Study objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate exercise addiction levels of adults and search the correlation between exercise addiction and gender, age, and exercise experience. Methods: A total of 148 obese (body mass index > 30) men and women who exercise regularly at least one hour per day and at least three days per week for four months were recruited randomly for the study. Data were collected using "Demographic Information Form" and "Exercise Addiction Scale (EAS)". Results: Scores of EAS were evaluated through these three sub-dimensions of the scale; "Excessive Focus and Emotion Change", "Postponement of Individual-Social Needs and Conflict", "Tolerance Development and Passion". Statistically significant relationships were found between sub-dimension scale scores and gender, age, and exercise experience. In all sub-dimension of EAS scores were higher in women than men. Scores of younger adults were higher than the older group. In addition, it was found that individuals who have exercise experience of more than 5 years had lower addiction scores less experienced group. Conclusion: The results suggest that women, older adults, and less experienced individuals have more tendency for exercise addiction.
Study Objectives: The aim of this study was to adapt the internationally accepted Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale to the Turkish culture and determine the reliability and validity of the adapted version. Methods: A total of 207 Turkish individuals, 110 males (mean age=39.33 +/- 2.45 years) and 97 females (mean age=38.91 +/- 1.51 years), aged 18 and over, who regularly engaged in exercise, participated in the study. In the analysis of the data, the exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the underlying structure of the scale items, and the confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the compatibility between the model and the data. In addition, the Cronbach alpha reliability analysis was undertaken for reliability, and the Pearson product-moment correlation and test-retest values were obtained to examine for the item correlation analysis. Results: The cross-sectional multi-sample Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale consisted of 17 independent items under a single sub-dimension as in the original version. In our study, the internal consistency coefficient of the Turkish version was calculated as 0.88, the factor loads varied between 0.40 and 0.67, and the test-retest correlation was 0.79. Conclusions: These findings showed that the Turkish adaptation of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale can be reliably used for research purposes. It may be thought that is important to bring an internationally accepted instrument to the Turkish literature to be used in future research in order to investigate the performance-enhancing attitudes of exercise.
Study Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate performance enhancement attitudes of active licensed athletes in team sports. Methods: The research sample of this study consists of 371 actively licensed athletes aged 18 and over in team sports (football, basketball, volleyball, and handball). The average age of the athletes is 24.42 +/- 2.12. Participation in the study was carried out on a voluntary and confidential basis. Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale, developed by Petroczi (2002) and adapted to Turkish by Yildiz & Toros (2018), was used as a data collection tool. Results: In the analysis of the data, the Cronbach alpha coefficient test and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used to reveal the test-retest value. The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the team athletes of the scale was 0.84, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.88. Conclusion: According to the research findings, the results of the reliability analysis reveal that the scale can be used on licensed athletes in team sports.
Introduction: Because of the inspection of salty taste has a background developed mainly for extraction of taste disorders and the guidance on diet for patients, the information in healthy young people isn't detail. Recently, it reported that salt taste thresholds in university students using low concentration threshold test paper was about 60% as concentration as previously reports using taste paper.We used test papers of low concentration taste threshold to investigate the salt taste threshold in school children, their parents, and in high school students. Methods: The subjects comprised 26 families (26 fathers, 26 mothers, and their 26 children) and 25 female high school students. Salt intake per day was determined by measuring urinary salt excretion. Different concentrations of salt taste test papers (Salsave (R)) were used to evaluate the salt taste threshold. Results: Mean salt intakes (g/day) were 7.31+1.63 (children), 7.83 +/- 2.30 (mothers), and 9.05 +/- 2.73 (fathers). Mean salt taste thresholds (mg/cm(2)) were 0.28 +/- 0.33 (children), 0.33 +/- 0.25 (mothers), and 0.25 +/- 0.14 (fathers). High school students' mean salt intake was 8.51+3.00, and salt taste threshold was 0.28 +/- 0.13. Those salt taste threshold concentration were accuracy lower than that of previously reports. Also, significant positive correlations between recognized salt taste thresholds and salt intake were found in the children, boy's fathers and high school students (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Using low concentration test papers which not for sale because of unprofitable previously, could analyze the salty taste threshold of healthy volunteers in detail. The results suggested a relationship between daily salt intake and the salt taste threshold.
Ramadan is a holy month of fasting for Muslims all over the world. It obligates a type of intermit-tent fasting from dawn to sunset. In oriental countries, Ramadan is linked to special foods and drinks like ingestion of dried fruits e.g. dates, apricot, figs, raisins and nuts; drinks e.g. carob, tamarind, hibiscus, sobya, doum, lemon, and licorice; foods e.g. yoghurt, beans and sugar rich desserts (kunafa and qatayef ). Tradition-ally, these dietary habits are thought to improve vitality, but they were scarcely tested in scientific manner. Is there a health impact of oriental drinks and foods commonly used in Ramadan? This was the research question of this review. In our search strategy, we used these dietary elements as key words in; Cochrane library, Web of Science (WoS), Ovid, SienceDirect, Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), EbscoHOST, ProQuest, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), EBESCO, Midline/PubMed, Egyptian knowledge bank (EKB), Google scholar, or Research Gate. We reviewed studies focusing the impact of each drink or foodstuff on health regardless of the fasting state. Studies focusing chemical structure or agricultural issues were not included. Among the foods and drinks evaluated, ingestion of dried fruits (dates, apricot, figs, raisins), nuts, carob, tamarind, hibiscus, sobya, doum, lemon, yoghurt, beans, were found not only tolerable but also beneficial among healthy subjects and patients with chronic diseases. The intake of licorice and sugar enriched desserts (kunafa and qatayef ) should carefully be revised for patients with hypertension and diabetes due to slat retaining effect and high sugar content respectively.
Background: Medical nutrition therapy is essential in managing and preventing diseases, and liraglutide plays a critical role in controlling weight and modulating the effectiveness of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (5'-AMPK) in the hypothalamus. On the other hand, the neural effects of liraglutide and 5'-AMPK are negatively altered by a high-fat diet (HFD); in addition to that, it remains unclear how normal-fat diets combined with liraglutide could counteract the HFD effect.Objectives:To investigate the effects of a high-fat versus normal diet on the neural and thermogenic activities of liraglutide and 5'-AMPK in the hypothalamus. Methods: We searched the available literature for studies published in PubMed, Science Direct, and ClinicaTrials.gov between November/2020 and January /2021, and we included controlled clinical trials based on the animals' model issued in the past six years.Findings:A total 101 out of 250 articles included in our search, and findings revealed that high-fat diets negatively influence liraglutide and 5'-AMPK in the hypothalamus. In contrast, a normal-fat diet could reverse this negative influence if combined with a dose of 1.8-3 mg/kg of liraglutide for up to 16 weeks.Conclusion: High-fat diets counteract the activity of liraglutide and 5'-AMPK in controlling food intake and energy hemostasis in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, we didn't find adequate studies examined the effect of combining a normal-fat diet with liraglutide on 5'-AMPK in the hypothalamus; hence, our concern was reviewing and predicting the possible effect of normal-fat diets.
Background and aim: Picky eating (PE) is generally expressed as a behavior seen in childhood, approximately one out of every three adults have been reported to exhibit PE behavior. Also, it is one of the determinant eating behaviors in the diagnosis of eating disorder-Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). The aim of the present study was to translate, adapt and validate the Adult Picky Eating Question-naire (APEQ) into Turkish. Methods: This study included 1135 adults (556 male, 579 female) with a mean age of 30.54 +/- 11.73 (ranged from 18 to 63 years old). The APEQ was translated and adapted to Turkish accord-ing to the Beaton guideline. Eating Attitudes Test-Short Form (EAT-26) was used in the evaluation of eating behavior, and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was used for psychological evaluation. Results: Items 2 and 3 were removed from the scale because total item correlation of these items was below 0.30. The Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of the APEQ-Tr was 0.731, with 0.630, 0.602, 0.627, and 0.671 for Meal presenta-tion, Food variety, Meal disengagement and Taste aversion, respectively. APEQ-Tr, which is related to eating disturbance and psychological distress, showed an acceptable reliability with all its subscales. Conclusions: In conclusion, the Turkish version of APEQ (APEQ-Tr) can be used to evaluate PE in the Turkish population.
Background and aim: Melissa and Lavandula are known to exhibit high antioxidant and strong biological activities thanks to their rich polyphenol and aromatic content. In this study, eight groups were created to investigate whether Melissa and Lavandula have a protective role against chromium damage in Sac-charomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). Methods: Application groups: (i) Control Group; (ii) Chromium (30 mM); (iii) Melissa (20%); (iv) Lavandula (20%); (v) Melissa (20%) + Lavandula (20%); (vi) Melissa (20%) + Chro-mium (30 mM); (vii) Lavandula (20%) + Chromium (30 mM); (viii) Melissa (20%) + Lavandula (20%) + Chromium (30 mM). S. cerevisiae cultures were grown at 30 degrees C for 1, 3, 5 and 24 hours. Cell growth, malon-dialdehyde (MDA) analyzes, glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT) activities were determined by spec-trophotometer. Total protein concentrations were determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and bradford method. Results: According to the results, when compared with the chromium group, cell growth (1, 3, 5 and 24 hours), total protein synthesis, GSH level (24 hours) and CAT level (24 hours) increased in Melissa, Lavandula and Melissa + Lavandula while MDA level (24 hours) decreased. Melissa and Lavandula plant extracts, which are rich in polyphenolic compounds, were found to provide antioxidant protection and reduce oxidative damage in S. cerevisiae culture. Conclusions: Thus, it is thought that it will contribute to new treatment methodologies by providing effective protection in the treat-ment of many diseases thanks to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Background: Due to COVID-19, a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans (SARS-CoV-2) led to the social isolation globally as a precautionary step to save humans. There is concern regarding the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on dietary habits, screen time, sleep duration and physical activity of young children and adolescents. Accordingly, the present study analyzed the lifestyle behaviors of school going children residing in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The present study was conducted using an online survey platform and its designated link was distributed through social media. The study sample was com-posed of 432 (166 males and 266 females) school students. The questionnaire was divided into three sections. The first section included general and anthropometric characteristics of the participants. The second section included the information related to dietary pattern and the third section included the information related to changes in the activity pattern among participants. Results: Some good habits such as slight increase in physi-cal activity and sleep duration, increase in the number of meals, increased consumption of fruit, vegetables and red meat has been observed among all age groups, but at the same time increased consumption of unhealthy food, too much increased screen time has also been observed among all. Conclusion: Public health officials are suggested to increase their focus on lifestyle management of school students especially in tragic times like COVID-19 to enhance the wellbeing of population.
Background and aim: Left Displacement Abomasum (LDA) is a metabolic disorder associated with negative energy balance, especially in dairy cattle, and might cause economic losses. This study, it was aimed to evaluate the serum levels of insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and irisin hormones responsible for energy metabolism before and after the operation in Holstein cattle with LDA. Methods: For this purpose, cattle were divided into three groups (Group 1: Healthy, Group 2: Pre-operative, Group 3: Post-operative) with 8 animals in each group, and blood samples were collected. In serum samples, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), total protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and calcium levels were measured with an autoanalyzer. In addition, commercial kits measured serum insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and irisin hormone levels with the EIA method. Results: Preoperative serum glucose, NEFA, and BHBA levels were higher in cattle with LDA, and total protein and triglyceride levels were lower than in healthy animals (p<0.05). In cat-tle with LDA after the operation, these values were similar to those of healthy animals. In hormone analysis, ghrelin, insulin, and irisin were found to be higher in animals with LDA, while leptin levels were found to be decreased (p<0.05). After the operation, the insulin levels of the cattle with LDA decreased below the pre-operative values; It was observed that leptin and irisin levels were increased (p<0.05). Conclusions: In cat-tle with LDA, increased ghrelin levels may be due to anorexic conditions; Increased insulin levels may be due to stress and negative energy balance. Decreased serum insulin levels in cattle after the operation suggested that it may be related to the insulin resistance state caused by the left displacement abomasum. Increased serum leptin can be considered an acute phase response to leptin, and an increase in serum irisin can be a marker of pain and stress.
Background and aim: This study aimed to explore the effect of nutritional intervention based on the NRS2002 scale in perioperative nutritional intervention in radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Methods: A total of 65 patients with bladder cancer who were treated in our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 and who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled as the subjects. These patients were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. The patients in the control group received routine perioperative nutritional intervention, and the patients in the experimental group were given nutrition intervention based on NRS2002. The quality of life, nursing satisfaction rate, nutritional indexes (serum albu-min, transferrin, and prealbumin), and body mass index (BMI) before and after intervention were compared between the two groups. Results: The differences in nursing satisfaction rate, sleep, appetite, interpersonal communication, daily activities, and mental state scores between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The levels of prealbumin, transferrin, albumin, and BMI in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The perioperative nutritional intervention based on NRS2002 for patients undergoing total cystectomy can not only significantly improve the perioperative nutritional level and BMI but also improve the quality of life and nursing satisfaction. This is worthy of clinical popularization.
Background: Food insecurity (FI) is a major determinant of nutritional status, which could influence the self-care practices of diabetic patients. Objective: To assess the prevalence of FI and examine the relationship between FI and self-management practices among patients with diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 229 patients at the diabetes clinic in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Results: The prevalence of FI was 26.2%, and it was more prevalent among non-Saudis, unemployed participants, and those with low household incomes (<5,000 SAR), as compared to food secure group (p <0.0001 for all comparisons). FI significantly predicted higher odds of irregular self-monitoring of blood glucose (OR = 2.47, 95% CI, 1.14-5.37, p = 0.022). Additionally, FI significantly predicted cost-related nonadherence to medication use (0 = 1.95, 95% CI, 1.60-2.29, p <0.0001), and hypoglycemia-related complications (0 = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.50-0.88, p <0.0001). These indicators were significantly influenced by severe FI. The intake of unhealthy food moderated the relationship of FI with hypoglycemia and its related complications (0 = 0.11, 95% CI, 0.03-0.18, p = 0.006). Conclusions: Food assistance coverage and health awareness programs are required to support food insecure diabetic patients, a step that could optimize their healthy food choices and self-management practices.
Background and aim: It is important that the immune system is active and strong in protection from the COVID-19 pandemic. Folic acid and vitamin B12 are involved in the initiation, maintenance and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune reactions of the host against infections. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between serum folic acid and vitamin B12 levels of COVID-19 patients on the prognosis of the disease. Methods: The sample of the study consists of 529 individuals hospitalized in the Pandemic Chest Diseases Intensive Care Unit. General characteristics of the individuals, biochemical parameters checked routinely (white blood cell (WBC), platelet (PLT), lymphocyte, Neutrophil/Lympho-cyte (N/L) rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), oxygen (O2) saturation at the time of admission), serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels, length of stay in intensive care units (ICUs) and hospitalization, and mortality were recorded. Results: The mean age of individuals was 62.8 +/- 15.12 years, and 50.9% were men and 49.1% were women. The mean level of serum folic acid in the subjects was 9.1 +/- 4.91 (ng/mL), and 2.4% had folic acid deficiency and 28.4% had folic acid insufficiency. The mean serum vitamin B12 was 295.6 +/- 229.98 (pg/mL), and vitamin B12 deficiency was observed only in 14.4%. The increase in serum folic acid levels reduces the total length of hospitalization and the risk of mortality (p<0.05). On the other hand, no correlation was found between B12 levels and the length of stay in ICU, hospitalization, and mortality. It was shown that WBC and N/L rates decreased as serum folic acid levels increased, and O2 saturation at the first hospital admission was higher. Conclusions: Folate deficiency and insufficiency are common among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and cause progression to severe disease. Therefore, examining COVID-19 patients in terms of nutritional deficiencies is critical in monitoring the clinical outcomes of the disease.
Backgrounds ad aims: Sleep problems are associated with poorer quality of life, as well as mental and physical health issues, especially in people who are overweight or obese. Numerous studies have shown that there is a link between sleep and diet and between sleep and physical activity (PA). The present study aimed to show the connection between physical activity, diet, and the quality and duration of sleep in Romanian students. Methods: The main study was conducted on 876 students (435 women and 441 men) aged 19-26. Three weeks after the start of the main study, a subset of 83 male and female students aged 19-25 years were randomly selected to participate in an ancillary study. A questionnaire survey was conducted in order to determine the quality of sleep (PSQI), nutritional habits (HEI Index 2005), and physical activity (IPAQ), while anthropometric measurements were performed to determine body mass index (BMI). Results: For students involved in the main study, PSQI varied between 6.4(2.3) and 4.5(1.7) and PA from 409.15(108.12) to 5834.54(2548.32) MET. The number of hours of sleep varied between 6.8(2.2) and 7.6(1.8). The HEI index varied between 52.1(12.2) and 55.3(11.4), being directly proportional to the increase in sleep quality and the number of daily sleep hours. Similar results were obtained for the ancillary study. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23 (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL); a value of 5% was set as the conventional significance level. ANOVA was used to identify statistically significant differences between averages of variables for the groups. For all variables analyzed, t tests showed no significant differences between females and males as p > alpha = 0.05 and the 95% confidence interval contained the value 0. Conclusions: The quality and duration of sleep can be improved through balanced nutrition and constant and sustained physical activity.
Background and aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of 8-week probiotic use on body composition and blood parameters in overweight and obese women who are on a weight loss diet Methods: 34 women with a BMI value above 25 kg/m2 participated. The individuals participating in the re-search were divided into two groups. For eight weeks, the experimental group was given a weight loss diet pro-gram, exercise program and oral probiotic nutritional supplement containing various probiotic strains in the amount of 1.5x109 cfu/g in each capsule twice a day; The control group was given a weight loss diet program and an exercise program without probiotic supplementation. Anthropometric measurements of the individu-als (height baseline, body weight, waist, hip and neck circumference, body mass index, waist/hip circumference and waist-height ratio) in both groups were evaluated statistically at the initial, 4th and 8th weeks. Some bio-chemical parameters were measured at the beginning of the study and the end of the 8th week. Results: A sig-nificant difference was found between body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-height ratio, body fat percentage, and body fat mass measurements (p<0,001). Significant improvements were found in LDL-C, fasting insulin, AST and TSH values in both groups (p<0.05). While the HOMA-IR values were significantly lower, HDL-C values were found to be significantly higher at the end of the study in the experimental group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Balanced hypocaloric diet caused significant improvements in anthropometric measurements and blood parameters in experimental and control groups. The use of probiot-ics has positive effects on HOMA-IR and HDL-C values in the experimental group.
The physical and chemical characteristics of oils are determined by the rate and composition of the fatty acids they have. Knowing the fatty acid composition of oils will enable the production of oils according to intended usage areas. The present study was conducted to determine the fatty acid composition of 20 dif-ferent corn varieties grown in Turkey. The oil contents of the samples were determined with the Soxhelet Oil Extraction Device, and the fatty acid composition was determined with the GC-S/FID Device. The domi-nant fatty acids of the cultivars and lines that were examined in the scope of the present study were found to be linoleic acid (50.05-53.14%), oleic acid (31.09-33.21%), palmitic acid (11.07-13.16%), stearic acid (2.10-2.55%), linolenic acid (0.55-1.18%), and arachidic acid (0.36% -0.53%). It was found that the differences be-tween cultivars were very significant for all the characteristics studied here except for lauric acid. The findings of the study show that there is a wide variation in fatty acid composition in the existing cultivars and lines.
The objective of this study was to determine the molecular characterization and antibiotic and disinfectant resistance potential of Salmonella isolates from food related areas in canteens. This study was per -formed in food related areas as well as food handlers in student canteens in University campus to trace source of Salmonella contamination with a special focus on antibiotic and disinfectant resistance of the isolates. Salmonella isolates were identified by conventional and molecular techniques. Genetic similarity, antibiotic and disinfectant resistance patterns of the isolates were performed by sequence analyzing, disc diffusion and PCR, respectively. Salmonella contamination was determined from hand (Newport and Infantis), knife handle (Newport) and grilled chicken (Koessen) samples. The identity of the 16S rRNA sequence of two Newport isolates (knife handle and hand) from Canteen 4 and Canteen 6 were found 100% identic. Multidrug resist-ance (MDR) was observed among all Salmonella isolates with resistance to at least five or more antibiotics. sugE and qacE??1 disinfectant genes were determined in 2 and 1 isolate respectively while cross-resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants in three isolates were detected. The results of this study indicate that the food-handlers and food preparation equipments may serve as reservoirs for cross-resistant Salmonella, a potential public health concern. Therefore, periodic training programmes should effectively be implemented for food handlers. Owing to the growing concern that antibiotic resistant mutants could be induced by improper dis-infectant use, unnecessary and misuse of disinfectants should be avoided, especially on food contact surfaces.
Introduction: Oral health considered to be an important component of general health that directly influences the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding the interrelationship between diet and oral health, the testable hypothesis being that there are differences between the level of knowledge of food hygiene in the study group. Material and method: The study included 718 Romanian subjects, aged between 12-18 years old, randomly selected. The data was selected by the questionnaire method and collected using a link and were introduced into a database using SPSS 26.00 for Windows. There were 16 questions applied regarding the knowledge and attitudes on diet. Results: About 20% of the subjects do not know that there is a link between food and oral diseases, p???0.05 and about a third do not know the connection between the consumption and frequency of consumption of carbonated drinks and the pathology of the oral cavity. Smoking is considered a harmful activity for the oral cavity by 79.1% (568) of the subjects, alcohol by 52.1% (374) and drugs by 49.7% (357) with p???0.05. Conclusion: There are differences between the level of knowledge about diet in the studied group, according to gender and level of education. Subjects require a sustained and targeted education on important aspects that influence the quality of oral health.
Background: According to the data of IDF 2019, 463 million people with diabetes live in the world and it is predicted that this number will increase by 51% in the next 25 years and reach 700 million. T2 D is increasing due to industrialization, obesity, decreased physical activity and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. Especially in individuals with a high risk of diabetes, physical activity intervention, development of healthy eating habits, obesity management and behavior change intervention reduce the development of diabetes by 58%. Objective: The aim of this research was to determine diabetes risk score of nurses with FINDRISC questionnaire. The FINDRISC questionnaire is a cost-effective and fast-applied scoring that does not require any intervention. Method: FINDRISC questionnaire was applied to the participants by face-to-face interview technique. Results: It was determined that as the age, body mass index and waist circumference values increased parallel with the total score of FINDRISC. Conclusion: It is important to perform screening studies to identify high-risk groups for Type 2 diabetes in order to prevent or delay the development of Type 2 diabetes. It is thought that identifying high-risk individuals and preventing the development of diabetes by lifestyle changes can reduce both direct expenditures for medical care associated with the disease and indirect expenditures associated with loss of income and productivity.
Background: Veganism and vegetarianism, which are becoming popular worldwide, are not only a diet but a lifestyle, a philosophy of life, and an ethical approach. A vegetarian diet is thought to be the solution to the increasing food requirements of the growing population. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the correlation between a vegetarian diet and weight loss. Methods: For the meta-analysis, PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature published in PubMed, Science Direct, and ResearchGate databases. Only randomized controlled trials and cohort studies published after 2007 were included in the meta-analysis if they reported the results on weight loss and contained appropriate statistical analysis data. Results: The meta-analysis included 11 studies comprising of 934 participants, of which 10 were randomized controlled trials, and 1 was a cohort study. Applying the random effects model, it was concluded that compliance with the various types of vegetarian diets had a positive effect on weight loss. The effect size of the relation between vegetarian diet and weight loss was 0.954. It is between the lower limit (0.393) and the upper limit (1.515) values for the effect sizes of the relevant studies in the 95% confidence interval. There was no publication bias as the circles (representing each study) shown in the Funnel plot graph were spread symmetrically around the vertical line in the middle. Conclusions: The vegetarian diets (vegan and lacto-ovo vegetarian diets) had beneficial effects on weight loss. One possible reason responsible for weight loss could be the varied nutritional composition, for example, high fiber and low protein diet. However, further interventional studies with vegetarian diets are warranted to investigate their long-term effects and clinical implications on weight loss.
