Hydroponic green forage is an alternative from the point of view of nutritional supplement and it is estimated that the water savings in these systems can be significant, saving up to 90% compared to conventional irrigation methods. The objective of this research was to evaluate the arrangement of the trays in a hydroponic green forage production system with water recirculation, to determine the effect on the performance of the oat crop. The test consisted of 80 polyethylene trays; each tray has an area of 0.167 m2. In the evaluated treatments, the water flow was configured in two distinct ways. Nutrient solution (18-18-18) was applied, applying 90 grams in 150 liters of water. In Treatment A, the flow pattern alternates between levels in a zigzag manner: at levels 4 and 2, water flows from the center to the sides, whereas at levels 3 and 1, it flows from the sides to the center, where the excess volume is collected. In Treatment B, the water flow is more uniform: at levels 4, 3, and 2, it is directed from the center to the sides, ensuring an orderly descent, while at level 1, it is channeled from the sides to the center towards the collection point. This configuration simplifies system management and facilitates efficient water drainage. To compare the treatments, the following variables were evaluated: plant height and total dry matter. The arrangement of the tray with water recirculation showed a significant effect on the dry matter yield in the oat crop. The arrangements that favor better performance and greater production of dry matter were the trays with the arrangement towards the outside of the rack.
The chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and complex and is related to the phytogeography of a region. Therefore, the ecology of the local flora is directly related to its chemical composition. The aim of this study was to identify the pollen types and chemical substances of hexane extracts present in the propolis of Scaptotrigona nigrohirta from a meliponary in Santarém, Pará state, in the region of the lower Amazonas River, in order to obtain data that can be used for the sustainable conservation of the bee species and flora in this Amazonian region. We analyzed, palinological analysis of 11 propolis samples collected from the meliponary and chemically only two (wet and dry season). For the melissopalynology, propolis was diluted in acetone and then applied to acetolysis. For a chemical evaluation were obtained hexane extracts from propolis samples April and August 2018 and analysis by gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. A multivariate analysis was performed with the pollen and chemical data. Seventy-seven pollen types were found, defining the propolis as heterofloral, with the families Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae and Myrtaceae being the most significant in the pollen spectrum of the samples. The most frequent species were: Copaifera martii, Eugenia brasiliensis, Mitracarpus strigosus, Protium heptaphyllum and Tamarindus indica. The hexane extracts of propolis had a 35.75% yield. Sixteen compounds were found and cycloartenol, lupeol acetate and lupenone were identified as major constituents.
The article examines the development of rural areas under conditions of decentralization. The primary objectives of sustainable development of rural areas include the establishment of a stable social environment. A rural area, as an agrosocial system, is an objective combination of three key components - environmental, economic, and social - which together ensure the resilience of this system. In Ukraine, there are certain prerequisites for sustainable development. However, there is a lack of clear principles and regulatory methods at the level of rural settlements that would take into account the essential characteristics of rural development. Measures for sustainable development of rural areas are currently being formed as a distinct direction of state policy. The state’s influence on rural areas is exercised through the management and regulatory functions of public policy, which are reflected in legislative and regulatory acts. The article addresses the socio-economic aspects of developing local self-governance in rural areas, the particularities of organizing life in rural territories, and the formation of potential for growth. It justifies the need to enhance activities aimed at increasing the role of local self-governance and implementing modern principles of economic reform in rural areas. The article confirms that the decentralization process is complex, involving numerous contradictions related to finding the optimal model of local self-governance. The risks and threats associated with the decentralization process are identified, and the potential impact on the socio-economic development of rural areas is substantiated. The article emphasizes the necessity of creating a comprehensive vision of relevant measures, establishing clear criteria for their assessment, and forecasting their influence on the socio-economic development of rural areas to enhance the effectiveness of decentralization policies. It is demonstrated that the development of a mechanism for diversifying rural area growth must consider strategic directions and an analysis of the current state of socio-ecological-economic development of rural territories.
This study compared the effectiveness of Calcium Hydroxide and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) in partial biopulpectomies of Mus musculus teeth. A total of 16 rats (n=8 per group) were used, evaluating inflammation (levels 1: very mild to 4: severe), necrosis, and granulation tissue formation at 7 and 21 days. Using non-parametric tests (Fisher’s exact test, McNemar, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney), no significant intergroup differences were found in inflammation (p > 0.05 at 7 days; p > 0.05 at 21 days) or necrosis (p > 0.05 at 7 days; p > 0.05 at 21 days). However, MTA exhibited superior clinical trends, achieving complete necrosis resolution (0% vs. 25% in Calcium Hydroxide) and granulation tissue formation (100% vs. 87.5%) at 21 days, with significant intragroup reductions in granulation (p < 0.05 vs. p < 0.05). The wide confidence intervals (e.g., necrosis in MTA at 21 days: 0.0–36.9%) and moderate effect sizes (φ=0.42; r=-0.45) reflected sample size limitations, highlighting the need for larger studies. While both materials demonstrated biocompatibility, MTA emerges as a preferred option in contexts prioritizing comprehensive tissue repair, supported by its profile without post-operative complications. These findings provide preliminary evidence to guide future multidisciplinary investigations with greater statistical power.
Testes utilizados para acessar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes precisam ser aprimorados, otimizando o uso das sementes, dos recursos e da mão de obra. A elaboração de novos testes e/ou ajustes dos já existentes podem permitir melhor triagem do vigor entre lotes e ser mais preditivos do desempenho das sementes a nível de campo, sobretudo para as novas cultivares. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a eficácia de uma nova metodologia para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja, baseada na execução do teste de envelhecimento acelerado associado à análise computadorizada das imagens de plântulas advindas das sementes envelhecidas. Para isso, foram utilizadas sementes de soja de três cultivares e quatro lotes de cada cultivar. A caracterização da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi realizada por meio de testes de germinação e vigor. Em seguida, foi realizada a nova metodologia proposta, onde as sementes foram envelhecidas a 41°C e umidade relativa de 100%, pelos períodos de 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas, seguida da análise computadorizada de imagens das plântulas advindas das sementes envelhecidas. Observou-se que o envelhecimento acelerado, utilizando-se a temperatura de 41 °C e umidade relativa de 100% pelo período de 72 horas, seguido da análise computadorizada de imagens das plântulas, apresenta-se como uma nova metodologia potencial para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than half of the world's population, but its production is threatened by salinity, which affects its development in both early and reproductive stages. Gamma radiation-induced mutation has been used to generate genetic variability and develop cultivars better adapted to saline conditions. However, selecting tolerant mutants is challenging due to the genetic complexity of salinity response and the need for large populations. In this study, 100 rice mutants (M5 and M6) and two control cultivars (sensitive and tolerant) were evaluated under salt stress (NaCl 120 mM) in a greenhouse, assessing shoot and root growth and dry weight. Despite the variability generated, no mutant outperformed the tolerant cultivar in all traits analyzed, highlighting the difficulty of selecting promising individuals from small populations. Furthermore, environmental factors may have contributed to inconsistencies between generations, reinforcing the need for large-scale screening. The most effective strategy involves initial field selection, validation under controlled conditions, and further agronomic reassessment. Technologies such as remote sensing-based phenotyping could improve efficiency, but they remain costly. Future studies should integrate new methodologies and keep the selection of salt-tolerant mutants in early generations (M2 and M3) from large populations, alongside yield evaluation to confirm their agronomic applicability under salinity conditions.
The process of artificial selection can lead to a rapid decrease in genetic variability across generations, consequently reducing the response to selection in a breeding program. Therefore, understanding the genetic characteristics of the breeding stock is essential, making it important to assess inbreeding and allele frequency changes over generations. In this context, the present study performed the genotypic characterization of four generations of Nile tilapia subjected to individual selection for final weight, aiming to evaluate inbreeding and changes in allele frequencies across generations. The first four generations of GIFT tilapia from the Epagri breeding program were characterized using 11 microsatellite markers. There was only a 5.2% reduction in the total number of alleles across generations. The average number of effective alleles per marker remained similar across generations (4.07 ± 0.4 for G1; 3.88 for G2; 3.86 for G3; and 3.87 for G4). Overall, observed heterozygosity was higher than expected heterozygosity, leading to FIS values of -0.042, 0.027, -0.042, and -0.017 for G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively. Therefore, individual selection did not result in significant losses of genetic variability across generations; however, significant changes in allele frequencies were observed at some loci, which genetically differentiated the generations from one another. Genotypes clustered by the Bayesian method identified 9 groups in G1, 16 groups in G2, and 12 groups in both G3 and G4. Thus, using the microsatellite markers, it was possible to genetically characterize the breeding stocks of four generations of the Epagri tilapia breeding program, and an adequate maintenance of genetic variability in the stock was observed, allowing for the program's continuity. However, important changes in allele frequencies were also detected in the evaluated markers as a result of the applied selection.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenotypic response of wheat plants to combinations of herbicides and nitrogen fertilization. The study was carried in the municipality of Augusto Pestana - RS. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with 19 treatments being evaluated, in 16 replications. The analysis of variance was carried out at 5% probability using the F Test. Afterwards, the Student-Newman-Keuls mean comparison test was used at the 5% probability level. The main components analysis was carried out using Biplot. Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were calculated between pairs of characters, with significance imposed by the Student's t test at 5% probability. The average Euclidean distance was calculated and grouping was performed using the UPGMA method. To express the best assertiveness in wheat yield, regression tree was used, defining grain yield as the dependent variable and the other variables as independent. The application of 1500 ml 2,4-D + 250 ml Clodinafop-propargyl + 100 kg urea reduces spike viability, spike harvest index and spikelet arrangement index in the wheat spike. In wheat, the number of grains in the wheat spike is not influenced by the interaction between herbicides and nitrogen.
Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a emergência de plântulas de Fabaceae: cunhã, kudzu tropical e estilosantes Campo Grande nas fezes de caprinos e ovinos, a fim de verificar se as fezes permitem o desenvolvimento inicial dessas plantas; e os efeitos da passagem pelo trato digestório. Para isso foram oferecidos 50 g de sementes de cada fabácea misturados ao concentrado a nove cabritos e nove cordeiros, ambos com peso corporal médio de 40 kg. As fezes dos animais foram coletadas em intervalos de seis horas após a ingestão das sementes, até completar 72 horas, sendo as mesmas levadas para a casa de vegetação imediatamente após cada coleta. Foram avaliados o número total de plântulas emergidas nas fezes e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) durante trinta dias, após a ingestão das sementes. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial: 3 fabáceas x 12 períodos de coleta, com três repetições (animais). O melhor desempenho quanto ao número total de plântulas germinadas nas fezes de caprinos e ovinos foi obtido pelo kudzu, seguido pelo estilosantes. A cunhã apresentou baixos resultados devido à alta degradação das sementes pela mastigação. As fezes de caprinos e ovinos não impedem a emergência das plântulas das espécies avaliadas, logo estes animais podem ser considerados legítimos dispersores destas sementes nas pastagens.
A garantia de qualidade de produtos alimentícios como a carne bovina, é de extrema importância para evitar surtos de contaminação alimentar devido a presença de bactérias patogênicas, garantindo o bem-estar fisiológico do ser humano, diminuindo o número de casos de contaminação, e consequentemente, deixando de ser um problema de saúde pública. O presente estudo visou realizar um compilado de informações em artigos sobre contaminação microbiana em carnes bovinas no Brasil, utilizando o método cienciométrico. As plataformas acadêmicas Scopus, Pubmed e Scielo foram utilizadas para o levantamento de artigos utilizando palavras-chaves ("Escherichia coli" OR "Staphylococcus aureus" OR Listeria OR Salmonella OR "Lactobacillus Fermentum" OR Enterobacteria OR mesofilos OR Stecs) AND beef OR “carne bovina”. No levantamento foram selecionados 69 artigos, aos quais atenderam aos critérios inclusão do estudo. As regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste foram as que mais realizaram estudos avaliando a qualidade microbiológica em carne bovina. Para a região sudeste, isso pode ser associado ao maior número de pessoas alocadas na região e instituições de ensino superior, e em relação a região centro-oeste, deve-se ao potencial de comercialização. Correlacionando a predominância dessas duas regiões, também foram relacionados a elas os maiores números de artigos analisados, em específico São Paulo e Mato Grosso. Conclui-se que para que haja a segurança da qualidade da carne bovina, devem ser adotadas medidas preventivas, de fiscalização e melhoria de condições sanitárias, desde o abate a comercialização, para que o produto se torno cada vez mais confiável, e não um risco a saúde pública.
During heat stress, dairy cattle use a variety of physiological and cellular mechanisms to dissipate heat from their bodies and protect cells from damage. In this process, the change in the fatty acid content of the sweat released from animals contains important findings in terms of regulating body temperature. In this study, the maximum ambient temperature during the day varied between 35 °C and 37 °C, and the relative humidity varied between 37% and 49%. Fatty acid ratios of sweat samples taken from Holstein and Jersey cows under heat stress were determined by gas chromatography. Myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n9c), fatty acids with the highest ratios in sweat, were recorded. These fatty acids were 9.28%, 26.24%, 11.43%, 26.39% in Holstein cow sweat, respectively; It was detected in Jersey cow sweat at the rates of 10.19%, 23.83%, 27.63%, 20.83%. Total monounsaturated fatty acid content in sweat of Holstein and jersey cows was determined as 26.39% and 20.83%, while total saturated fatty acid content was determined as 46.95% and 61.65%, respectively. The total percentage of fatty acids with the highest percentage detected in sweat under heat stress conditions (myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid) was 73.34% in Holstein cows and 82.48% in Jersey cows. Apart from these, the percentage of other compounds detected in sweat constituted 26.66% in Holstein and 17.52% in Jersey cows. As a result of correlation analysis, a strong positive (r=757) and significant (P<0.01) relationship was found between sweat fatty acids and sweat fatty acids of Holstein and Jersey cows in summer months. It was determined that especially the stearic acid rates (11.43%, 27.63%) in the sweat of Holstein and Jersey. The low level of stearic acid in the sweat of Holstein cows indicates that stearic acid from fat tissue is not used much as an energy source. Jersey cows under heat stress were quite different. Based on these findings, stearic acid detected in the sweat of animals can be determined as a heat stress bioindicator. Differences in the fatty acid ratios in sweat in the study show that the two breeds exhibit different adaptation responses under the same conditions, at the same temperature and humidity.
Similar to other species, lymph nodes are the primary metastatic site for mammary gland tumors in cats. Although lymphography is a useful tool for identifying regional and sentinel lymph nodes in oncology, it remains underused in veterinary medicine due to unawareness and financial restraints. Patent blue dye is the most commonly used vital dye for visualizing lymph nodes during surgery in dogs and cats. This study aimed to identify and describe the lymphatic drainage of mammary glands, axillary, and superficial inguinal lymph nodes in cats using 2.5% patent blue dye. The dye was administered post-mortem to specific mammary glands of 13 female cats. The lymph nodes were then examined for number, size, anatomic location, and macroscopic characteristics, and further evaluated through histopathology. The dye successfully marked the lymph nodes in 92.3% of cases (12 out of 13), staining 32 lymph nodes. Notable anatomical variations were observed, with 38.5% of cats presenting two axillary lymph nodes, and only one superficial inguinal lymph node identified per cat. Patent blue dye proved to be an efficient technique for locating lymph nodes involved in the lymphatic drainage of mammary glands in female cats.
The research evaluates the sanitary and productive factors in rainbow trout farming centers in Apurímac, Peru, identifying challenges related to infrastructure, sanitary management, and productive practices that affect the sector's sustainability. The centers use systems such as concrete ponds and floating cages but show inconsistencies in monitoring critical parameters, such as pH (70%) and stocking density (76.7%), while disinfection practices (93.3%), pest control (46.7%), and dead animal disposal lack standardization, increasing sanitary risks. Regarding feeding, 96.7% of producers use commercial balanced feeds, although deficiencies persist in feed conversion ratio calculation (80%), impacting efficiency. Mortality rates, higher in early stages and during the rainy season, reach up to 40% in fry and 20% in juveniles, associated with water quality, fry origin, and environmental management. Through statistical analyses, the study highlights the importance of implementing standardized sanitary protocols and strengthening technical training for producers to reduce mortality and optimize production. Additionally, improving infrastructure, as 30% of centers use materials like adobe, and environmental management is recommended to mitigate risks associated with diseases and climatic fluctuations. The study underscores the need for integrated policies that promote sustainable practices, reduce environmental impact, and enhance sector competitiveness, ensuring its contribution to food security and economic development in vulnerable rural communities. These findings provide a foundation for implementing strategies to increase productive efficiency and guarantee more equitable and sustainable aquaculture development in the region.
Caffeine is an alkaloid that reduces perinatal hypoxia by acting on adenosine receptors in respiratory centres, enhancing respiratory capacity and piglet viability. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acute subcutaneous caffeine administration during late gestation in multiparous sows on farrowing, pain behaviours, colostrum composition, and piglet behaviour during lactation. Sows were randomly assigned to two groups: control (NaCl 0.9%) or caffeine (0.5 g/sow/predicted piglet), with treatments given one day before farrowing. No significant effects were observed on farrowing duration, litter size, live or stillborn piglets, or painful behaviour. Although caffeine did not affect birth weight, piglets from the caffeine group gained 0.92 kg more (p<0.001) during weaning, likely due to higher protein concentrations in the colostrum. These findings suggest that a single low dose of caffeine late in gestation can improve neonatal vitality, colostrum quality, and weight gain without negatively affecting the farrowing process.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and propylene glycol (PG) on embryo production in early-lactating dairy cows. Thirty Brown Swiss cows were randomly assigned to three groups: control (n=10), PG (n=10), and rbST (n=10). All animals underwent a superovulation protocol. On Day 0, cows in the PG and rbST groups received 200 ml of PG (RUMINIL®, Montana) and 500 mg of rbST (BOOSTIN-S®, Battilana), respectively. Additionally, on Day 0, all cows were administered an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (1200 mg DISPOCEL®, Von Franken), 1 mg of estradiol benzoate, and 40 mg of cloprostenol intramuscularly. On Day 4, they received 350 mg of FSH (Folltropin® - Vetoquinol). On Day 7, the device was removed, and 40 mg of cloprostenol was administered. On Day 9, artificial insemination was performed. On Day 16, embryos were collected and evaluated. ANOVA results indicated that cows in the PG group exhibited a higher number of recovered structures, recovered embryos, and unfertilized structures compared to the control and rbST groups. The rbST group showed the highest number of viable embryos (quality 1 and 2). The PG group also had the highest number of morulas and blastocysts, while the rbST group presented the highest number of early blastocysts. Additionally, rbST administration resulted in an increase of 19.3% and 18.3% of serum glucose concentrations (mg/dL) (p < 0.05) and milk production (p < 0.05), respectively compared to both the PG (16.7%, 12.5%) and control groups (10.6%, 3.4%). The inclusion of PG in the superovulation protocol enhanced the number of embryos, whereas rbST improved embryo quality and developmental stage.
The increasing use of soybean cultivars (Glycine max) with Xtend® technology facilitates the management of weeds that are resistant to some herbicides, through the use of auxin-mimicking herbicides in post-emergence soybean. However, the use of these herbicides on the crop is still uncertain for farmers due to the consequences on the plants. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of the Dicamba molecule on the morphological and productive characteristics of Xtend® soybean. The experiment was carried out in Augusto Pestana - RS, in the 2022/2023 harvest. Eight treatments were carried out, including pre- and post-emergence Dicamba application times for soybean cultivars with Xtend® technology. After each treatment, evaluations of the herbicide's phytotoxicity symptoms and plant development were carried out on days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 15 after application. At harvest, all soybean productivity components of each plot were evaluated. Dicamba applications in the vegetative stage of soybean reduced the leaf area of the plants, but with immediate recovery. Applications of the herbicide in the reproductive stages of soybean compromised the number of viable flowers in the plants, being an irreversible damage.
Jambi Province is one of the areas that is developing Liberica coffee plants. The unique thing about Liberica coffee is that it grows well in peatlands with high acidity levels. However, poor post-harvest processes and lack of treatment can reduce the quality of Liberica coffee. Fermentation is a metabolic process that uses sugar both aerobically and anaerobically. Fermentation of coffee can increase the cupping test value and influence its antioxidant activity. This research aims to analyze the effect of artificial liberica Civet Coffee in vitro using a stainless bioreactor on the sensory profile and proximate analysis. The research began with bioreactor design, fermentation process, and analysis of Liberica Coffee's fermentation results. The results showed that fermentation increased ash content, reduced fat content, and increased water content in vitro. Apart from that, the highest fermentation waste gas using a bioreactor is CO2, reaching 400 ppm. The sensory profile of Liberian coffee fermented in vitro using a bioreactor increases the sensory value from 80.41 to 81.75 but is still lower than fermentation without a bioreactor, 86.30. Our findings revealed that fermentation can improve the sensory profile of Liberica coffee and is promising to increase the value of the Liberica coffee commodity.
A avaliação de cultivares a serem plantadas em uma região é ferramenta importante para que os produtores possam tomar decisões em relação à substituição de materiais antigos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a adaptação de novas cultivares de morangueiro para o Planalto Norte Catarinense a fim de poder indicá-las aos produtores da região. O experimento foi instalado em uma propriedade rural localizada no município de Canoinhas, Santa Catarina. Avaliou-se as variedades: Pircinque, Beauty, Sunsation e Brilliance. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e cada unidade experimental contendo 30 plantas. Avaliou-se: produção (g/planta), produtividade (t/ha), massa fresca de frutos (g/fruto), diâmetro e altura de frutos (mm), % de frutos comerciais, % frutos deformados, % frutos pequenos, além de avaliações físico-químicas, sendo: sólidos solúveis (°Brix), acidez total (% ácido citríco), Ratio (SS/AT), firmeza de polpa (kgf). Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de variância (ANOVA) e, quando significativas, submetidas à separação das médias pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. A variedade Pircinque destacou-se entre as testadas por apresentar maior produtividade, elevados teores de sólidos solúveis e Ratio. Em complementou, apresentou maior firmeza de polpa, possibilitando maior conservação pós-colheita. A Beauty pode também ser uma alternativa de diversificação de variedades cultivadas na região, por apresentar bons índices produtivos e maturação adequada para a cultura do morangueiro.
The genus Alternaria consists of widely recognised plant pathogens responsible for several important plant diseases, and may also represent prevalent allergens for animals and humans. This study aimed to screen Alternaria spp. in dogs and cats in the North of Portugal. Fur samples were collected using the Mackenzie technique and were inoculated in SDA and PDA, and microscopic identification was performed using dichotomous keys. A total of 286 (83.9%) dogs and 55 (16.1%) cats were studied; 45.0% (n = 157) of the samples were from shelters, and 54.0% (n = 184) were from veterinary clinics. From the samples taken from the 341 animals, mould isolation was achieved in 303 of them. Alternaria alternata was isolated in 23.75% of studied animals, 22.38% in dogs and 30.91% in cats. Positive samples were analysed according to sex, species, age, origin, and clinical signs. Regarding origin, the lowest prevalence value, 17.8%, was found in the shelter, and the highest, 28.8%, in pet clinics, with these differences being statistically significant (p < 0.000). Young, old, pregnant, or immunocompromised (YOPI) owners are at high risk since there is substantial potential exposure to A. alternata by contact with pets and, therefore, a basis for disease transmission.
Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases that constrain fenugreek production and productivity in fenugreek-growing areas of Ethiopia where mid to high land environmental conditions prevail. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the performance and response of six fenugreek varieties to powdery mildew under field conditions in the Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia, in the 2020/2021 cropping seasons. The treatments consisted of six released fenugreek varieties that were laid out in an RCBD with three replications. Disease severity was assessed as the proportion of leaf area affected by the disease on 10 randomly selected plants in the middle two rows. The AUDPC was estimated from the percent severity index. The results revealed that the terminal disease severity varied from 27.00 to 48.67PSI at Sodo Zuria; and 23.67 to 57.33PSI at Damot Gale, respectively. AUDPC varied from 530.80 to 907.07%-days in Sodo Zuria and from 341.80 to 668.50%-days in Damot Gale. The varieties Bishoftu, FG-10, and Challa exhibited high disease severity and high AUDPC and were categorized as susceptible fenugreek varieties. It is concluded that under field conditions, different fenugreek varieties responded differently to powdery mildew, and the disease severity was strongly affected by the use of different resistance levels of fenugreek varieties and differences in the environmental conditions. It is, therefore, promising to use the two varieties, such as Ebbisa and Hunda, which were considered resistant under field conditions and that are recommended to be used by farmers in the study areas and elsewhere with similar agroecologies in Ethiopia.
