The development of herbal remedies in the form of phytoconstituents, bioactive compounds, and extracts for healthcare has piqued the interest of both researchers and medical professionals. Around 80% of the world's population has profited from phytomolecules that consist of numerous attributes, including their nutritious composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic characteristics. However, lipophilic phytomolecules have various drawbacks, such as poor water solubility, permeability, stability at physiological pH, and poor absorption in GIT, limiting their bioavailability. Nanoemulgel as a good vehicle can overcome the above problems and have better patient compliance due to its noninvasive delivery, high penetration ratio, avoidance of gastrointestinal side effects, easy application, convenient spreadability, and stronger therapeutic and safety features than other topicals. Nanoemulgel is one of the novel topical delivery systems because it has two different release control systems, i.e., hydrogel and nanoemulsion. Due to the finely dispersed oil droplets in the gel phase, lipophilic drugs can be easily incorporated, thus enhancing permeability in several folds that improve the therapeutic efficacy of acne, psoriasis, fungal infection, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis. The formulation can also be delivered via ocular, vaginal, dental, and nose-to-brain routes for the treatment of local and systemic ailments such as alopecia, periodontitis, and Parkinson's disease. In the future, nanoemulgel could be recognised as a key and effective formulation for lipophilic drugs. This review highlights the properties, preparation methods, benefits, and characterization of nanoemulgel as a nanocarrier for drug delivery.

Naringenin is prominent citrus flavonoids that are found mostly in grapes and oranges. It has long been thought to be a helpful therapeutic agent, but its usage has been limited due to its poor water solubility and bioavailability. The goal of this study was to improve naringenin bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy utilization by innovative liposome formulations created using the thin lipid film technique using soya lecithin and cholesterol as surface modifiers. The liposome that was successfully formulated (F3) was spherical in shape, and had a regulated release profile in-vitro. The tiny particle size (100 nm), high encapsulation efficiency (>88%), and drug loading capacity (>94%) revealed that naringenin and the liposome core had a strong affinity. Release kinetics models such as zero order, first order, Higuchi, and Peppas are constantly used to predict drug release profiles in order to develop a better in vitro–in vivo association. The majority of these models rely on diffusion equations based on liposome composition and release conditions. The drug release from the formulation follows zero order kinetics, according to the correlation coefficient values (R2) derived from several models. When tested with the Korsmeyer-peppas model, all of the formulations were linear. The erosion and swelling of the polymer dominated the drug release. The release exponent in the Korsmeyer-peppas model suggests that the process win drug release is a case II super transport. Based on these observations, it was anticipated that liposomal formulations could be useful nanocarriers for bypassing the oral delivery constraint of hydrophobic substances

The present work demonstrates the influence of plant extract composition (antioxidant and total phenolic content) on the size and morphology of the produced AgNPs. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous flower extract of Allamanda neriifolia plant. The biosynthetic procedure was rapid and simple and was easily monitored via colour changes and examined AgNPs (AN-AgNPs) by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained from various characterizations revealed that average size of synthesized AgNPs was 50 nm and in spherical structure. The anticancer potential of AN-AgNPs was investigated against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The cytotoxic response was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and morphological changes by apoptosis. The biosynthesized AgNPs-induced cell death in MCF- 7 cells suggested the anticancer potential of AN-AgNPs. Therefore, they may be used to treat the breast cancer cells.

Comparing the sounds of English and Tamil one can be able to acquire the knowledge of English sounds through his native. Only by studying the differences, difficulties of both English and Tamil it is possible to acquire a full understanding of the use of sounds. Phonological awareness refers to the ability to identify sounds of speech and make the necessary connection between the spoken units. And hence this paper attempts to discuss the differences between the languages and also the difficulties and the challenges faced by the Tamil learners in learning English pronunciation which helps the learners to identify the mistakes made by them and to be aware of the problems that forms the barrier. The possibilities will help the learners to be of a successful learner.

Naringenin, (NAR) from Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck, family Rutaceae, exhibit extensive pharmacological action, lacks significance in application due to low aqueous solubility approximately 0.214mg/mL, which results in low bioavailability (5.8%). Nanosuspension of NAR (NARNS) was prepared with various concentrations of polymers by high pressure homogenization technique. Physicochemical properties of the formulations were studied and optimized in our previous studies. The present study was performed further to identify the anti-inflammatory activity of the NARNS formulation in comparison with standard drug and NAR. Denaturation of protein and membrane stabilization methods were chosen for in-vitro evaluation and invivo studies performed were acute inflammatory studies (carrageenaninduced paw edema) and chronic inflammatory studies (cotton pellet granuloma) on Wistar albino rats. The optimum concentration of stabilizer and co-stabilizer chosen for this study was 1:1.5:1 with ps 80.52 +/- 0.13 with better solubility when compared to NAR. The studies demonstrated significantly greater anti-inflammatory activity of NARNS compared to NAR and the standard drug at a lower concentration.

Cisplatin (Cis-Diammineplatinum (II) dichloride/CIS) is one of the most potent chemotherapeutic agents widely used in treatment of various cancers. Naringenin (NAR), a natural flavonoid, protect against CIS-induced injury in rats without hampering CIS beneficial cytotoxic activity. Even though NAR exhibits therapeutic potency, clinical evolution of the molecule is embarrassed because of very less aqueous solubility which corresponds to low availability at the site of the tumor. In our former analysis, nanosuspension of naringenin (NARNS) was developed by the method of high-pressure homogenization. The study had been continued to evaluate the protective role of D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) coated NARNS, against oxidative stress-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats upon CIS treatment. Induction of acute hepato and neprotoxicity was done by intraperitoneal injection (i.p) injection of CIS (7 mg/kg of body weight) and administration of NAR and NARNS. Administration of NARNS virtually suppressed CIS-induced and liver injury evidenced by a reduction of lipid peroxidation level, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, creatinine and elevated enzymatic antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in rats liver tissue. Histological studies substantiated the biochemical parameters. The study suggests that NARNS has strong hepato and nephroprotective effect compared to NAR.

Objective: Naringenin (NAR) a flavonoid, exhibits extensive pharmacological action, fails to attain a significance in application due to low aqueous solubility (~ 0.214 mg/mL) which results in low bioavailability (5.8%). Nanosuspension of NAR (NARNS) was prepared in our previous studies using high-pressure homogenization employing various polymers. All these formulations were characterized and as a continuation of our work formulations was further evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro and in vivo methods. Methods: Denaturation of protein method and membrane stabilization methods was chosen for in vitro evaluation. In vivo studies performed were acute inflammatory studies (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and chronic inflammatory studies (cotton pellet granuloma) on Wistar albino rats. Results: The studies demonstrated that the NAR and NARNS at a dose of 50mg/kg P.O. have a potent activity compared to the standard drug diclofenac. Conclusion: The percentage of protection against inflammation exhibited by NARNS was highly significant compared to NAR.

Indian English Literature pertains to the body of work by writers from India, who pen strictly in the English language and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous regional and indigenous language of India. English literature in India is also intimately linked with the works of associates of the Indian Diaspora. Among other writers, Kiran Desai is one of the most renowned writers in the Indian English Literature. With Kiran Desai, a literary tradition is reborn. One of the major themes in the novel is multiculturalism. Multiculturalism relates to communities containing multiple cultures. The term is used in two broad ways, either descriptively or normatively. As a descriptive term it usually refers to the simple fact of cultural diversity. It is generally applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place, sometimes at the organizational level, eg: school, businesses, cities, or nations. As a normative term, it refers to ideologies or policies that promote this diversity or its institutionalization. In this sense, multiculturalism is a society at ease with the rich tapestry of human life and the desire amongst people to express their own identity in the manner they see as fit. Such ideologies or policies vary widely, including country to country. Another major theme in the novel is globalization, which is a process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are majorfactors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. The term globalization has been increasing use since the mid-1980s and especially since the mid-1990s. The term globalization is derived from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network ofsocial and economic systems. This paper attempts to analyze Kiran Desai’s novel The Inheritance of Loss to bring out the various aspects of multicultural clashes and globalization.

Naringenin (NAR) is a naturally occurring plant flavonoid, found predominantly in citrus fruits, possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties. However, despite the therapeutic potential of NAR, its clinical development has been hindered due to low aqueous solubility and inefficient transport across biological membranes resulting in low bioavailability at tumor sites. In our previous studies, nanosuspension of naringenin (NARNS) was prepared using high pressure homogenization method using different polymers. D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS) was added as a co-stabilizer. All formulation characterization studies were performed. As a continuation of our previous research, current study has further evaluated the ability of the TPGS-coated NARNS, to reverse drug-resistance of P-gp-over expressing MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line and animal model. MTT-based colorimetric assay revealed higher cytotoxic efficacy of NARNS than free NAR in MCF-7 cells. NARNS treatment significantly increased intracellular ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activity, lipid peroxidation status (TBARS) and decreased GSH levels when compared to free NAR treatment in MCF-7 cells. It has been also noticed that the presence of apoptotic indices (membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation) in NARNS treated cancer cells. Further, NARNS exhibited dose-dependent in vitro antitumor activity with DLA cells. A significant increase in the life span and a decrease in the cancer cell number and tumor weight were noted in the tumor-induced mice after treatment with NARNS.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties and tissue biodistribution of naringenin nanosuspension (NAR-NS) with that of NAR solution (NAR-S) after oral administration. Materials and Methods: NAR is a major antioxidant flavonoid present in citrus fruits and herbs. It is an auspicious drug based on its good bioactivity, but the use of NAR is clinically hindered because of its poor solubility and bioavailability. Hence, it was formulated as a NS. A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of NAR-S and NAR-NS present in plasma and tissue has been developed and validated. Biological samples were processed by simple protein precipitation. Results: NS formulation showed significantly improved solubility and oral bioavailability of NAR. Conclusion: Thus leads to a wider clinical application.

: Objective: The main objective of this research was to carry out formulation and evaluation of polymeric nanosuspension for silymarin drug by using suitable surfactants to improve its bioavailability. Methods: The silymarin nanosuspension was prepared and lyophilized for enhancing the dissolution of poorly soluble drug. The high pressure homogenization technique was adapted to produce the silymarin nanosuspension respectively using polymers such as Poloxamer188, Poloxamer 407 and Soya lecithin with TPGS as stabilizers in various proportions in combinations. Further, the prepared silymarin nanosuspension were characterized for particle size, poly dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug content, solubility study, in vitro release study, compatibility studies (FT-IR, DSC), in vitro permeability studies and stability studies. Results: The silymarin nanosuspension were prepared and lyophilized. The mean particle size ranged from 100.6 ± 0.16 d.nm to 275.0 ± 0.21 d.nm and the drug content ranged from 94.73 % to 99.61 %. Drug content of polymeric nanosuspension was increased by increasing drug to polymer ratio. The FTIR study confirmed the stable nature of silymarin in the drug-loaded polymeric nanosuspension. In DSC thermogram of pure silymarin a short melting endothermic peak was observed at 148.3°C due to melting point of the pure silymarin. At 263°C owing the presence of amorphous form of the drug in nanosuspension or the dissolution of crystalline drug into the molten carriers. From thermogram it was concluded that the drug and the surfactant do not interact with each other. All the silymarin nanosuspension showed good dissolution property ranging from 90.49 % to 97.96 % in the in-vitro release study after 12 hours. The in-vitro permeability study were shows enhanced diffusion due to huge specific surface area of the nanosuspension droplets and improved permeation of the drug because of the presence of surfactant, which reduces the interfacial tension of formulation. Stability studies were carried out for the best formulation, SF2 indicates that there is no change in drug content and dissolution profile of the formulation. Conclusion : The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that nanosuspension seems to be a promising drug delivery system, which can provide an effective and practical solution to the problem of formulating drugs with low aqueous solubility and poor systemic bioavailability.

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the poorly soluble drug, naringenin (NAR) into nanosuspension to increase the solubility and enhance the dissolution rate and then improve its bioavailability.Methods: Nanosuspenion of naringenin (NARNS) was prepared using high-pressure homogenization method using Soya lecithin, Polaxamer-407, Polaxamer-188, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and Tween-80. Ten formulations were prepared to show the effect of stabilizer and its ratio. D-α-Tocopheryl polyethene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS) was added as a co-stabilizer. All these formulations were evaluated for their particle size, PDI, zeta potential, FT-IR study, drug content, saturation solubility studies, entrapment efficiency, in vitro permeability and in vitro drug release. The formulation was further evaluated for scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD) and hemocompatibility assessment.Results: All the prepared formulations were in the nano size. The optimum concentration of the stabilizer was in the formulation was found 1:1.5:1 (drug: stabilizer: co-stabilizer ratio). Dramatic effect of the particle size reduction was found by the addition of the co-stabilizer (TPGS) in formulation N2 that has P. S 80.52±0.13 nm. The solubility and dissolution of NAR in the form of NARNS were significantly higher than those of pure NAR. SEM report shows that naringenin nanosuspension revealed a smooth texture. P-XRD crystallography diffraction and DSC studies indicated that the crystalline state of NAR was converted into amorphous nature. The safety evaluation showed that NARNS provided a lower rate of erythrocyte hemolysis. Conclusion: In this study, (NARNS) was successfully carried out by high-pressure homogenization technique and characterized. The physio-chemical characterization shown that crystalline naringenin was converted to a polymorphic form (DSC and P-XRD Study) which evidenced by enhanced dissolution rate in comparisons of the formulation with (NAR) pure drug. The NARNS has shown 7.5±0.4 fold increased relative bioavailability when compared to the NAR. The increased drug dissolution rate may have a significant impact in absorption which in turn the improved oral bioavailability of naringenin. Thus, this delivery system may prefer to improve the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs like NAR and thus enhanced oral bioavailability. The safety evaluation showed that nanoformulation (NF2) shows a lower rate of erythrocyte hemolysis. These findings suggest that the selected formulation may represent a promising new drug formulation for intravenous administration in the treatment of certain cancers.

The increase in the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide, but the distribution of ESBL-producing bacteria can vary according to geographical area or institution. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiologic data on ESBL-producing bacteria and their genotypes in our hospital. The hospital microbiology laboratory databases were reviewed for ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from 2004 to 2005. The ESBLproducers were also molecularly analyzed and included the CTX-M, TEM and SHV genes. In a 1-year study, there was 725 isolates of K. pneumoniae. Incidence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae increased. The most common genotype was TEM+SHV (30.0%) for K. pneumoniae. The increase of bacteria with multiple ESBL genes may be an emergent problem. Therefore, ESBL genotyping is needed for monitoring the important ESBLs that can lead to treatment failure and contribute to the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents and infection control.

The increase in the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide, but the distribution of ESBL-producing bacteria can vary according to geographical area or institution. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiologic data on ESBL-producing bacteria and their genotypes in our hospital. The hospital microbiology laboratory databases were reviewed for ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from 2004 to 2005. The ESBLproducers were also molecularly analyzed and included the CTX-M, TEM and SHV genes. In a 1-year study, there was 725 isolates of K. pneumoniae. Incidence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae increased. The most common genotype was TEM+SHV (30.0%) for K. pneumoniae. The increase of bacteria with multiple ESBL genes may be an emergent problem. Therefore, ESBL genotyping is needed for monitoring the important ESBLs that can lead to treatment failure and contribute to the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents and infection control.

All humans are colonized with Candida species, mostly Candida albicans, yet some develop diseases due to Candida, among which genitourinary manifestations are extremely common. The forms of genitourinary candidiasis are distinct from each other and affect different populations. While vulvovaginal candidiasis affects mostly healthy women, candiduria occurs typically in elderly, hospitalized, or immunocompromised patients and in neonates. Despite its high incidence and clinical relevance, genitourinary candidiasis is understudied, and therefore, important questions about pathogenesis and treatment guidelines remain to be resolved. In this study, we observed that the current knowledge about genitourinary candidiasis.

Purpose: The objective of this investigation was to isolate marine actinomycetes, screen them for anti-viral activity and characterize the extract. Methods: Marine actinomycetes were isolated from sediment samples obtained from various parts of Tamilnadu. The isolates were identified as actinomycetes by microscopical and biochemical tests. Production of active constituents was carried out in two different media, namely, Glucose-Yeast extract Malt (GYM) broth and Luria –Bertani (LB) broth. The extraction of microbial DNA was purified by Agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: Among 25 marine isolates subjected to preliminary screening, only isolates S7 and S21 showed potential for anti-viral activity. All two marine soil isolates were synthesized actinomycetes extract with yield ranging from ranging from 32.25 to 53.62 U/ml. However, soil isolates S7 and S21 were selected for further studies because of its high productivity (53.62 U/ml and 52.31 U/ml). The actinomyctes strain are extracted and purified by using agarose gel electrophoresis and compared with marker DNA. The molecular weight of the DNA was determined. Conclusion: The study revealed that marine actinomycetes may be potential source of high yield, high substrate specify actinomycetes strain, which is an anti-viral agent.

The aim of present study was the isolation, purification, partial characterization and antibacterial activities of compound produced by some actinomycetes from sedimented waters. Actinomycetes are gram positive, non motile, non capsulated bacteria that are characterized by the formation of branching filaments. The emergence of pathogenic bacteria which are resistant to multiple antibiotics, represent growing threat to human health and has given additional importance to the search for the newer drugs. Approximately two-thirds of the known secondary metabolites are produced by members of the order actinomycetales. The water samples of the region of Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have the capability to produce Actinomycetes. Luria-Bertani agar medium was one of the best medium for the isolation of Actinomycetes from sedimented water. The antibacterial assay of isolated Actinomycetes was carried out against some gram positive and gram negative microorganisms. The cultural characteristics of the isolated strains were studied from the antibacterial assay and the strain ST6 was selected for further study. Fermentation of ST6 was carried out by using synthetic medium 1. The recovery of the fermentation broth was carried by vaccum filtration and centrifugation. Extract of supernatants S1, S2 were carried out by using solvent ethyl acetate, chloroform. The two extracts SAM 1, SAM 11 were recovered. Their antibacterial activity was studied by using E.coli (ATCC 11880), S.aureus (ATCC 29737), S. typhi (ATCC 2356), M.luteus (ATCC 11880). The zone of inhibition was observed. Sam 11 showed good zone of inhibition as compared to SAM 1. The analysis of the two extracts were carried out by the Rf values were found to be as 0.8 (SAM 1), 0.79 (SAM 11). Also from UV and IR studies the SAM 1 and SAM 11 showed the λmax of 230nm and 250nm. The IR spectrum of SAM 1 indicated the functional groups like C=O, C-O, NH, aromatic substituted compound and for SAM 11 indicated the functional groups like C=O, C-O, NH, HX and aromatic substituted compound. The DNA of ST6 was extracted by cell lysis technique and purification was carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA bands were separated according to the molecular weight as compared with standard marker DNA.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of selected plant Pongamia pinnata used in ancient days for the treatment of so many skin diseases. Surface lipids of the selected plant were extracted using chloroform. The crude lipid extract was subjected to column chromatography, by using different solvents pentane, 1% ethyl acetate in hexane, 5% ethyl acetate in hexane, chloroform, methanol yielding five fractions from the crude lipid extract. These fractions were tested against bacterial and fungal strains using agar cup bioassay method and broth dilution method. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sphearicus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Escheritia coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, Klebsella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Candida rugosa, Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus were the 12 microbial strains used for the in vitro antimicrobial study. Pentane and 1% ethyl acetate in hexane fractions showed no activity on all microbial strains except S.epidermidis where as all other fractions showed moderate activity on all microbial strains except E.coli and B.subtilis. All the fractions showed greatest activity against S.epidermidis. In case of antifungal assay, pentane and 1% ethyl acetate fractions showed no activity on all fungal strains, where as rest of the fractions showed moderate activity on all fungal strains. This study supports the selected plant showed encouraging results, as it found to contain substances that had antimicrobial activity because of, the isolated compounds of Pongamia pinnata were active against 10 out of 12 microbial strains.