Во македонскиот јазик под поимот скратеници се подразбираат акроними, односно зборови добиени со скратување на зборовите што го сочинуваат повеќекомпонентното име, наслов или назив. Како посебна јазична категорија, тие треба јасно да се разграничат од абревијациите, кои претставуваат скратени облици на одделни зборови и најчесто се употребуваат заради заштеда на време и простор при пишувањето и комуникацијата. Во овој труд е направен опсежен преглед на практиката на употреба на акроними во стручната и научната литература по хемија на македонски јазик.
Oilseed cakes are significant by-products of the oil-processing industry with considerable potential for further valorization. This study systematically investigated the effects of genotype (NS Zlatka and NS Slatka) and oil extraction method (Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane versus cold pressing) on the nutritional composition, techno- and bio-functional properties of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) seed cake. Basic nutritional parameters, water and oil absorption capacities, as well as gelling, foaming, and emulsifying properties, were evaluated. The results demonstrated that both genotype and oil extraction method significantly affected the composition and techno-functional properties of camelina seed cake (p < 0.05). Cakes obtained using Soxhlet extraction exhibited higher protein (41.80–42.50 %) and ash (6.11–6.32 %) contents, along with enhanced water (573–699 %) and oil (218–244 %) absorption capacities. In contrast, the resulting cold-pressed cakes retained a higher proportion of residual oil (14.80–16.20%). Although total phenolic content was relatively similar among samples (approximately 0.55 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry matter), the qualitative and quantitative composition of individual phenolic compounds varied markedly depending on genotype and oil extraction method. The cold-pressed cakes, particularly the NS Zlatka genotype, were characterized by high gallic acid content (140.58 mg/100 g dry matter) and the most pronounced antiradical activity (IC50 = 0.080 mg/ml) determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. These findings indicate that Soxhlet-extracted cakes are superior for applications requiring high protein content and hydration properties, while cold-pressed cakes from the NS Zlatka genotype offer higher antioxidant potential. This study provides a strategic basis for selecting specific genotypes and processing methods to tailor the functional profile of camelina by-products for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Two-trace two-dimensional (2T2D) correlation of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data was applied for discriminant analysis of atorvastatin calcium trihydrate raw material samples from two different manufacturers. Single-parameter trace similarity measures, such as cosine distance and Pearson's correlation coefficient, often fail to properly reflect the differences between complex two-dimensional traces containing numerous signals. The discriminant potential of asynchronous 2T2D correlation maps constructed from Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) proved exceptional for resolving overlapping bands from multiple species and revealing complementary phase composition information in raw material samples (including active pharmaceutical ingredients – APIs). Under stringent regulatory demands for quality assurance, batch uniformity, and trace impurity detection, this method provides a practical, complementary QC routine that enables rapid polymorph identification. This study demonstrates the application of 2T2D correlation analysis integrated with Raman spectroscopy and XRD as a feasible, complementary method for quality control and assurance of APIs.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different packaging gas compositions: air (AIR), 100 % N₂ (inert atmosphere, INE), and 30 % CO₂/70 % N₂ (modified atmosphere, MAP), on the quality of gluten-free vegan carrot cake stored at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C) for 35 days. Physicochemical properties, microbiological stability, and sensory characteristics of the cakes were assessed. Among the tested conditions, the MAP treatment showed the most favorable overall performance. Sensory evaluation indicated that MAP-packaged samples achieved the highest scores (4.5 out of 5) even after 35 days of storage. Microbiological stability remained within acceptable limits (< 3 log colony-forming units, cfu/g sample) under both MAP and INE, while AIR-packaged samples exhibited faster spoilage. Moisture loss was significantly reduced under nitrogen packaging (12.21–15.51 %) compared with air-packaged samples (10–25 %), further indicating improved product stability. These results demonstrate that the composition of packaging gases plays a crucial role in maintaining product quality and stability. This study underscores the significant potential of MAP for the development of new plant-based, gluten-free bakery products with extended shelf life and preserved quality.
This study examined the impact of cooperative inquiry‑based learning (IBL) using hands‑on molecular models on the learning of organic stereochemistry in a high school setting. In this approach, teacher support is minimal, allowing students to independently construct new concepts while reviewing previously acquired knowledge. The research was conducted with two parallel groups: an experimental group, which participated in the IBL interactive activities, and a control group, which followed a traditional instructional approach. The experimental group engaged in a three‑phase learning cycle of exploration, concept formation, and application. Activities were conducted through cooperative small‑group work, encouraging students to discuss ideas and compare molecular structures. Students constructed and analyzed 3D models of organic stereoisomers, applying their observations to formulate rules for different types of stereoisomerism and to visualize molecular structures more effectively. After completing the activities, students completed a questionnaire regarding their attitudes and experiences, as well as a knowledge test. The questionnaire revealed that students found the activities motivating, useful, and accessible, highlighting increased engagement, improved conceptual understanding, and a preference for interactive model‑based approaches over traditional lectures. Both groups completed a knowledge test, and the results showed that the experimental group scored significantly higher. Statistical analysis confirmed that these differences were statistically significant. These findings indicate that cooperative IBL using hands‑on molecular models is an effective teaching strategy for improving conceptual understanding, mastery of stereochemical concepts, and the development of higher-order thinking. Moreover, students demonstrated an enhanced ability to apply learned concepts and terminology in new and more complex contexts, indicating a deeper and more lasting understanding of the material.
Metformin hydrochloride (MHCl) is administered at high doses and requires robust formulation strategies to balance rapid drug availability with controlled-release performance. This study applied a Quality by Design (QbD) framework to develop immediate-release (IR) and prolonged-release (PR) MHCl granules and to evaluate the impact of binder selection on product quality and release behavior. Formulations were produced via wet granulation using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), gelatin, and pregelatinized starch 1500 as binders. PR granules were further coated with Eudragit® RS/RL using a fluid-bed process. Risk assessment tools (Ishikawa and FMECA) guided the identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs), critical material attributes (CMAs), and critical process parameters (CPPs). Compatibility studies confirmed the absence of drug–excipient interactions. All IR formulations demonstrated rapid dissolution (> 90% release within 5 min). Uncoated PR granules exhibited partial release control, while coated formulations showed binder-dependent differences in particle size distribution and dissolution performance. The gelatin-based PR formulation provided the most consistent release profile and the closest alignment with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) extended-release criteria, as it demonstrated low variability and minimal intermediate-point deviations. The study confirmed that binder selection was a high-impact critical material attribute for achieving robust prolonged-release MHCl granules within a QbD-driven development strategy.
A microwave-assisted green synthesis route was employed to fabricate a nickel foam–reduced graphene oxide–nickel(II) sulfide (Ni foam–rGO–NiS) nanocomposite using Coccinia grandis leaf extract as the bio-reducing and stabilizing agent for supercapacitor applications. The Ultraviolet - Visible (UV) spectrum revealed an absorption peak of 239 nm (rGO) and 313 nm (NiS), confirming the formation of a composite that facilitates efficient electron transfer between the two components, potentially reducing the band gap energy. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR) confirmed successful loading of NiS nanoparticles onto rGO, with associated phytochemical functional groups acting as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns validated formation of hexagonal NiS and reduction in the sheet structure of rGO, thereby elucidating the nature of the nanocomposite. The average crystallite size, estimated using the Debye–Scherrer equation, was approximately 2–5 nm (NiS) and approximately 30.4 nm (rGO). The surface morphology of the nanocomposite displayed an exfoliated wrinkled sheet structure, with NiS particles uniformly dispersed throughout. Elemental analysis verified that the material had achieved the expected purity levels, with no detectable impurities, while the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) indicated a particle size of approximately 100 nm in solution. The Ni foam–rGO–NiS electrode demonstrated significantly enhanced electrochemical performance. Cyclic voltammetry conducted at the same scan rate revealed intense redox peaks, thus confirming pseudocapacitive behavior. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated low charge-transfer resistance with high electrochemical activity. This electrode achieved a high specific capacitance of approximately 633.3 F g–1 at 1 A g–1 and approximately 422.2 F g–1 at 5 A g–1, as well as exhibiting good rate capability and cycling stability, with 80–85% capacitance retention over 3000 cycles. The synergistic combination of highly conductive rGO, redox-active NiS, and porous Ni foam enhanced charge storage and transportation. The prepared green-synthesized, reduced graphene oxide–nickel(II) sulfide nanocomposite is proposed as a promising electrode nanomaterial for supercapacitor applications.
Cistanche tinctoria is a medicinal plant traditionally used for its tonic and antioxidant properties; however, its bioactive profile remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of a hydromethanolic extract of C. tinctoria, and to explore the interactions of its major phenolic compounds with enzymes involved in oxidative stress-related processes. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods, while chromatographic profiling and quantification of individual constituents were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. HPLC-PDA analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, with acteoside and chicoric acid identified as the major constituents. The extract exhibited strong radical scavenging and reducing activities. Molecular docking studies suggested favorable interactions between the major phenolic compounds and protein targets associated with oxidative stress. In addition, in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity predictions suggested acceptable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Overall, this integrated chemical and computational approach supports the antioxidant potential of C. tinctoria and highlights its value as a promising source of bioactive natural compounds.
The widespread contamination of water by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) demands the development of efficient and selective removal strategies. In this study, we use computational methods to investigate the potential of a covalently bonded "cage-of-cages" molecular architecture for PFAS sequestration, employing density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD), nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations, and noncovalent interaction (NCI) analyses. DFT calculations show stronger binding of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (–33.07 kcal/mol) relative to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (−24.63 kcal/mol), primarily driven by van der Waals and electrostatic interactions within the confined cage interior. MD simulations confirm the stable confinement of both PFAS molecules in water, while NEB calculations reveal a higher relative desorption energy barrier for PFOS (109.18 kcal/mol) compared with PFOA (99.84 kcal/mol), implying stronger retention of PFOS within the cage cavity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that hierarchical molecular cages served as promising supramolecular platforms for PFAS sequestration, offering a mechanistic computational basis for future experimental validation and rational adsorbent design.
Each year, the Macedonian chemistry team continues to reach new heights at the International Chemistry Olympiads.1-8 This year marks a historic milestone: for the first time since Macedonia began participating at the International Mendeleev Chemistry Olympiad (IMChO), the team won two bronze medals. At the same time, the team achieved its best-ever results at the International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO), securing one silver medal, one bronze medal, and one honorable mention. Even more remarkable was the performance of Mario Vančoski in the practical part of the IChO exam. His outstanding result placed him third overall in this segment, highlighting his exceptional experimental skills and placing Macedonia among the respected participants.
On October 27–28, 2025, the 16th Students' Congress of the Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia (SCTM) was successfully held at the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy in Skopje.
Ова година, по шести пат, успешно беше реализирана манифестацијата „Ноември – месец на науката“, во организација на Сојузот на хемичарите и технолозите на Македонија како координатор, со поддршка од Македонското биолошко друштво, Сојузот на математичарите на Македонија, Македонското географско друштво, Македонското еколошко друштво, Македонското и Скопското астрономско друштво, како и Природно-математичкиот факултет. Настанот се одржа на Институтот за хемија при Природно-математичкиот факултет во Скопје и понуди богата програма составена од научно-популарни предавања, демонстрации од страна на учениците, „Хемиски спектакл“, работилници од областа на природните науки и математиката, како и презентации на наставници посветени на размена на искуства и идеи за унапредување на наставата.
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid from Cannabis sativa, has emerged as an important compound of interest in biochemical and pharmaceutical research. Its molecular activity is closely linked to the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which plays a central role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of the ECS has been associated with insulin resistance, lipid imbalance, obesity, and increased cardiovascular risk. This review summarizes the current biochemical evidence on the mechanisms by which CBD modulates metabolic pathways through interactions with cannabinoid receptors and related molecular targets. Special emphasis is placed on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of CBD, its capacity to influence mitochondrial function, and its impact on glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, this review discusses the influence of physicochemical factors, such as bioavailability and route of administration, on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of CBD. Potential interactions with other biomolecules and therapeutic agents are also considered, highlighting the need for systematic biochemical and pharmacological evaluation. Overall, the synthesis of the available literature indicates that CBD is a promising candidate for further biochemical and preclinical studies aimed at elucidating its regulatory role in metabolic processes and its potential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
We report trimetallic cobalt-iron-nickel oxide (CoFeNiOx) electrocatalysts prepared by a hydrothermal route followed by thermal annealing and post-synthesis alkaline activation (sodium hydroxide [NaOH]/potassium hydroxide [KOH]/urea). By tuning the Co:Fe:Ni molar ratio (1:1:1, 1:3:1, and 3:1:1), we correlate phase composition and morphology with electrocatalytic water splitting performance. X-ray powder detraction indicates the coexistence of layered double hydroxide–derived motifs with spinel-type oxides, while scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal increased roughness and porosity in Co-rich samples after KOH/urea treatment. In 1 M KOH, the CoFeNiOx (1:1:1) electrocatalyst exhibits the most favorable oxygen evolution reaction activity (η10 = 264 mV; Tafel slope = 84.4 mV dec⁻1), stable chronopotentiometry at 10 mA cm⁻2 for 24 h with a ~40 mV increase in overpotential, and low charge transfer resistance based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The CoFeNiOx (3:1:1) electrocatalyst delivers the best hydrogen evolution reaction response among the tested electrocatalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms mixed valence states with enrichment of trivalent species (Co³⁺/Co²⁺, Ni³⁺/Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺) on the surface, consistent with the formation of catalytically active oxyhydroxide layers under alkaline conditions. Overall, controlled composition coupled with urea‑assisted alkaline activation enhances the exposure of active sites exposure and charge transport, enabling the production of bifunctional CoFeNiOx electrocatalysts that are suitable for integrated water‑splitting systems.
In this study, electrospinning was successfully employed to fabricate membranes based on polylactic acid (PLA), a polymer known for its biodegradability, containing varying amounts of opalized tuff (0, 2, 5, and 10 wt%). The addition of tuff introduced active mineral sites within the fibrous network, while the PLA matrix ensured mechanical stability, environmental sustainability, and prevention of secondary pollution. The electrospun membranes exhibited a uniform fibrous morphology with well-developed surface porosity, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy verified the preservation of the characteristic structural features of both PLA and tuff, indicating successful incorporation of the filler without chemical alteration of the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis demonstrated effective adsorption of nickel (Ni2+) and lead (Pb2+) ions from aqueous solutions, attributed to the high surface activity of the silicate mineral phase. These findings highlight the synergistic combination of a renewable, environmentally friendly polymer and a naturally occurring mineral filler to produce efficient and eco-friendly adsorptive membranes for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution.
ABSTRACT The Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1229 establishes maximum limits (MLs) for the cross-contamination of antimicrobial substances in feed intended for food-producing animals. This study presents the development and in-house validation of two multi-class analytical methods for detecting antimicrobial substances in poultry feed at cross-contamination levels, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Methods with and without solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification were developed for 26 antimicrobial substances across eight classes, covering a concentration range of 5–300 µg kg–1. The established methods were validated for parameters including selectivity, limit of quantification, within- and between-day precision, accuracy, decision limit, matrix effect, and short-term analyte stability in the corresponding extracts. Both methods met the required performance criteria for detecting antimicrobial substances at cross-contamination levels, except for reduced sensitivity to lincomycin in the SPE method. The between-day precision was below 18 % and 19 %, with recoveries ranging from 95 to 103 %, for the method without SPE, and from 88 % to 101 % for the method with SPE, respectively. The analytes remained stable after two days of storage in the dark under two temperature regimes. These methods were applied to 39 poultry feed samples, revealing that approximately 41 % contained one or more antimicrobial substances, some of which exceeded the cross-contamination MLs. This study underscores the importance of simple, rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical methods for controlling the presence of antimicrobials at cross-contamination levels. Such methods enable stringent control to prevent uncontrolled antimicrobial use in poultry production systems, thereby mitigating the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Considering the extremely valuable biological and pharmaceutical properties of quinolines, novel water-soluble quinoline-based conjugates were designed and synthesized. In vitro antioxidant activities, such as free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and reducing-power activities, of the newly synthesized compounds (WQ-1, WQ-2, WQ-3, WQ-4, and WQ-5) were determined. Although the highest scavenging activity (41.21 ± 1.18%) and chelating activity (23.53 ± 0.97%) at a concentration of 500.0 µg/ml were observed in WQ-4, it was determined that WQ-5 had the highest reducing-power ability (0.417 ± 0.0116). The synthesized compounds were also tested for their antimicrobial activities against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, and it was determined that only WQ-3 showed low activity against Enterococcus hirae and Staphylococcus aureus. DNA-binding activities of the compounds were also studied using calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA). Additionally, the three-dimensional geometries and some electronic properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated with the density functional theory approach at B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory.
This study proposes a generalized model describing the temporal changes in open-circuit potentials in microbial biofilm systems. Using an Nernstian equilibrium approach combined with a series of different kinetic models for each experimental stage, it examines nutrient oxidation by microbes under anaerobic conditions with a continuous supply. New functions are derived to fit the experimental data and to provide in-depth understanding of the complex bioelectrochemical transformations occurring during the oxidation of nutrients by a biofilm.
