Ukraine’s ICT sector remains one of the most promising industries in the country, as it continues to grow and develop despite difficult economic and political conditions. Through comparative analysis, this paper evaluates Ukraine's ICT sector performance and competitiveness within the region. The conducted research confirms the proper development of the ICT infrastructure, human capital and ICT services export by Ukraine’s ICT sector. However, there has been a decline in Ukraine's scientific and research activities, in particular, a reduction in the number of scientists and ICT patents issued, a decline in GERD as a % of GDP and the volume of high-tech exports. We noted that the main competitive disadvantage of Ukraine’s ICT sector is opaque and ineffective domestic legislation on the protection of property rights, combating corruption, ensuring economic freedoms, etc., which in turn prevents the ICT sector of Ukraine from strengthening its own competitive advantages and reduces its investment attractiveness. Finally, we emphasized the need for a multilateral approach to restructuring Ukraine’s ICT sector, taking into account domestic legislation update, strengthening security measures to protect the ICT infrastructure, and further development of highly qualified human capital for the ICT sector.
Non-farm sectors have gradually evolved to play a major role in Indian economy. Its expansion arose from the structural transformation of the economy from agrarian to industrial, and then to a service-dominated environment, with occupational distribution changing in lockstep. Though, slightly different in Indian scenario where services preceded industries. The present work focused on the understanding the determinants of growth of rural non-farm sector employment in India taking the case of Bihar using 442 sample households. Binary Logistic Regression Model has been used to study the role of age, education, landholding, and source of income in motivating the household to take up non-farm employment. The results indicate, land holding and source of income to be significant while age and education are insignificant variables.
En este Informe de Economia de Espana y Europa en 2021 analizamos algunos problemas de la economia espanola como son el estancamiento del salario real medio y de la productividad en el periodo 1995-2021. Presentamos un resumen de las principales causas que ocasionan este estancamiento en comparacion con algunos de los principales paises de la OCDE: Estados Unidos, Alemania y Francia. Destacamos la importancia que tiene recuperar el nivel de produccion industrial real por habitante de Espana, que ha disminuido especialmente desde 2008. Las dificultades de recuperacion, aparte de la crisis actual provocada por la pandemia del ano 2020 y el desabastecimiento de algunos productos del comercio internacional en 2021, se deben fundamentalmente a falta de apoyo de las politicas industriales de Espana y de la Union Europea. Esta falta de apoyo, en contra de las demandas ciudadanas, se debe a insuficiencia de la calidad democratica en ambos casos. Espana presenta un nivel de satisfaccion con el Gobierno inferior a la media europea, y muy alejado de los paises con mayor nivel. Ello se debe a que los objetivos de democracia y concordia que los ciudadanos esperaban de la Constitucion Espanola de 1977, se han deteriorado debido a varios errores del sistema electoral que contribuyen a la crispacion partidista. Espana ha perdido posiciones en desarrollo economico y calidad de vida, pero tiene recursos humanos y capacidad de superacion. Se incluyen Anexo de demandas de calidad en Espana y de calidad de vida en Europa. In this Report on the Economy of Spain and Europe in 2021 we include reference to some of the main problems of the Spanish economy, such as the stagnation of the average real wage and productivity in the period 1995-2021. We present a summary of the main causes of this stagnation compared to some of the main OECD countries: the United States, Germany and France. We highlight the importance of recovering the level of real industrial production per inhabitant of Spain, which has decreased especially since 2008. The difficulties of recovery, apart from the current crisis caused by the pandemic of 2020 and the shortage of some products of international trade in 2021, they are mainly due to a lack of support from the industrial policies of Spain and the European Union. This lack of support, contrary to citizen demands,elopment, is due to insufficient quality of democracy in both cases. Spain presents a level of satisfaction with the Government that is lower than the European average, and far removed from the countries with the highest level. This is due to the fact that the objectives of democracy and harmony that citizens expected from the Spanish Constitution of 1977 have deteriorated due to various errors in the Spanish electoral system that contribute to partisan tension. Spain has lost positions in economic development and quality of life, but it has human resources and the ability to improve. We highlight some of the main measures that can drive such development.
In this Report on the Economy of Spain and Europe in 2021 we include reference to some of the main problems of the Spanish economy, such as the stagnation of the average real wage and productivity in the period 1995-2021. We present a summary of the main causes of this stagnation compared to some of the main OECD countries: the United States, Germany and France. We highlight the importance of recovering the level of real industrial production per inhabitant of Spain, which has decreased especially since 2008. The difficulties of recovery, apart from the current crisis caused by the pandemic of 2020 and the shortage of some products of international trade in 2021, they are mainly due to a lack of support from the industrial policies of Spain and the European Union. This lack of support, contrary to citizen demands,elopment, is due to insufficient quality of democracy in both cases. Spain presents a level of satisfaction with the Government that is lower than the European average, and far removed from the countries with the highest level. This is due to the fact that the objectives of democracy and harmony that citizens expected from the Spanish Constitution of 1977 have deteriorated due to various errors in the Spanish electoral system that contribute to partisan tension. Spain has lost positions in economic development and quality of life, but it has human resources and the ability to improve. We highlight some of the main measures that can drive such development.
“Open Innovation” has proved to be a successful concept that can facilitate technological development of industries. Though the Open Innovation Model and the challenges of its implementation have been widely researched, there is a lack of studies that deal with the openness to external innovation in major oil and gas companies. The objective of this research was to study major oil and gas companies’ openness to external sources of innovation. The authors focused on the role of RD regional specificities had a great impact on R&D networks as companies in North America and Western Europe had higher R&D internationalization ratio than in Russia and China. It was concluded that venture funding was an inclusive tool for expanding innovation funnel suitable for smaller companies with low R&D expenditures.
en este trabajo se analiza la evolucion del impacto ambiental de Argentina en el periodo 1990-2017, lo que permite estudiar las diferencias entre la fase extractivista y la neoextractivista de la economia argentina. Para ello, se utilizan indicadores de consumo de materiales obtenidos a traves de la metodologia del Analisis de Flujos Materiales, combinados con indicadores monetarios, lo que permite analizar de forma secundaria la dependencia externa. Los resultados muestran que tanto el impacto ambiental no ha dejado de crecer en todo el periodo, por lo que las diferencias entre ambos modelos no son significativas en terminos ambientales. Ademas, Argentina presenta problemas para equilibrar su balance comercial monetario cuando los precios de las commodities no son favorables, al tiempo que mantiene una posicion netamente exportadora en terminos fisicos. Esto dificulta la diversificacion economica intersectorial y obliga a mantener un modelo economico que lleva a la absorcion de un importante impacto ambiental del resto del mundo. this paper analyses the evolution of Argentina's environmental impact in the period 1990-2017, which allows us to study the differences between the extractivist and neo-extractivist phases of the Argentinean economy. To do so, we use material consumption indicators obtained through the Material Flow Analysis methodology, combined with monetary indicators, which allows for a secondary analysis of external dependence. The results show that the environmental impact has not stopped growing throughout the period, so that the differences between the two models are not significant in environmental terms. Furthermore, Argentina has problems balancing its monetary trade balance when commodity prices are not favourable, while maintaining a net export position in physical terms. This makes inter-sectoral economic diversification difficult and forces Argentina to maintain an economic model that leads to the absorption of a significant environmental impact from the rest of the world.
El presente trabajo analiza el caso de la aglomeracion manufacturera de cuero de Quisapincha, provincia de Tunguragua (Ecuador) buscando determinar si presenta las caracteristicas del distrito industrial marshalliano-becattiano, identificado en la experiencia Prato. Los resultados muestran que Quisapincha se encuentra todavia en un estado de desarrollo distrital embrionario, donde no existe una “atmosfera industrial” que produzca “eficiencia colectiva”, con un panorama casi ausente de iniciativas de subcontratacion y sin apoyo institucional adecuado. Sin embargo, su evolucion podria revertirse mediante procesos de integracion vertical y horizontal, liderados por un potencial agente coordinador (en italiano Impannatore), representado por la empresa Curtiembre Quisapincha.
espanolEl articulo resalta la necesidad de elaborar un indicador de calidad del empleo diferenciado por genero, enmarcado en el concepto de trabajo decente (OIT) y en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles (ODS) 8 y 5 (ONU), recuperando la idea de que es un derecho, segun lo establecido en Pacto Internacional de los Derechos Economicos, Sociales y culturales. Ello responde a las diferentes problematicas a las que se enfrentan mujeres y hombres en el mercado laboral y a las distintas necesidades que presentan en materia de politicas socioeconomicas. Se hace una estimacion del indice para Espana, observando las diferencias entre la calidad del empleo por sexo EnglishThis paper highlights the need to elaborate a quality indicator of employment differentiated by gender, framed in the concept of decent work (ILO) and in 8 and 5 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (UN), remembering the idea that it is a right, as established in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This responds to the different problems faced by women and men in the labour market and to the different needs they present in terms of socio-economic policies. An estimate index is made for Spain, where it is possible to observe differences between the quality of employment by sex
This paper considers the evolution of unemployment and occupation rates, per gender and level of education, in Spain and Portugal, based on the “Labour Force Survey” microdata from 2006 to 2016. The document analyses self-employed and employee rates, contracts (permanent vs temporary) and the distribution of education levels according to gender. The main results suggest that, in the period analysed, these rates have evolved similarly in Portugal and Spain and that, despite the economic crisis, the training and education levels of workers have increased
espanolLa presente investigacion tiene por objetivo evaluar el impacto de la omision simulada, total o parcial, de la actividad minera en la economia mexicana. La hipotesis es que la mineria, por su naturaleza extractiva, presenta escasos impactos de omision en el mercado interno. Los resultados muestran la importancia de la omision de un conjunto de actividades economicas desagregadas a tres digitos bajo el Sistema de Clasificacion Industrial para America del Norte en especifico del subsector 212 de Industria de Minerales Metalicos y no Metalicos. Por ultimo, la investigacion busca explorar alternativas de indole sectorial tendientes a la diversificacion del mercado interno que redunden en crecimiento y desarrollo economicos EnglishThe purpose of this research is to evaluate the simulated omission impact, total or partial, of mining activity at Mexican economy. The hypothesis is that mining, due to its extractive nature, has few omission impacts in the domestic market. The results show the omission importance of three digits economic activities disaggregated set under the North America Industrial Classification System, specifically subsector 212 of the Metal and Non-Metallic Minerals Industry. Finally, the research seeks to explores sectoral alternatives in order to diversify the internal market that result in economic growth and development
espanolEste articulo estudia los determinantes de un indice de registros de politica neoliberal (IPONE) en los programas electorales de diez economias durante el periodo 1980-2015. Se estiman varios modelos econometricos que relacionan el indice IPONE con la variables de ubicacion politica izquierda-derecha (RILE) y varias variables economicas. El estudio se complementa con un examen descriptivo (macro y meso) del indice IPONE. Se parte de la hipotesis de que las organizaciones financieras internacionales tienen mas poder dentro de las economias que el que ostentan los partidos politicos gobernantes, y que tanto los partidos de izquierda como de derecha aplicaron el modelo neoliberal promovido y defendido por dichas instituciones. Se muestra una relacion positiva y significativa entre la variable RILE e IPONE, de forma que la ubicacion mas a la derecha en general implica mayor valor de IPONE. Los programas del periodo analizado evidencian convergencia entre partidos en terminos de politica neoliberal. EnglishThis article studies the determinants of an index of neoliberal policy records (IPONE) in the programsof ten economies during the period 1980-2015. This analysis is carried out underthe estimation of econometric models. The study is complemented by a descriptive examination (macro and meso) of the IPONE index. It is based on the hypothesis that the international financial organizations have more power within the economies than the one held by the ruling political parties, and that both the left and the right political parties applied the neoliberal model promoted and defended by these institutions.It is shown a positive relationship between RILE and IPONE, with lower values of IPONE for the left than for the right. The programsof the analyzed period show convergence between parties in terms of neoliberal policy
This paper highlights the need to analyse the quality of employment differentiated by gender, framed in the debate launched by United Nations on interactions between Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) –in this case, SDG 8 for decent work, and SDG 5 for gender equality -.The analysis is focused on the European Union from 2000 (the starting year for the Lisbon Strategy) to 2017 (when the European Pilar of Social Rights was launched). To this purpose, a multidimensional index, built on with six partial indexes, and with a gender perspective, is used.
Debido a la importancia de conocer la existencia de la relacion entre las variables actividad laboral femenina y fecundidad, para definir politicas economicas para un mercado de trabajo mas igualitario y sostenible, el presente trabajo hace una aproximacion al analisis de causalidad entre la tasa de participacion femenina y la tasa global de fecundidad en 24 entidades territoriales en Colombia (23 departamentos y Bogota Distrito Capital), utilizando el test de Granger para el periodo 2001-2018. Los resultados reflejan la heterogeneidad socioeconomica de los departamentos de Colombia al encontrar que entre las variables no existe relacion causal Granger en ninguno de los dos sentidos para el 50% de los territorios analizados, lo que sugiere que factores exogenos comunes podrian afectar a ambas variables. To have a better understanding of the relationship between female labour-force participation and fertility rate is key to define and economic policies for creating a more equal and sustainable labour market. For this reason, in this paper we analyse the causality relationship between fertility rate and female labour-force participation rate in Colombia (for 23 departments and Bogota Capital District) using the Granger’s causality test for the period 2001-2018. The results reflect the regional cultural heterogeneity in Colombia by not finding a clear pattern on the existence and the direction of the Granger causality. In general, there is no Granger causal relationship in either direction for 50% of the analysed territories, suggesting that common exogenous factors may affect the evolution of both variables.
En esta investigacion estudiamos el impacto del aumento de los salarios minimos sobre la reduccion de la desigualdad de ingresos en Sudamerica. Si bien los dos fenomenos coindicen en 2002-2011, los resultados del modelo de panel aplicado muestran que la mejora del salario minimo si tuvo un impacto sobre el aumento de los salarios mas bajos, principal fuente de reduccion de la desigualdad, aunque fue minimo. El impacto fue limitado por los altos niveles de informalidad, que posicionan al salario minimo en los deciles intermedios, limitando el cumplimiento de la normativa laboral en los deciles en peor condicion de pobreza. In this research, we study the impact of the minimum wages increase on the reduction of income inequality in South America. While the two phenomena coincide in 2002-2011, the results show that the impact of the minimum wages increase on the lowest wages, the main source of the reduction of inequality, existed, although it was minimal. The analysis calls for reducing informality for a better labor law enforcement to ensure that the minimum wage increase can have a real and meaningful impact on lower wages.
En este trabajo estudiamos los patrones de especializacion productiva regional en Argentina y su evolucion entre 1996-2014. La metodologia es descriptiva y se basa en el calculo de indicadores de especializacion relativos, a partir de datos del total del empleo asalariado registrado provincial. Los resultados indican que las especializaciones de las provincias centrales corresponden al sector industrial y se vinculan a la presencia de economias de aglomeracion y capacidades tecnologicas, mientras que los perfiles de las provincias perifericas dependen de la dotacion de recursos naturales y, en ciertos casos, de politicas de promocion industrial.
espanolEn la grave situacion economica actual, derivada de la paralizacion y/o reduccion drastica de la actividad economica producida como consecuencia de las medidas de confinamiento adoptadas tras la declaracion de la pandemia sanitaria por la expansion del COVID-19, el estudio de las posibilidades que las distintas economias tienen para superar esta situacion adversa puede abordarse desde distintas perspectivas. Esta crisis, a diferencia de las anteriores, esta afectada por factores de oferta, como la paralizacion de la produccion en numerosos paises, pero tambien de demanda, tanto interna como externa, lo cual esta afectando de forma importante al turismo, debido a la restriccion de movilidad y tambien al miedo que aun existe ante posibles rebrotes. Las exportaciones fueron, en crisis anteriores, una variable importante para que economias, como la de Galicia, pudieran empezar a crecer cuando la demanda interna aun no se habia recuperado.En este trabajo analizaremos el papel de las exportaciones sobre el crecimiento economico utilizando varios modelos econometricos, como la estimacion de la funcion de Cobb-Douglas ampliada, o algunas relaciones dinamicas que nos daran una estimacion del importante papel de esta variable en economias abiertas, como la gallega. EnglishIn the current severe economic situation, resulting from the cessation and/or drastic reduction of economic activity due to the containment measures adopted after the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the study of how countries can try to overcome this crisis can be approached from different perspectives.Unlike previous crises, this crisis is affected by supply factors (such as the paralysis of production in many countries) and demand factors (internal and external), which is having a major impact on tourism, not only because of mobility restrictions but also because of the fear that there is still of a resurgence.In previous crises exports were an important variable so that economies, such as Galicia, could start to grow when domestic demand had not yet recoveredIn this paper we analyse the role of exports on economic growth. We use several econometric models, such as the estimation of the expanded Cobb-Douglas production function and several dynamic models. The results will give us an estimate of the important role of this variable in open economies, such as the Galician one
The purpose of this document is to compare two different import scenarios and analyze whether there are changes in the organization of consignees or importers of pears. We use HHI to determine the structure of the imported sector. The FTPI is used to analyze the competition in the companies that export a product. In addition, the DMFA was applied to complement the coefficients described. This study provides information about trade decisions of countries interested in exporting to India and assesses the relevance of business intelligence in world trade.
This article explores the role of human capital for innovative activity of Russian high-tech companies. Taking into account the weaknesses in educational system and the last reforms, we hypothesize that high-qualified human capital have a positive impact on labor productivity of high-tech firms. At the same time we hypothesize that the last reforms of the Ministry of science and higher education have a positive impact on firms’ innovation activity in Russia. We test our ideas using “TechUspech” rating data for 2017. Our findings indicate a positive significant association between the highly qualified human capital and labour productivity of Russian innovative firms. The empirical analysis also revealed the positive impact of recent reforms of the Ministry of Education and Science on the innovation climate in the regions of the country.
In this study, we examine the degree and structure of the impact of exchange rate change and volatility on tourist arrival in India by using Quantile Regression Analysis (QRA) during January 1990 to March 2015. The study made the use of inbound tourist arrival as the dependent variable and world GDP per capita, nominal Indian Rupee/US Dollar exchange rate and exchange rate volatility as the independent variable. We have studied the impact of exchange rate on tourist arrival in the world and top 10 counties context. As far as impact of exchange rate change is concerned, the results are contrasted with both the measures of tourist arrival. In the case of total tourist arrival in India, the impact is positive which means deprecation (appreciation) of domestic currency has a positive (negative) in normal to bad phases of tourist arrivals. But in case of top ten countries, deprecation (appreciation) of domestic currency, the impacts tourist arrival at extreme good and bad phases negatively (positively). However, for these top ten countries, the per capita income of the respective countries is much more important as it has a strong positive impact on all conditions of tourist arrival. Similar impact is observed for exchange rate volatility too. Further, the impact of exchange rate both change and volatility is found asymmetric at different condition of tourist arrival from top ten countries. So, the same tourism policy may not work in all the situations. Thus, the policy makers should come out with suitable tourism policy appropriate for different conditions of tourist arrival.
The issue of inequality has known a wide debate recently in Morocco. It is considered as one of the most outstanding obstacles to the development of the country. These inequalities constitute an important source of regional imbalance in the whole field, including health, specifically the field of disability. The aim of this paper is to develop a map of disability in Morocco while evaluating its socioeconomic determinants taking into consideration the spatial context. The data are taken from the 2014 GCPH. Our results suggest that the phenomenon of disability is a geographical phenomenon since it is unequally distributed over the Moroccan territory. Our analyzes also showed that the level of education, the participation rate, the type of housing and the size of the household have an impact on the prevalence of disability. We provide geographic targeting policies to reduce regional disparities in term of disability.
