Malaria continues to constitute an imminent threat to the globe's health, particularly among those that are more vulnerable in locations with little resources. Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal malaria parasite, has developed resistance to current antimalarial interventions, prompting an ongoing search for new therapeutic agents. The current research investigates the possibility of isocryptolepine derivatives as inhibitors of P. falciparum (PfDHFR), a key enzyme in the parasite's pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. The research incorporates molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies of 235 isocryptolepine derivatives, with an emphasis on their biological activity as antimalarial drugs. Our investigation focuses on the synthesis of innovative antimalarial drugs by molecular docking and in-silico ADMET investigations. Molecular docking investigation succors to recognized significant adhesion, aiding the delineation of enhanced medicinal products; the docking score of the created chemical varies from -8.66487 to -5.5531 Kcal/mol. Studies on in-silico pharmacokinetics indicate that certain substances have promising therapeutic potential, which is endorsed by appropriate molecular weight and oral absorption values in humans it assist in the development of innovative isocryptolepine derivatives with enhanced antimalarial activity, which is guided by these discoveries. To develop newer isocryptolepine derivatives with enhanced antimalarial activity, the compounds that were generated were analyzed using various spectrum analysis techniques.
Bioactive glass (BAG) has become an innovative silica-based dental material that is capable of regulating biological reactions at the interfaces of hard and soft tissues. Bioactive glass has changed from being a bone-bonding implant material to a dental biomaterial that may be used in restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontology and regenerative treatments. On the other hand, BAG undergoes surface-mediated ionic dissolution in physiological fluids, which leads to the creation of hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA). This HCA chemically integrates with mineralized tissues. Modern changes include ion replacement, alkali-free formulations, nanoparticle engineering, mesoporous designs and drug-loading methods, which have greatly increased its ability to work. Current review analysis looks closely at the physicochemical foundation, synthesis methods, structural categorization and mechanistic pathways that explain bioactive glass bioactivity. It combines new data with antibiotic and antimicrobial behavior, immunomodulatory potential, remineralization kinetics and role in tissue regeneration. We also look at how well adhesive systems, dentifrices, restorative composites, pulp capping materials, intracanal medicaments, obturation systems and root canal sealers work in the lab and in the long term. Limitations including brittleness, strength degradation at high filler loading and insufficient longitudinal clinical trials are discussed. Finally, future translational directions including smart ion-releasing systems, injectable scaffolds, peptide-functionalized particles and regenerative endodontic constructs are explored. So, bioactive glass represents a cornerstone in biomimetic dentistry and regenerative endodontics and ongoing materials innovation may redefine future therapeutic standards.
There are three new, modest, true and exact methods validated and developed on the criteria of ICH regulations for evaluation of Evogliptin tartrate in tablet and its pure form. Method 1: AUC by UV spectrophotometry technique utilizing 262 to 266nm for measurement of analyte in tablet. Method 2: 1st derivative spectrophotometry utilizing 258nm for estimation of analyte in the tablet. The range and linearity were found to be 270 to 10µg/ml for both methods. The standard and sample solutions were prepared from methanol. Less than 2 was found less than 2 and recovery study of both Method. Method 3 consists RP-HPLC method using enable C18 column and containing Water and Methanol mobile phase in the ratio of 30 and 70. The 1ml/min of flow rate, with detection at 267nm, and temperature 250C. 2.806min was the retention time found. 10-80µg/ml was the linearity range which found. Y = 4006.6714 x + 713.6349 was the linear regression equation and Correlation coefficient (r2) = 0.9999. Less than 2 is the %RSD in the robustness, reclamation and precision investigations of the programmed method. Reported method was robust, accurate and precise in nature. Method-3 is more accurate and precise in comparison to method 1 and 2.
Preeclampsia is a complex pregnancy disorder that risks both for maternal and neonatal health. The severity is significantly influenced by inflammation. Drugs still use as the major treatment, though, natural product potentially possess therapeutic effect with less side effect. This study conducted to investigate the potency of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) as anti-inflammatory in preeclampsia, specifically on IL-12 and E-selectin expression as key inflammatory marker in preeclampsia. In this study, specific phytochemicals CAPE and quercetin in EEP were identified and the potency of EEP on preeclampsia was investigated by in vivo and in silico. Three months old female Swiss mice were induced with 5 IU Pregnant Male Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) followed by 5 IU Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). Preeclamptic model was generated by 10 ng anti-Qa injection for 4 days. The EEP at various concentrations (380, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day) were administered from gestational day 6th to 15th to preeclamptic mice. On day 16, placenta was obtained for immunohistochemistry analysis. Identification of bioactive compounds shows CAPE and quercetin in the EEP. Generally, treatment of EEP effectively mitigated placental inflammation in preeclamptic mice, recovering the trophoblastic cells to a similar condition of non-preeclamptic mice. Administration of 500mg/kg dose EEP (2.58±0.35) is the most significant to reduce IL-12 expression in placenta trophoblastic cell (p<0.05). While the significant decreased of E-selectin observed in administration of 1000mg/kg dose EEP (2.20±0.74). Molecular docking revealed the different binding sites of CAPE and quercetin toward IL-12 and E-selectin, indicating the more potent inhibitory activity of compounds as complex than single compound. Our findings demonstrate that EEP can reduce the expression of key inflammatory proteins in preeclampsia. It highlights the potency of EEP as natural treatment and therapeutic agent for preeclampsia.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a persistent disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by increasing global incidence and substantial clinical impact. Aloe vera, traditionally employed in Palestinian ethnomedicine, has shown therapeutic promise, though its mechanistic contributions to IBD treatment remain inadequately defined. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Aloe vera gel extract (AEGE) in vitro, utilizing human colon epithelial (Caco-2) and monocyte (THP-1) cell lines—both independently and in a 1:1 coculture model designed to simulate intestinal pathophysiology. AEGE was derived by homogenizing the inner gel along with latex components to preserve anthraquinone constituents. The extract was applied at non-cytotoxic concentrations (16.125–250µg/mL) to TNF-α-activated cell cultures. Quantitative analysis of cytokine secretion and phytochemical profiling—including polyphenol and flavonoid quantification and antioxidant capacity assessment—were performed. AEGE demonstrated a dose-responsive suppression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines. Notably, in the coculture system, IL-6 and IL-1β levels were reduced by 84% and 90%, respectively, at the highest concentration. IL-8 expression was also significantly inhibited. Interestingly, IL-10, typically associated with anti-inflammatory signaling, was downregulated by 74%, indicating a nuanced immunomodulatory profile. Phytochemical evaluation revealed high levels of polyphenols (24 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (10.3mg CE/g), alongside robust antioxidant activity (ORAC: 17.2mmol TE/g). These results underscore AEGE’s potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in vitro, particularly within a coculture system that closely approximates the intestinal milieu. The data support further exploration of AEGE’s molecular targets and signaling pathways as a potential therapeutic strategy for IBD.
At present, thyroid-related disorders are increasing worldwide. In particular, hypothyroidism, which occurs when thyroid hormone levels fall below normal values, is one of the most frequently observed health problems among the population. Its main clinical manifestations include weight gain, fatigue, general weakness, chronic constipation, memory impairment, and cold intolerance. If hypothyroidism is not properly treated, it may lead to various metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Although significant progress has been made in identifying the causes of hypothyroidism, understanding its clinical consequences, as well as in its diagnosis and treatment, a number of unanswered questions regarding its management still remain. Hypothyroidism is usually treated with synthetic pharmacological agents. However, long-term use of these drugs may cause adverse effects, including cardiac dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, and oxidative stress–related liver damage1. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic approaches with no or fewer side effects that can improve thyroid function and alleviate hypothyroidism-induced pathophysiological processes in the body is of great importance. Plant-based preparations are often considered promising alternatives, as they usually have minimal or no adverse effects and provide valuable therapeutic potential for various metabolic disorders. This review aims to summarize the role of the thyroid gland and its hormones, the systemic changes observed in hypothyroidism, as well as the modulatory effects of polyphenols on thyroid function and hypothyroidism-associated metabolic syndromes.
Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) represents a prevalent condition that exerts considerable physical, psychological, and social burdens. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is the established first-line conservative intervention; however, its efficacy relies heavily on patient compliance and correct technique. Recently, High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) stimulation has emerged as a non-invasive alternative capable of eliciting supramaximal pelvic floor contractions. Comparative evidence between HIFEM and PFMT remains limited in Indonesia. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Urology and Medical Rehabilitation Clinics, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang. Twenty individuals diagnosed with UI were randomly assigned to HIFEM (n = 10) or PFMT (n = 10) groups. Both interventions were administered for 30 minutes per session, twice weekly, over three weeks. Outcomes were measured pre- and post-intervention using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) and the King’s Health Questionnaire (KHQ). Within-group comparisons employed paired t-tests, while between-group analyses utilized independent t-tests. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. The HIFEM group exhibited a significant reduction in ICIQ-UI SF scores (–4.30±3.43, p = 0.003), whereas the PFMT group showed a smaller, non-significant decrease (–0.70±1.06, p = 0.066). Between-group comparisons revealed superior improvement with HIFEM (p = 0.005). Quality of life, assessed via KHQ, improved significantly in the HIFEM group (–6.80±3.25, p = 0.006) but not in the PFMT group (–3.10±3.21, p = 0.057). HIFEM enhanced general health perception, physical, role, social, and emotional domains, as well as severity measures, while PFMT improvements were confined to physical limitations and incontinence impact. Conclusion: HIFEM therapy demonstrated superior short-term efficacy compared with PFMT in reducing urinary incontinence symptoms and enhancing quality of life. These findings support the use of HIFEM as a promising non-invasive treatment modality, particularly for individuals with limited adherence to PFMT. Larger-scale studies with extended follow-up periods are warranted to validate long-term outcomes.
This present work aimed to develop a simple, accurate, precise, and reproducible Stability Indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Silodosin and Solifenacin Succinate Separation was achieved by chromatographic condition XTerra Phenyl (250mm x 4.6mm, 5µm) column with the mobile phase composition [Buffer: Acetonitrile (60:40 %v/v)]. Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate buffer (pH 6) was used as the buffer. The injection volume was set to 10µL. The detection was carried out at 220nm with a 1.0mL/min flow rate. Silodosin and Solifenacin Succinate were eluted with retention times of 4.4min and 6.3min respectively. The result revealed that the developed method is suitable for routine analysis of determining Silodosin and Solifenacin Succinate in a synthetic mixture.
Postpartum mastitis caused by Staphylococcus. aureus infection is a common inflammatory condition that can increase proinflammatory cytokine levels such as IL-6. Natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents like betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract are being explored as alternative treatments to reduce inflammation and promote recovery. This study seeks to examine the impact of betel leaf extract on IL-6 levels in postpartum rat mammary tissue affected by S. aureus infection. A true experimental study was conducted utilizing a pretest and post-test control group design involving 25 postpartum rats, which were induced with S. aureus at a dosage of 0.2 ml from 1x10^8 CFU/ml in the right abdominal mammary gland. The study comprised five groups: the negative control group (gel formulation devoid of betel leaf extract), the positive control group (antibiotic clindamycin phosphate gel USP 1%), the first treatment group (gel containing betel leaf extract at a 7.5% concentration), the second treatment group (gel containing betel leaf extract at a 15% concentration), and the third treatment group (gel containing betel leaf extract at a 30% concentration). All treatments were administered topically for a duration of 7 days. Assessment of IL-6 concentrations with the ELISA technique and analyzed on a microplate reader at a wavelength of 450 nm. Data analyzed employing One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc tests in SPSS 25.0. The IL-6 levels in the negative control group (5.35±0.73c) were significantly higher than those in the positive control group (3.43±0.22a), the first treatment group (3.49±0.14a), the second treatment group (3.95±0.41ab), and the third treatment group (4.25±0.19b), with a p-value of 0.000. The IL-6 levels in the first and second treatment groups were not statistically different, with p-values of 0.829 and 0.060, respectively. Betel leaf extract reduces IL-6 levels in postpartum rat mammary tissue affected by S. aureus infection.
Compounds containing pyrazole have shown promise as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents because they may be able to block p38α MAP kinase, a crucial therapeutic target in inflammation. The current study sought to synthesize a variety of pyrazole compounds using different synthetic procedures, characterize the synthesized diverse library of pyrazole compounds using spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy, and assess a number of novel pyrazole compounds for their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro using the albumin denaturation inhibition method and their anti-oxidant effect using the DPPH colorimetric technique at a concentration of 1mM to gauge their capacity to scavenge free radicals. The anti-inflammatory properties of the active compounds were confirmed by cell-based assays that showed dose-dependent inhibition of inflammatory markers. When compared to current anti-inflammatory drugs, the most promising compounds showed good cytotoxicity and selectivity profiles. These results demonstrate the potential of pyrazole-based anti-inflammatory and antioxidant moieties as innovative anti-inflammatory drugs. To assess their effectiveness and safety in pertinent disease models, more lead optimization and in vivo research are necessary. This work highlights the significance of pyrazole scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and advances the field of anti-inflammatory drug discovery.
An initial nanofiber (NF) formulation was developed using individual drug loading with sulfasalazine (SSZ) and quercetin (QCT). Subsequently, a dual drug-loaded system (SSZ and QCT) was prepared using a composite polymer matrix of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-90 (PVP K-90) and ethyl cellulose (EC). The electrospun NF formulation was optimized using the desirability function in Design Expert software, yielding an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 88.75% and a nanofiber diameter (ND) of 374 nm. The independent process parameters investigated included applied voltage, tip-to-collector distance, and solution flow rate. The polymer solution concentration for electrospinning was optimized to ensure extensive chain entanglement, enabling the formation of defect-free nanofibers. Fibers produced with PVP K-90 alone exhibited favorable viscosity characteristics and were smooth, uniform, cylindrical, and free from beads. Similarly, fibers produced with the composite polymer system (PVP K-90 and EC) were also smooth and non-beaded, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The incorporation of EC into the polymer blend resulted in nanofibers with a reduced diameter, The hydrophobic nature of EC contributed to sustained release of the herbal component. The dual polymer approach enabled tailored release profiles for each drug, making the composite NF formulation suitable for meeting specific therapeutic regimens.
Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, a widespread intestinal infection affecting millions of people worldwide. Current treatments are limited by drug resistance, adverse effects, and treatment failure, emphasizing the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Atriplex halimus, a halophytic medicinal plant used in traditional medicine, produces diverse secondary metabolites with potential antiparasitic activity. This study investigated flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthesis genes in Atriplex halimus and evaluated the ability of its extracts to inhibit Giardia lamblia growth and suppress virulence-related gene expression. Plant samples were botanically authenticated, and total RNA was extracted from leaf tissues for complementary DNA synthesis. Key biosynthetic genes, including chalcone synthase, flavonol synthase, and terpene synthase, were amplified by RT-PCR, while their expression levels were assessed using qRT-PCR. Methanolic extracts were analyzed for phytochemical composition, and their antigiardial activity was evaluated against cultured Giardia lamblia trophozoites. In addition, the expression of virulence-associated genes, including alpha-1 giardin, variant surface proteins, and cysteine proteases, was examined by qRT-PCR. Molecular analysis identified chalcone synthase, flavonol synthase, and terpene synthase genes with 89%, 85%, and 82% homology, respectively. Gene expression was highest in mature leaves compared with young leaves and stems. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, including quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, and terpenoids, including beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The extract showed dose-dependent antigiardial activity, with an IC50 value of 78 μg/mL after 48 hours. Treatment also significantly reduced the expression of virulence genes by 68% for alpha-1 giardin, 72% for variant surface proteins, and 64% for cysteine proteases. A positive correlation was observed between flavonoid content and suppression of virulence gene expression. These findings suggest that Atriplex halimus possesses active flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways that contribute to its antigiardial activity. The plant extract not only inhibited Giardia lamblia growth but also reduced the expression of genes associated with adherence, immune evasion, and pathogenicity. Therefore, Atriplex halimus may represent a promising source of plant-derived compounds for the development of alternative therapies against giardiasis.
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and zigzag clover (Trifolium medium L.), family Fabaceae – legumes, are widespread in the world flora, have valuable medicinal properties. The Trifolium pratense L. herb monographs are included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XV edition and USP 36/NF31, Trifolium medium L. is currently being studied. The overlapping habitat of both Trifolium species and similar external appearance make it important to differentiate both plants during the harvesting and the herbal drug when identification determining. To conduct a comparative macro- and microscopic analysis of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and zigzag clover (Trifolium medium L.) herb to establish the specific characteristics of external and anatomical diagnostic features. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and zigzag clover (Trifolium medium L.) herb samples were collected in Moscow region of the Russian Federation in summer 2024. The analysis of microscopic structures was carried out on a Leica DM1000 light microscope (Germany) with a 10x/20 eyepiece and 10x/0.25 and 40x/0.65 objectives. A comparative analysis of the macroscopic and microscopic features of the red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and zigzag clover (Trifolium medium L.) herb was carried out. The stems, leaves, inflorescences were examined. External features were determined, their importance for differentiating species features both in nature and in determining identification of medicinal plant raw material were revealed. The size and frequency of occurrence per 1 mm2 of the main anatomical-diagnostic features of all parts of the herb were established.
Glimepiride, a second-generation sulfonylurea, is commonly prescribed for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its therapeutic application is restricted by poor aqueous solubility, leading to limited oral bioavailability. To overcome this drawback, the present study aimed to enhance the solubility of glimepiride through the development of pharmaceutical co-crystals with ascorbic acid, a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) co-former. Co-crystals were prepared using the solvent drop grinding method, a green and efficient technique that promotes molecular interactions without excessive solvent consumption. The synthesized co-crystals were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). These techniques confirmed the formation of a novel crystalline phase, distinct from the parent compounds, with no evidence of chemical incompatibility. In vitro dissolution studies demonstrated a significant improvement in aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of the co-crystals compared to pure glimepiride. The enhancements are attributed to alterations in the crystal lattice and improved wettability, resulting in superior drug release behaviour. Furthermore, the co-crystal formation process was systematically optimized using Design Expert software employing a central composite design approach to identify the best formulation conditions. Overall, this study highlights co-crystallization as a promising and scalable strategy for improving solubility-limited bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs like glimepiride, offering potential for more effective oral antidiabetic therapies.
Drug repositioning has emerged as a strategic approach in pharmaceutical research, addressing challenges related to productivity, regulatory hurdles, and escalating development costs. Fluoroquinolones, a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, have demonstrated notable anticancer properties, primarily through inhibition of topoisomerase II, a mechanism shared with several established anticancer agents. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential of different generations of fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin, in an in vivo model of carcinogen-induced breast tumors. Female Balb/c mice were chronically administered a combination of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to induce mammary tumors. Tumor-bearing mice were randomized into treatment groups and received daily oral doses of the selected fluoroquinolones or vehicle for 14 days. Tamoxifen was included as a reference standard. Tumor progression, serum estradiol levels, body weight, hematological, and serum biochemical parameters were assessed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. All fluoroquinolone-treated groups exhibited reduced tumor progression and lower serum estradiol levels than the diseased-control group. Improvements in body weight, hematological, biochemical, and serum estradiol profiles of mice indicated a protective effect of fluoroquinolone treatment. Among the tested agents, moxifloxacin demonstrated superior antitumor activity, evidenced by a greater reduction in tumor incidence and weight relative to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The comparative analysis suggests that m20260oxifloxacin possesses enhanced antitumor efficacy in a murine model of mammary tumors induced by carcinogens, outperforming ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. These findings support further investigation of moxifloxacin as a potential anticancer drug for repositioning in combination with standard-of-care treatment.
Intrauterine device is a widely used reversible method of contraception, preferred worldwide due to long duration of birth control effect and ease of use. 50- Year- old lady presented to Emergency with epigastric pain for one day with vomiting. After necessary investigations, found out one misplaced IUD inside the peritoneal cavity and another one was inside the uterus. Laparoscopic removal was successfully done and she was discharged completely safe and sound. This case-based evidence confirmed the effective approach of minimally invasive surgery for the removal of misplaced IUD. Clinicians should be aware of possible complications of misplaced IUD and once recognized, prompt removal with collaborative and competent surgical skills is the key for the successful management.
Alopecia not only affects appearance but also significantly impacts self-esteem and quality of life. Natural ingredients like Aleurites moluccana (candlenut) and Aloe vera L. are gaining attention due to their perceived safety and environmental benefits. However, their molecular mechanisms in preventing hair loss remain unclear. This study evaluates the potential of active compounds from candlenut and Aloe vera as anti-alopecia agents through an in silico approach targeting the androgen receptor (AR), using PDB ID 4K7A. Methods included protein and ligand preparation, structure optimization, and molecular docking via AutoDock Tools to predict compound interactions with AR. The results showed that Campesterol from candlenut and β-Sitostenone exhibited highly stable binding energies (-11.53 and -11.23 kcal/mol) and low inhibition constants (3.55 and 5.88 nM), comparable to the native ligand. Aloe vera compounds, such as Gallic Acid and Quercetin, also demonstrated significant AR affinity, with binding energies of -8.89 kcal/mol and -8.72 kcal/mol, and inhibition constants of 862.99nM and 408.74 nM, respectively. Key interactions involved residues ASN 705, THR 877, and ARG 752. In conclusion, candlenut and Aloe vera compounds show promising anti-alopecia potential through AR inhibition. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to confirm their clinical efficacy and safety.
Mitochondrial malfunction and energy metabolism disruption in liver pathology, particularly experimental hepatitis, have been the subject of more recent research. The impaired mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation associated with hepatotoxic injury have been demonstrated to induce decreased ATP generation and hepatocyte dysfunction. Hence, the restoration of mitochondrial bioenergetics is a crucial goal in experimental as well as clinical hepatology. This study investigated whether plant-based polyphenol extracts can treat mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in experimental hepatitis. A model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatitis was induced in male rats. Polyphenol extracts were administered and evaluated for their impact on mitochondrial function. The performance of mitochondrial respiration, oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, and ATP synthesis were determined by differential centrifugation of isolated liver mitochondria. In experimental hepatitis, the experimental results confirmed significant inhibition of Complex I-dependent respiration and a dramatic decline in mitochondrial respiration. Administration of several polyphenol extracts caused stabilization of the electron transport chain, increased efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, restoration of mitochondrial respiration, and restoration of ATP production near the control values. It was found that polyphenol extracts not only compensate for the imbalance of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, but also protect mitochondrial integrity as hepatotoxicity was well described. These findings suggest that the plant-derived polyphenol extracts restore mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism in experimental hepatitis exerting a hepatoprotective effect. Polyphenol-based correction of mitochondrial dysfunction may represent a promising approach for prevention and therapy of hepatotoxic liver injury.
A simple, precise, and eco-friendly UV spectroscopic technique was created and approved for the quantitative measurement of dutasteride in tablet and bulk medication forms of administration. The method employs ethanol as the solvent, with maximum absorbance observed at 213nm. With a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.999, linearity was confirmed over the concentration range of 10–60µg/mL, suggesting a good linear connection between absorbance and concentration. Sandell's sensitivity was 0.0625µg/cm², and the molar absorptivity (ε) was 6.63 × 10²L/mol/cm. The concentration was calculated using the regression equation y = 0.016x + 0.0084. High accuracy with an average recovery of 99.2% and precision with intraday and interday %RSD values of 1.62% and 1.35%, respectively, were proven by method validation carried out in compliance with ICH Q2(R1) requirements. With LOD and LOQ values of 0.37µg/mL and 1.11 µg/mL, respectively, the technique showed good sensitivity. Greenness assessment, conducted using the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metric and MoGAPI, indicated strong compliance with eco-friendly principles, with maximum scores for avoidance of derivatization, minimal waste generation, elimination of toxic reagents, and integration of processes to reduce energy use. Moderate scores were observed for low energy consumption and operator safety, while relatively lower scores were noted for in-situ applicability and the use of renewable-source reagents. The new approach is appropriate for continuous quality monitoring of dutasteride in the drug formulations since it is accurate, economical, and environmentally friendly.
Oxidative stress (OS) is a pathological state that develops when there is a disequilibrium between the generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the capacity of biological systems to detoxify these reactive intermediates. Free radicals, mainly formed from unsaturated fatty acids during lipid peroxidation, act as secondary messengers in oxidative and electrophilic stress responses by transmitting electrophilic signals. They also influence vital cellular pathways, including autophagy, proliferation, and apoptosis. Considering the harmful consequences of OS, the present study examined the effect of the flavonoid kaempferol on malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes—catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR)—in rat brain tissue homogenates exposed to oxidative stress. Moreover, the in vivo impact of kaempferol and its glycosides (kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside, kaempferitrin, and afzelin) on NADH dehydrogenase activity in rat brain mitochondria was also evaluated. The findings revealed that kaempferol exhibited potent antioxidant activity under OS conditions. It significantly enhanced GPx and GR activities while lowering MDA levels, a key lipid peroxidation byproduct that accumulates during oxidative stress. Kaempferol also restored catalase activity, which was markedly reduced under OS. Specifically, kaempferol decreased MDA accumulation by 1.61-fold and increased catalase activity by 3.3-fold. Additionally, GPx and GR activities, which had been substantially reduced by OS, were recovered to 77.16% and 63.13% of control levels, respectively. Kaempferol also showed strong inhibitory effects on mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity, achieving complete inhibition at 50 μM. Its glycosides exhibited lower but significant inhibition, with kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside reducing activity by 84.34 ± 0.96%, kaempferitrin by 61.58±1.9%, and afzelin by 47.64±1.6%. The overall order of inhibitory potency was: kaempferol > kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside > kaempferitrin > afzelin.
