Metabolomics dives into the analysis of metabolites, which are produced as intermediate products during metabolism. Hydrocarbons are considered major contaminants, carcinogenic and mutagenic agents for human health and show the most ruinous effect on the environment. Degradation of these hydrocarbons using biological agents like bacteria, fungi and algae showed an innocuous approach to the degradation process. Some extreme microbial populations utilize hydrocarbons as carbon sources and release specific metabolites, which are due to specific metabolism in the organism; in the backend, there are specific genes that are responsible for these specific metabolic pathways. Enhancing the gene expressions in the desired genes and applying advanced genome-editing techniques and molecular editing approaches may result in the development of an effective microbial strain with enhanced degradation properties. Apart from genomic strategies, there are many inprocess developments or improvisations like maintaining aerobic and anaerobic conditions, precise operation and controlled strategies during the degradation process, which augments biodegradation. Metabolomics analysis which involves the identification of metabolites produced as by-products during the degradation process, helps in the interpretation of the metabolic pathway of the organisms using analytical tools like LCMS, GCMS, MS, NMR etc. along with data interpretation using spectral databases and libraries.
Recombinant protein secretion in bacteria has moved from a craft practiced by trial and error towards a discipline that can, in principle, be modelled and designed. Escherichia coli alone contributes to roughly a third of licensed protein biologics, yet secreted titres for otherwise comparable proteins still differ by up to five orders of magnitude, a gap that reflects how little of the secretory pathway has actually been engineered as a coupled system. This review reframes bacterial protein export as a pipeline of coupled, rate-limited fluxes rather than a set of independently tunable parts. We term this the secretion flux framework: extracellular productivity is set by whichever stage is slowest among translation, folding, inner-membrane translocation and for Gram-negative hosts, outermembrane transit. Building on this framework, we survey the structural and kinetic basis of the Sec and Tat translocons, the one-step export systems (Types I, III, V, VIII) and outer-membrane vesicle platforms that bypass the periplasm altogether and the biophysical constraints imposed by a crowded, spatially organised inner membrane and a proteostasis network operating near capacity. We then examine host-engineering strategies spanning oxidative folding networks (Dsb, CyDisCo), inducible outer-membrane permeabilisation (lpp deletion, MicL sRNA, CRISPRi), antibiotic-independent plasmid maintenance (infA addiction) and genome-scale metabolic modelling (GECKO, PAO) used to anticipate bottlenecks before they are built. Dynamic, feedback-responsive expression circuits are considered as the layer that converts static optimisation into closed-loop process control. Industrial precedents, from periplasmic insulin to Gram-per-litre GLP-1 concatemers and continuous-perfusion endonuclease manufacturing, illustrate what the framework achieves in practice. We close with a ten-step practical design sequence intended to compress the empirical optimisation cycle from many months to a few weeks. Read together, these threads support a single argument: bacterial secretion is no longer merely something to exploit, but something that can be specified, predicted and built.
Fruit based matrices serve as an innovative carrier for probiotics only if when the microbial survival and functional activity are enhanced by nutrient rich environment. Since these matrices support probiotic growth by improving nutrient absorption and fermentation potential by supplying sugars, fibers and polyphenols which led to the bioactive metabolite generation like short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), this fruit-based probiotic offers promising mechanism for the prevention of cancer such as immunomodulation, binding and carcinogen degradation, oxidative stress reduction and enhancement of gastrointestinal health and metabolic support by integration into dietary strategies. Collectively, these combined actions improve the function of gut barrier, reduced inflammation and induction of apoptosis in malignant cells. Regulation dosages, avoidance of allergy and severe clinical validation to decrease antagonistic effects emphasize safety considerations. The current challenges signify an emerging frontier probiotic derived from fruits in cancer prevention. Plant-based alternative offers exclusive bioactive properties in supporting the integrity of epithelial barrier and gut microbiota modulation. To overcome biological, technological and regulatory hurdles, translation of fruit derived probiotics into clinical practice holds considerable potential as natural adjuncts in oncology through thorough clinical research and natural bioactive compounds combined with microbes, create a functional food that benefits the holistic health, offering potential cancer prevention.
The increasing rise in antibiotic-resistant infections (ARIs) has regained interest in bacteriophage therapy which is a century-old concept which makes use of lytic virus to selectively target and eliminate bacterial infections. Though it is a promising approach, phage therapy has certain limitations which hinder its widespread clinical usage. Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, bacteriophages possess a narrow host range due to their high specificity which limits the therapeutic versatility. Usage of phage cocktails, directed evolution, tail fiber engineering and receptorbinding protein modifications have been found to successfully broaden the host range. Another major obstacle is immune clearance, wherein both innate and adaptive immune responses rapidly neutralize therapeutic phages. The phage circulation time can be prolonged by reducing the immune recognition using approaches such as encapsulation with PEG, chitosan nanoparticles, microparticles, liposomes, electrostatic attachment to microparticles and hydrogel entrapment. Optimizing the delivery routes tailored to specific infection sites is crucial for therapeutic success. Oral, intravenous and topical routes of phage administration are found to be promising for therapy. Together, these multi-pronged approaches, informed by latest research, could finally translate the century-old concept of phage therapy into a reliable clinical tool.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has aroused as a promising approach towards antimicrobial strategies in response to emerging risk of antimicrobial resistance. The process of photodynamic therapy involves the activation of photosensitizing agents at specific wavelength of light which leads to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS is involved in effective inactivation of broad spectrum of microbes including bacteria, virus and fungi by damaging the microbial membrane, nucleic acids and proteins. PDT has an advantage over antibiotic treatment as they focus on a broad range of microorganisms through multi-target mechanism, minimizing the certainty of antimicrobial resistance development. Recent advancements in molecular engineering of photosensitizers have helped in enhancing the pathogen selectivity and biofilm penetration. Integration of PDT with antibiotics, quorum sensing inhibitors has proven effective results. As there is continuous decline in conventional antibiotic efficiency, PDT serves a reliable platform in controlling resistant infections. This review discusses the principle of PDT, various photosensitizers and their antimicrobial efficacy against microbes.
