In this work the results of historical-macroseismic studies concerning the 1930 events are shown. Due to the availability of new sources (from archives and newspapers) and a renewed methodological approach, which it has led to a new interpretation of the known documents, the data regarding events already included in CPTI15 have been updated and expanded. Many new events have been added enriching the available data, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative aspect concerns the number of events as well as the increased number of macroseismic data (Mdp). The qualitative aspect concerns the description of the earthquake effects for most of the Mdp. Furthermore, other events have been included that for various reasons contribute to the seismic characterization of the Italian peninsula and others, finally, that have not been recorded by the contemporary seismic service and should not be lost. The data set is in the appendix and is collected in eighty cards corresponding to 118 events.
The Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes CPTI15 v 4.0 [Rovida et al., 2022] does still include 226 earthquakes whose epicentral parameters are based on preliminary studies carried out in the first half of the 1990s and identified by the acronym AMGNDT95 [Archivio Macrosismico GNDT, 1995]. These studies are 'preliminary' in the sense that generally they limited themselves to analyse the bibliographic references of the PFG catalogue [Postpischl, 1985a] - i.e. in the case of pre-1900 earthquakes mostly the Baratta [1901] compilation-and to derive epicentral parameters from these references or, at best, from the sources they quoted (when available), that is, usually, other seismological compilations or local historiography. For some years now, an operation has been underway to update AMGNDT95 studies and improving their quality as far as possible. Many of the results of this operation have been published in the INGV series "Quaderni di Geofisica", under the collective title "Materiali per un catalogo dei terremoti italiani" (Materials for a catalogue of Italian earthquakes), a title inspired to a work by Baratta [1897]. Some of these initiatives concerned particular areas of North-Eastern Italy, such as the Treviso area [Baranello, 2023; Baranello et al., 2024] and the Carnia-Friulian Preals area, which is the subject of the present work, aimed at reviewing and updating knowledge on a group of strong earthquakes of the 1700s and carried out within the framework of the PRIN 2020 project Caputo et al. (eds) [2025].
In 1904, professor Francesco Cavani, commissioned by the Municipality of Bologna, was tasked with evaluating the stability of the Garisenda Tower. To this end, he developed an innovative monitoring system, based on a plumb line fixed about 40 meters high on the south wall and specialized telescopes, equipped with a double system of lenses and focuses, capable of detecting displacements with precision up to one- twentieth of a millimeter. The tables attached to his report present in detail the monitoring data, including time series of the eastward and northward displacements, represented at a 20:1 enlarged scale. In this study, the original series were digitized, scaled, and exported for analysis using modern methods. The goal is to extract information on the dynamic characteristics of the tower's motion, both in the time domain and in the frequencydomain. The results highlight the oscillations and their corresponding amplitudes, providing a modern and updated interpretation of the dynamic behavior of the structure over a century later. This work aims to disseminate basic information on the tower's behavior in the past, to assess potential significant changes in the kinematic characterization of its movements in future studies. Additionally, future developments are announced to enhance the understanding of the spatial and temporal limits of the results, considering the imperfections of the historical graphs.
For almost twenty years, the Italian community of historical seismologists has been developing a wide and articulated research programme for updating and improving the macroseismic database used by compilers of the national earthquake catalogue to calculate increasingly accurate and reliable epicentral parameters. The initiatives carried out include: indepth studies of single earthquakes, detailed reconstructions of the 'seismic histories'of single localities/areas, and large scale study campaigns. These aimed at i) conducting preliminary (or 'expeditious') studies for historical earthquakes above the damage threshold that currently lack them, ii) updating or improving outdated or preliminary data, and iii) identifying and studying as many earthquakes as possible that exceeded the damage threshold but still 'unknown' to historical seismology and hence to the national seismic catalogue. The present work gathers the results of research on eight earthquakes located in the present Provinces of Treviso and Belluno between 1709 and 1949. Seven of these are included in the current version of the CPTI15 catalogue based on preliminary reference studies. The eighth and most recent one, instead, falls into the category of 'neglected' earthquakes, that is, those that were mistakenly excluded from the parametric reference catalogue in the 1980s [Postpischl, 1985] and that, to date, remain absent from the current version of the parametric catalogue. The work is in continuity with a previous study of 'minor' seismicity in the Asolo area and, together with it, makes a significant contribution to advancing the knowledge of the historical seismicity of the Veneto and Friuli Pre Alps.
The earthquake occurred in the NWsectorof the Marsica region (AbruzziApennines, central Italy) on 24 February 1904 has been parametrized in the modern Italian seismic catalogues with magnitude Me 5.6 (CFTI5Med [B1: Guidoboni et al., 2018]) and Mw 5.68 (CPTI15 [B1: Rovida et al., 2022]). This event damaged a region which, differently from the adjacent LA'quila sector of the Apennines, was not characterized by a significant seismic history. The scientific and popular view of a territory seismically negligible was still further contradicted eleven years later, on 13 January 1915, when the same area was struck by a catastrophic event (Mw 7.08 [B1: Rovida et al., 2022]), responsible for new damage (in some cases complete destruction) of the settlements already damaged in (and repaired after) 1904. Later on, the geological investigations since the 1970s showed that the above mentioned earthquakes had occurred in a sector of the Apennines affected by recent and current fault activity [B1: Bosi, 1975; Bertini e Bosi, 1976; Giraudi, 1986; 1988; Serva et al., 1986; Galadini e Messina, 1994; Michetti et al., 1996; Galadini e Galli, 1999; Cavinato etal., 2002; Galli et al., 2012; Gori et al., 2017a; Patruno e Scisciani, 2021]. Some of the cited works deal with the 30-Km-long fault emerging along the western and northern borders of the Fucino basin, considered as the causative source of the 1915 earthquake (Figure 1). In short, the modern geological and geomorphological knowledge indicates that the occurrence of strong seismic events would not be unexpected in this part of the central Apennines. The characteristics of the 1904 earthquake summarized in the above-mentioned parametric catalogues are based on a study published in the 1990s (i.e., the catalogue CFTI1 fB1: Boschi et al., 1995]), giving a distribution of the intensities according to the MCS macroseismic scale. Intensity data from that analysis indicate that the mainshock caused significant damage to several villages (Rosciolo dei Marsi, I 9 MCS; Magliano de' Marsi, I 8-9 MCS; Cappelle, Gallo, Poggio Filippo, San Donato, SantA'natolia, I 8 MCS). This estimation was mainly based on reports of the effects published at the beginning of the 20(th) century fB1: Monti, 1906; Cavasino, 1914], the critical reading of some newspapers of that time and of the telegrams sent from authorities of the damaged region to the Ministry of the Interior. However, information published at the beginning of the 20(th) century was not based on surveys made by seismologists or geologists and the recent and current research has not uncovered technical reports by scientists among the sparse documents regarding the 1904 seismic event. The first estimations on the earthquake effects benefited of short communications sent by people living in the region struck by the shocks (sometimes mayors of the damaged small towns) to Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia e Geodinamica at Rome and of the descriptions of the effects by special correspondents of newspapers. A picture of almost complete destruction can be derived from many journalistic passages, due to the literary emphasis used by newsagents to describe the consequences of the earthquake. These newspaper views were almost uncritically included in the old scientific publications above mentioned, favoring the estimation with high MCS intensity values also in the modern contributions which considered the old literature to quantify the earthquake effects. These aspects made a new study of the 1904 earthquake necessary, and the opportunity was given by recent considerations, discussions and activities on the 120(th) anniversary of the seismic event, commemorated in two of the villages damaged at that time (Rosciolo dei Marsi and Scurcola Marsicana). Our investigation was based on: i) the critical review of the available literature, especially of the contributions published more than one century ago; ii) the reading of a greater number of newspapers compared to those used in previous studies (i.e., 18 newspapers for the period February-July 1904 and 4 newspapers for the period February 1904-January 1905); iii) the analysis of historical documents from archives at Rome and in the Abruzzi region (Archivio di Stato dell'Aquila, Archivio Storico Diocesano dei Marsi atAvezzano, Archivio Storico del Comune di Magliano de'Marsi, Archivio Centrale dello Stato at Rome, Archivio Macrosismico dell'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia at Rome). The already available and the uncovered documentary materials permitted to interpret some journalistic views as excessive and, therefore, to consider estimations in the old publications as not fully reliable. Presently, we believe that intensities (EMS-98 and MCS scales) should be attributed to the most damaged localities as follows: Rosciolo dei Marsi, I 8 EMS and MCS; Magliano de' Marsi, I 7.5 EMS and MCS; Cappelle, Gallo, Poggio Filippo, San Donato, SantA'natolia, I 7 EMS and MCS; Scanzano I 6.5 EMS and MCS; Scurcola Marsicana, I 6 EMS and 6.5 MCS; Marano, Massa dA'lbe,I6 EMS and MCS (Table 1; Figure 10). The intensities reported in Table 1 defined new parameters summarizing the characteristics of the earthquake, I-o 7.5, I-x 8, Mw 5.18 (Table 2), significantly lower than those available in the catalogues mentioned above. The collected information also permitted to define a list of aftershocks made of 77 events (Table 3), occurred between 25 February and 31 December 1904. Though representing a partial view of the whole seismic sequence, this new list defines a significant increase of the number of aftershocks (59) already reported in the publication by Molin et al. fB1: 1999]. Fourteen minor events (six of which were already included in the above-mentioned catalogue CPTI15, basing on the previous study by Molin et al. fB1: 1999]) have been considered as strong enough to have been responsible for further damage (i.e., I-x >= 5 EMS-98), as indicated by the studied journalistic sources or by archive documents. We refer to the shocks occurred on: 25 February (00:29), 26 February (00:45), 28 February (00:30), 1 March (01:52), 3 March (18:55), 10 March (04:21), 11 March (13:25), 15 March (01:15), 20 March (05:50; 07:50), 29 March (08:30), 6 April (19:25), 7 April (19:00), 13 April (05:57). The Intensity datapoints of the strong aftershock occurred on 25 February (Mw 4.4) are plotted in Figure 11. As for the seismogenic aspects, the 1904 earthquake has been attributed to the northernmost section of the Fucino fault, corresponding to that defined as Magnola Mts.-Mt. Velino fault (Figure 15) [B1: Galadini et al., 1998; Valentini et al., 2019]. This attribution was based on the consistency of the intensity datapoints distribution with the attitude of the fault. This purely geometric relationship has not changed after the revision of the earthquake, since net of the different intensity values, the geometry of the distribution is comparable to that available until now. However, the attempt to link the 1904 earthquake to the mentioned fault must consider the decrease of the magnitude proposed in our study. The association of a moderate magnitude earthquake to a specific fault potentially responsible for M 7 seismic events is not without pitfalls. Considering the less significant area of the seismogenic rupture, we cannot exclude that the studied earthquake was originated by a secondary fault not emerging at surface. Another aspect discussed in this study is represented by the repairs following the 1904 earthquake. This concerns the vulnerability of the buildings at Rosciolo dei Marsi, i.e., the most damaged village (I 8 EMS-98 and MCS). After the seismic event, many iron tie rods (and some buttresses) were placed on buildings damaged by the shocks of the seismic sequence and affected by precarious stability conditions (Figure 12). Contemporary eyewitnesses considered (and current residents still consider) these interventions as the main reason fora damage in 1915 significantly lower than that observed in the nearby villages. Paradoxically, the highest damage in 1904 was the reason for the necessary repairs at Rosciolo which decreased the vulnerability of the buildings and contributed to mitigate the impact of the 1915 earthquake. Still today, Rosciolo maintains original buildings of the past centuries with interesting, though partly abandoned, architectural emergences. By contrast, less widespread distribution of repairs, or no intervention at all, characterized other less damaged villages, with the consequence that buildings with very high vulnerability faced the test of the strong 1915 shaking with a catastrophic outcome.
This paper presents the results of a review of knowledge on a dozen moderate-energy earthquakes inthe time span from 1964 to 1972. Starting from the super expeditious studies already available, theanalysis of seismological sources was deepened and specific research was carried out on journalistic sources, re-evaluating and enriching macroseismic estimates for each of the earthquakes considered.The aim of this work is to improve the overall knowledge of the earthquakes considered, the intensitydata of which can contribute to enlarge the data set used for calibrating intensity-magnituderelationships, as agreed with the CPTI15 Working Group
I formulate the hypothesis that in a laminar mo tion regime on an inclined plane, in a marine mud rich in ammonia and water, strings of (OH) - H + NH 3 are formed aligned in the direc tion of mo tion. The various groups (OH) - H + NH 3 of the generic string hold tail heads by electrosta tic a ttrac tion. Let there be a shear rate, with velocity that varies monotonically in the direc tion perpendicular to the mo tion and the inclined plane. The presence of lipids could facilitate laminar mo tion, favor the rota tion of solid par ticulate ma tter of the mud around axes parallel to the inclined plane and perpendicular to the macroscopic direc tion of mo tion, and facilitate the development of "polarized" rota tional kine tic energy quanta. I call such quanta: phonons-of-rota tional-kine tic-energy/micro-vor tices; they are polarized thanks to the shear rate. In the generic string, I speculate that such phonons induce a synchronous quantum pseudo-rota tion of each group (OH) - H + NH 3 around its local center H + . I observe that (OH) - and NH 3 have almost the same atomic mass, in terms of the number of electrons and protons, since (OH) - has only one electron more than NH 3 and if a neutron is supposed to be given by a proton plus an electron. In the generic quantum pseudo-rota tion, each (OH) - is counterbalanced by the corresponding neutral group NH 3 , around its local center H + . I suppose that from these pseudoquantum rota tions arises a magne tic field parallel to the inclined plane and perpendicular to the mo tion. The correspondence with s tiffnites, mud flows as debated in two of my 2011 ar ticles in Annals of Geophysics, is discussed [Pareschi, 2011a; 2011b]. Here I also propose that at the stop of mo tion, at pressures of 300-400 atmospheres, the string breaks and the reac tion (OH) - H + NH 3 -3 14 CH 4 + OH takes place, with a nuclear transi tion 14 N -3 14 C. The appearance of addi tional 14 C and the reac tive group OH are used to: i) discuss the possible backda ting of certain reworked deposits of the Ionian Sea (o ff the Sicilian coast and South of the Calabrian coasts), currently linked to the Cretan earthquake of 365 AD and ii) explain the oxida tion of the normally se ttled deposits underlying those reworked deposits. Since, in the literature, in the deposits men tioned above, no phenomena a ttributable to anomalous temperatures are reported, I deduce that the nuclear reac tion 14 N -3 14 C is cold.
The compilation of a parametric catalogue of earthquakes in a country such as Italy, for a chronologicalwindow spanning more than a millennium, is an undertaking of unimaginable complexity.Over the last ten years, the work of updating the catalogue has mainly concerned the in-depth studyof the early studies of the 1990s.One aspect that is being addressed at this stage, and is the subject of this work, is the verification ofsome 20 catalogue records, which are not included in the current version, but potentially could be.An expeditious but rigorous search was performed on these cases, and the results are presented here.Five records turned out to be very doubtful or certainly false; in a couple of events no macroseismicinformation was found, in another couple of situations it was considered unrealistic to search formacroseismic information on minor shocks within complex sequences.For all the other cases, studies presented here make available intensity data that allow new epicentralparameters to be derived.
The Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI15), includes almost 5000 events; among them there are about two hundred earthquakes scarcely studied, belonging to the AMGNDT995 database, whose parametrization remains very uncertain. Five of these earthquakes are revised in this paper, with the aim of appraising their knowledge and enriching them with better information and data. In addition, we present here an event not listed in the Italian seismic catalogues that occurred in the Colli Albani volcanic district, near Rome, in 1981.
This paper describes the main characteristics of the seismicity linked to the volcano-tectonic events recorded at Mount Etna during 2021 by the Seismic Network of the INGV- Etnean Observatory (OE). Out of a total of 2315 events recorded at Mount Etna, 1763 are the ones located. About 40% of these events belong to the 27 seismic sequences identified during the year. The most important sequence, both in terms of number of events (about a hundred) and of seismic energy release, occurred on January 24 and 25, 1.5 km east of Mt. Fontane (northeastern flank) at a depth greater than 10 km b.s.l. As regards the seismic energy alone released, two significant seismic sequences can be distinguished, both characterized by shallow events. The first one was recorded between 14 and 17 January in the Central Craters area, while the second one was recorded on December 24, 2 km north of Zafferana Etnea. Localized seismic events (http://eqcatalog.ct.ingv.it/etnarsc) have overall local magnitude values between 0 and 3.6, while the focal depths are between 1.6 km above sea level and 35 km below sea level. Eight events reached and exceeded M (L) = 3.0, almost all belonging to the recorded seismic sequences. The completeness magnitude (M (C) ) of the events recorded in 2021 is equal to 1.4 (+/- 0.05), slightly higher than that one estimated for the previous year (M- C = 1.2 +/- 0.01), while the b-value remained practically constant (b = 1.22 +/- 0.06). The seismicity, as a whole, affects the central-eastern and southern sectors of the volcano. The deeper earthquakes (below 10 km) tend to form clusters, i.e. groups of events concentrated in space and time. Conversely, the shallow seismicity appears more scattered, but mainly concentrated in the eastern side and, to a lesser extent, in the southern one. The kinematics associated with the most energetic earthquakes (M- L >= 2.5), for which it was possible to calculate the focal mechanisms, highlights a prevalence of strike-slip focal mechanisms (59%), followed by direct-type solutions (26%). Reverse type solutions are rare (15%), in agreement with the source mechanisms that typically characterize the Etna area and consistently with the regional structural setting. From a comparison between seismic and volcanic activity that occurred in 2021, it was observed that an increase in the paroxysmal explosive activity corresponded to a general decrease in the rate of occurrence of earthquakes, especially the shallower earthquakes.
This paper presents the revision study of the strongest earthquake (MW 5.6, data source ParametricCatalog of Italian Earthquakes - CPTI15) that occurred in the area of the Province of Rome on August26, 1806. A preliminary analysis of the data and related sources in the CPTI15 shows severalinconsistencies in the current state of knowledge of the event. The aim of the work was therefore toreconsider the entire body of known sources and simultaneously undertake a search for new evidence.The research resulted in an enrichment of the information picture of the earthquake and in theassignment of new intensity values. The newly estimated macroseismic magnitude of the event issignificantly lower than that currently in the catalog record
This work was carried out within the 2015 ART-IT project (Early Earthquake Alert in ITaly). Its main purpose is to investigate the performance and the critical issues of an early warning system with particular reference to the PRESTo system (PRobabilistic and Evolutionary early warning SysTem, [Iannacone et al., 2010; Satriano et al., 2011]) whose use has been tested in the framework of the above mentioned project. The correct operation of an early warning system can effectively guarantee a more effective management of a seismic emergency from the first seconds after the occurrence of a strong earthquake, allowing quick actions to reduce exposure and seismic risk. The work was substantially subdivided into two main steps. A first calibration phase, carried out in the first part of the project and aimed to identify the best values of the software configuration parameters in terms of event triggering and declaration. Once the values of the aforementioned parameters have been identified, the second phase of the work was focused on testing the software in real time configuration, on a test site area and the subsequent evaluation of its performance in terms of declaration and localization capacity. This work focuses mainly on the second part of the experimentation and is aimed describing and summarizing the analysis carried out to evaluate the response of the PRESTo software ( and in general of an early warning system) after one year of experimentation and acquisition and highlight any problems and critical issues of the software and more generally of the rapid alert systems.
On September 22, 2022 the Bargagli area, located about 10 kilometers away from Genoa, was affected by a series of earthquakes of which the largest was that of 15.39 (local time), of magnitude Mw 4.0. The event was felt in a very large area and caused minor damage to a church and a cemetery. A few smaller magnitude tremors followed, mainly clustered in the first few days after the main event. The peculiarity of this seismic crisis is that it occurred in an area not previously affected by earthquakes of that magnitude, at least according to the information contained in the historical and instrumental catalogs currently available. This article describes a study carried out using instrumental bulletins and historical seismograms stored in the Sismos project database to study in greater detail the seismicity of the area and provide any information on other earthquakes that occurred in that sector of the Ligurian Apennines. Based on the results obtained, we propose that the earthquake of September 21, 1924, originally located offshore about two kilometers from the Ligurian coast, actually took place in the vicinity of Bargagli. Although this new position has no particular implications for the seismic hazard of the area, however, it represents an important information to be taken into account in the calculation of the return period and in the seismotectonic interpretation of the area.
The earthquake of April 24, 1901, known as the Palombara Sabina earthquake, is the most important event (Mw 5.2, I0 8 MCS) with epicenter in the Roman province. In spite of this, the earthquake has been poorly documented to date. The aim of the present work is to update the level of knowledge through a complete reappraisal of the sources, and above all an investigation for new accounts to reconstruct the actual impact on the territory. The results lead to a drastic resizing of the earthquake in terms of lower intensity and, consequently, lower macroseismic magnitude, but also to an improvement of the data supporting the general knowledge. Finally, some new information about the small Sabina earthquake of 1890 emerged during the work.
The latest version of the CPTI15 seismic catalogue ( January 2022) includes more than two hundred earthquakes marked AMGNDT95. Their parameters are derived from expeditious studies produced as part of the GNDT/CNR 'Hazard Project' (1993-1995). Some of them simply parameterise data taken from bibliographic references in the PFG85 catalogue, i.e., mostly Mario Baratta's seismological compilation "I terremoti d'Italia" [1901] or twentieth-century seismological bulletins. Others go back as far as the original sources of the references themselves. As part of the B2 Convention between INGV and DPC (2016-2021), a review of these earthquakes was initiated, starting with the most relevant ones, for which a good margin of improvement in knowledge can be assumed. At the same time, first- level research was also begun on a dozen or so earthquakes of low energy, but still above the damage threshold, which for various reasons had never been studied so far and whose parameters in the CPTI15 are still those of the POS85 catalogue. We present here the results of the study of about thirty earthquakes belonging to both categories. The overall result is generally a strong improvement of the available information, from which it will be possible to derive epicentral parameters more up-to-date and more robust than the previous ones.
In assessing the seismic hazard of an area, and consequently, in risk estimates, a key role is played by the occurrence of strong earthquakes, in this case, the earthquake of 25 February 1695 (Mw 6.4). However, as shown by the MPS19 hazard model [Meletti et al., 2021], the significant increase in hazard values in areas of medium seismicity (e.g. Emilia Romagna), in particular the 10% estimate in 50 years, is determined by the strong improvement of the base data included in the CPTI15 catalogue [Rovida et al., 2022], represented by about a thousand earthquakes re-evaluated with respect to the previous version, a couple of hundred of which were introduced ex novo in the catalogue. The present work took into consideration the portion of the Treviso area close to the Venetian Prealps, in particular the area close to the town of Asolo, of which several relatively "minor" earthquakes, included in the CPTI15 catalogue [Rovida et al., 2022] based on super-expeditious studies, were studied ex novo. Starting from the preliminary studies available, in-depth research was carried out going back to the original sources, redetermining the epicentral parameters of each event on the basis of a new data-set. As a result of this work, a substantial improvement in the information on each earthquake both in terms of the number of intensity points and the reliability of the estimates has been achieved, as well as making available the transcripts of the entire body of sources and bibliography on the earthquakes considered.
During May 2022, a short-lived seismic swarm affected a small area of the Chianti fiorentino region about 15 km south of Florence. The two strongest earthquakes of the swarm reached MW 3.7; nonetheless, they were distinctly felt up to distances of several tens of kilometers, causing residents' concern. Moreover, the presence of a huge artistic heritage in the surrounding areas raises questions about its vulnerability to even minor ground shaking. In order to improve knowledge of the location and size of active seismogenic structures in the vicinity of Florence, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) responded promptly through the SISMIKO emergency group. On the 4th of May, the day after the beginning of the sequence, five mobile seismic stations were installed at close range from the epicentral area and integrated into the INGV permanent monitoring system. This report describes the procedures related to: (i) deployment, maintenance and dismission of the mobile network; (ii) management and quality control of the acquired data. Finally, in the frame of the seismo-tectonic context of the area, we present a preliminary overview about the spatial features and temporal evolution of the swarm which had a slight resumption in August 2022, with a magnitude 2.7 event and its aftershocks.
In Italy, the actual geothermal concessions for the use of the geothermal resources expire in 2024. By the forthcoming assignment of the mining rights participate - beyond ENEL-Greenpower - also players of the free market, who intend to apply new technologies, accessing, however, one and the same geothermal reservoirs of Larderello-Travale and Mt. Amiata. The use of different methodologies (partial or complete reinjection), in adjacent areas, requires an advanced monitoring system, capable to locate microseismicity in real-time, calculating the relevant seismic parameters and communicating the results in quasi-real-time to the involved concessions, the competent authorities and the population. Following the initiative of the "Regione Toscana", the role as responsible monitoring agency (SPM) has been assigned to INGV, with the purpose to guarantee a homogeneous and centralized monitoring of all concessions operating in the Tuscan geothermal areas. Concerning power plants under national jurisdiction, the ministerial guidelines propose an experimental alert- and reaction-scheme, for water reinjection, exclusively. In this perspective, it is important to stress the actual lack of specific guidelines for geothermal exploitation on regional level. The aim of the present work is to summarize the experiences collected during the management of geothermal systems in other countries and to promote the drafting of a document that defines an appropriate communication scheme for application of the monitoring tasks by the SPM. Such a scheme may represent the basis for developing a reaction scheme and could be useful for the implementation of future regional monitoring guidelines for geothermal activities.
In Italy, historical research on earthquakes has a long and glorious tradition, which in recent decades has gone through very different phases. In the first half of the 1980s and up to the mid-90s, two very demanding research ventures were developed: the research program financed by ENEL for the qualification of sites susceptible to nuclear plants in three areas of the country (Piedmont, Lombardy, Puglia), later merged into the "Catalog of Strong Italian Earthquakes" (CFTI) of the ING/INGV, and the "Hazard project" of the GNDT/CNR, aimed at preparing all the basic data necessary for a model of hazard updated. As part of these two ventures, for about a decade over a hundred researchers, mostly "professional" historians, have worked to update their knowledge of Italian historical earthquakes. Researches developed by the "Hazard Project" - complementary to those of the CFTI - aimed only at rapidly re-evaluating the knowledge on about 600 intermediate energy earthquakes. Some of these studies, after a couple of decades, are now largely obsolete. For this reason, a work plan was launched aimed at deepening the knowledge on several dozens of these studies, marked in the current Parametric Catalog of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI15) by the initials AMGNDT95, providing them with an updated and, hopefully, better database. This work presents the results of research carried out on 6 earthquakes included in the 1949-1971 time span. Such researches have allowed a significant improvement of the epicentral parameters of these earthquakes and, at the same time, an enhancement of seismic histories of numerous localities.
In the framework of the studies aimed at improving the knowledge of the seismicity of the Italian territory, starting from CPTI15, an analysis of the earthquakes that were scarcely documented and that needed a deeper knowledge has been undertaken. In particular, the analysis focused on those earthquakes whose only reference study was the Italian Macroseismic Bulletin (BMING/BMINGV). Of these, about forty events were identified and are the subject of this work. For each earthquake, the original macroseismic questionnaires, held in the INGV Macroseismic Archive, were retrieved and an accurate research of new accounts in the newspapers was carried out. Data from 38 low-to-medium magnitude earthquakes occurring between 1980 and 2002, were reviewed: in total, about 2000 macroseismic questionnaires referring to more than 1400 localities have been examined. About 400 new localities have been identified for which information on 30 events was available, for a total of more than 450 new macroseismic observations. Based on this new data set, intensities were assigned in EMS-98 and macroseismic parameters were calculated. For each earthquake a summary record was compiled with the new data and a map of the geographic distribution of the observations.
