India bears one of the highest burdens of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a condition increasingly recognized as a global pandemic. Despite extensive international research, population-specific genetic insights and therapeutic strategies tailored to Indian cohorts remain limited. Understanding the genetic architecture and downstream druggable targets is essential for advancing precision medicine in diabetes care. The study aimed to identify risk genes and SNPs associated with T2DM in the Indian population and to explore their functional pathways. In parallel, a pharmacoinformatics analysis was conducted to evaluate glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) as a therapeutic target, focusing on both native and mutant protein forms. A computational pipeline integrating genome-wide association studies (GWAS), gene ontology (GO), protein–protein interaction (PPI), and KEGG pathway analysis was employed to prioritize candidate genes. Pharmacoinformatics screening was performed using 1000 compounds from the Comprehensive Marine Natural Products Database (CMNPD). Docking, ADMET profiling, and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to assess binding affinity, pharmacokinetics, and safety of potential GSK-3β inhibitors. Seventeen genes and 22 SNPs through genome-wide association studies were analyzed. Pathway enrichment highlighted strong associations with MODY and type II diabetes pathways. Pharmacoinformatics screening revealed six marine-derived compounds with acceptable ADMET properties. Among these, CMNPD6719 (cyclo(L-prolinyl-L-tyrosine)) demonstrated superior binding affinity compared to the reference inhibitor SB216763. Two-dimensional interaction mapping and molecular dynamics confirmed its stability and favorable pharmacokinetic profile. This study underscores the genetic and therapeutic relevance of Indian-specific T2DM risk factors, highlighting GSK-3β as a druggable downstream node. The identification of CMNPD6719 as a promising inhibitor bridges population genomics and translational drug discovery. These findings provide a foundation for experimental validation and future development of marine-derived therapeutics for diabetes management.
Diabetes technology use in India is constrained by affordability, infrastructure, training and continuity of support. This RSSDI consensus provides evidence-informed, resource-adapted recommendations for technology selection and implementation. Following literature review, statements underwent two modified Delphi rounds. Consensus required ≥ 75
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has stayed a dominant pathogenic mechanism for understanding chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes. However, clinical profile of these patients increasingly reveals a more complex multidimensional phenotype. Diabetes, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and cardiovascular disease coexist in these patients and interact to produce kidney injury. To evaluate the limitations of the traditional DKD paradigm and evaluates the proposed concept of metabolic-associated chronic kidney disease (mCKD) as a broader framework for the multidimensional metabolic-renal continuum. A narrative review of the literature was undertaken to examine the evolving understanding of metabolic and renal interactions in patients with CKD. Relevant evidence was synthesized to characterize the mCKD phenotype, its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and the potential role of an integrated approach to clinical assessment and management. Rather than replacing DKD, mCKD may provide a broader framework in which DKD represents one phenotype. This paradigm has important implications for screening, diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment. Recently, the kidney-protective therapies have demonstrated benefits that extend beyond glycaemic control and even beyond diabetes. The emerging mCKD framework shifts clinical thinking from “diabetic kidney disease” toward integrated cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic risk management.
