and ongoing efforts in vaccine development. In conclusion, effectively combating dengue necessitates a multifaceted approach involving continuous research and development of innovative diagnostic tools, effective antiviral therapies, and the realization of a safe and effective vaccine.
Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) are a significant global health issue due to delayed healing, infections, and high amputation risk. Conventional therapies often fail due to impaired angiogenesis and poor infection control. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The focus was on the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles (organic, inorganic, nanofibers, nanogels, nanoemulsions, and nanocomposites) in the healing of DFU. Studies were selected based on relevance, recentness (last 5 years), and experimental or clinical validation. Nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced drug delivery, antimicrobial effects, angiogenesis promotion, and anti-inflammatory actions. Silver nanoparticles, VEGF-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, and antioxidant nanomaterials showed accelerated healing and reduced oxidative stress in preclinical studies. Nanotechnology addresses the multifactorial challenges of DFUs more effectively than traditional methods. Despite promising outcomes, barriers such as clinical translation, toxicity, and regulatory approval remain. Nanoparticles offer a promising future for DFU therapy by improving healing outcomes. However, clinical validation and safety assessments are crucial for the successful translation of findings into practice.
Tuberculosis remains a major global health concern, particularly with the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, necessitating the development of new therapeutic agents. A novel series of quinoline-isonicotinohydrazide derivative scaffolds, representing a versatile class of heterocycles, was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for structural, pharmacokinetic, and antitubercular potential via spectral characterization and in silico studies. A novel series of N-(2-(2-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)-4-oxothiazolidin-3- yl) isonicotinamide derivatives (4a–4e) were designed, synthesized, and structurally characterized using IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectrometry. In silico studies were performed using molecular docking (GLIDE, Schrödinger Suite) against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns, DESMOND) were conducted to assess complex stability. ADME and pharmacokinetic properties were predicted using SwissADME. All synthesized compounds displayed favorable docking affinities (–8.7 to –9.6 kcal/mol), significantly stronger than isoniazid (–5.6 kcal/mol). Compound 4b exhibited the highest binding energy (–9.6 kcal/mol), comparable to the native inhibitor (–9.8 kcal/mol), supported by stable RMSD values during MD simulations. ADME profiling indicated compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five, acceptable physicochemical parameters, and promising oral bioavailability. Compounds 4c and 4d demonstrated high gastrointestinal absorption and CYP enzyme inhibition potential, while compound 4e showed a balanced pharmacokinetic profile with no major toxicity alerts, highlighting it as the most promising lead. The synthesized compound 4d exhibited the strongest interaction with a binding energy of –9.9 kcal/mol and maintained its orientation within the binding site, as confirmed by RMSD values. In silico metabolic analysis indicated that compounds likely underwent phase I and II biotransformations primarily via hepatic enzymes. Physicochemical parameters, including molecular weight, topological polar surface area (TPSA), and hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, were within acceptable ranges, supporting oral bioavailability. The synthesized quinoline-isonicotinohydrazide derivatives, particularly compounds 4b, 4d, and 4e, possess strong binding interactions with InhA and exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic properties. These findings suggest their potential as lead scaffolds for the development of next-generation antitubercular agents, warranting further biological evaluation.
Mpox, also known as monkeypox, is a zoonotic virus belonging to the orthopoxvirus genus. Predominantly, it is found in Central and West Africa, and the virus has emerged as a global health concern due to recent outbreaks. Mpox presents with symptoms similar to smallpox, including fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy, but is generally less severe. Transmission occurs through contact with infected animals, humans, or contaminated surfaces. Understanding Mpox morphology, transmission dynamics, and clinical symptoms is crucial for effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by the Mpox virus, an Orthopoxvirus primarily infecting small mammals. Historically endemic to Central and West Africa, Mpox has emerged globally in recent years, likely linked to the cessation of smallpox vaccination programs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on Mpox, focusing on its molecular biology, epidemiological trends, and therapeutic strategies to address recent global outbreaks. The review integrates data from recent case studies, epidemiological reports, and clinical trials to examine the virus's genetic diversity, modes of transmission, and global spread. Additionally, it explores the efficacy and accessibility of vaccines and antiviral treatments, with particular attention to challenges in low-resource settings. Analysis highlights the global Mpox outbreak from 2022 to 2023, during which 1,285 confirmed cases across 28 non-endemic countries were reported. This outbreak emphasizes the virus's capacity for global spread, its clinical manifestations, and the effectiveness of available treatment options. The review also identifies gaps in understanding Mpox’s genetic evolution and treatment scalability. This review underscores the critical need for further research into Mpox's transmission mechanisms, genetic evolution, and therapeutic approaches. Addressing challenges related to vaccine distribution and antiviral access, particularly in low-resource settings, is essential for managing future outbreaks effectively.
The bioactive constituents found in herbal medicines play a crucial role in their therapeutic effects. Crataeva nurvala is a well-known medicinal plant, traditionally used for the treatment of kidney and bladder-related ailments. In Ayurveda, its bark has been employed for over 3,000 years as a natural remedy for various kidney disorders. In this research article, the ethanolic bark extract of Crataeva nurvala was characterized through physical evaluation, preliminary phytochemical screening, LCMS, FT-IR, and HPTLC analyses, along with assessments of its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The extraction process was performed using petroleum ether, and 150g of weighed Crataeva nurvala powdered bark was carried out in a Soxhlet apparatus for 36 hours. The extraction was completed by putting one drop from a thimble onto a filter paper that exhibited no oil spots. The bark marcs were removed and allowed to dry before being individually exposed to a 24-hour hot extraction process using 90% ethanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The solvent was vaporized and concentrated to produce a dry residue after the extraction. LC-MS analysis identified several major phytoconstituents in the ethanolic extract, including scoulerin, formononetin, L-carnosine, resveratrol, flavanone, quercetin, kaempferide, rhamnetin, daidzein, and isorhamnetin. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed characteristic peaks corresponding to various functional groups present in the extract. HPTLC studies confirmed the presence of active compounds, such as lupeol and gallic acid. Phytochemical screening of Crataeva nurvala bark extract further detected saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, and tannins. This study also demonstrated notable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities associated with the plant extract. It can be concluded that Crataeva nurvala bark contains numerous bioactive compounds, making it a valuable plant for phytopharmaceutical applications. The ethanolic extracts of Crataeva nurvala bark demonstrated significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. For the first time, LC-MS and HPTLC analyses revealed high contents of L-anserine nitrate, resveratrol, flavanone, chlorogenic acid hemihydrate, quercetin, kaempferide, isorhamnetin, rhamnetin, gallic acid, and lupeol, which likely contribute to these biological effects. Additionally, the study suggests that the ethanolic extract may possess antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-obesity properties due to the presence of 16 phytochemical compounds identified by LC-MS. Fluorescent analysis of the bark powder showed characteristic coloration upon exposure to various chemical reagents, supporting the presence of diverse phytochemicals. Preliminary phytochemical screening further confirmed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, glycosides, and tannins in the ethanolic bark extract.
