High prevalence of postoperative ventral hernias necessitates the development of effective rehabilitation protocols to restore abdominal muscle function early and reduce recurrence risk. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of electromyostimulation (EMS) of the anterior abdominal wall muscles on physical activity levels and strength performance in patients after surgical treatment for postoperative ventral hernias. We enrolled 128 patients (mean age, 47.9 ± 8.6 years) who underwent open combined component separation surgery with retromuscular mesh implantation. In the treatment group (n = 64), the course of anterior abdominal wall EMS (enabled by COMPEX SP-2.0) started on the 10th day after surgery; in the control group (n = 64), we followed a standard post-surgery protocol. The assessed indicators were the level of physical activity (pedometry, 7 days) and the strength of the trunk muscles (strain dynamometry, registered with a BackCheck 700 device). Six months after surgery, the EMS group showed significantly greater muscle strength gains than the control group: in trunk extension, median strength was 26.9 kg versus 15.4 kg (74.7% increase; p < 0.001); in flexion, it was 15.7 kg versus 8.0 kg (96.3% increase; p < 0.001). The level of physical activity in the EMS group was significantly higher: the median number of steps per week was 27304.5 ± 2903.48 (95% CI 20964.6–33644.5), while in the control group it reached 11173.6 ± 3688.8 (95% CI 10065.4–12281.9) steps. This indicates a recovery to 90.0% of the preoperative level. Thus, an early post-surgery course of EMS of the anterior abdominal wall muscles is an effective rehabilitation method that significantly improves the strength characteristics of the core muscles and restores the levels of physical activity in patients.
Despite the successful practice of using the Russian-made original peptide complex (OPC), the complex pharmacodynamics is poorly understood. The study aimed to assess the effect of taking OPC on the prostate tissue oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in white outbred rats. The experiments involved 65 adult male white outbred rats (age 6 months, body weight 410.8 ± 2.7 g). The rats were kept under standard vivarium condition, each in a separate cage; the diet and drinking regime were standard. The difference in animal housing was that animals of the experimental group (n = 49) received OPC throughout 20 days before the day of the experiment: every day 0.35 mg (0.85 mg/kg) of the drug were dissolved in 20 mL of the drinking water the animals drank from the trough. The drug was not administered to the control group (n = 16). A prostatectomy was performed. The prostate tissue OCR was measured using the DKTP-03 optical dissolved oxygen sensor with a thermoelectric converter. The О2 concentration readings (ConО2) in mg/L were recorded every minute throughout 60 min. Significant intergroup differences in ConО2 values in the end of the experiment were found (р < 0.05). It has been shown that OPC increases the prostate tissue OCR in white outbred rats.
The high variability of the influenza virus and the limited flexibility of inactivated vaccines result in a need to develop new, more effective preventive therapeutics. The RNA platform is among the most promising ones for developing new generation vaccines against respiratory infections. The study aimed to compare the immunogenicity of two experimental therapeutics based on classic mRNA and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) of the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus. BALB/c mice were immunized twice with the RNA-based therapeutics at a dose of 2 µg at a 21-day interval. Humoral immune responses were assessed using the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay. After the second immunization, the geometric mean titers of antibodies against the homologous strain A/Wisconsin/588/2019 were 1 : 2281 (CI: 1 : 1319 – 1 : 3943) for the mRNA vaccine and 1 : 640 (CI: 1 : 404 – 1 : 1014) for the saRNA vaccine. Titers against the antigenically distant strain A/Victoria/4897/2022 in the mRNA group and saRNA group reached 1 : 1810 (CI: 1 : 844 – 1 : 3882) and 1 : 452 (CI: 1 : 246 – 1 : 832), respectively. These antibody titer values were considerably higher than those in the group that received the Ultrix Quadri inactivated split vaccine, which did not exceed 1 : 56 (CI: 1 : 26 – 1 : 121). Despite the higher antibody titers in the HAI assay after immunization with the classic mRNA-based vaccine compared with the saRNA-based vaccine, the differences were not statistically significant. Thus, the mRNA- and saRNA-based vaccines induce a pronounced humoral immune response, confirming that these platforms are promising for the development of new generation vaccines.
Wilson’s disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder (prevalence 1 : 30,000) caused by pathogenic variants in the ATP7B gene (OMIM 277900). Early diagnosis and pathogenetic therapy enable stable remission. Poor treatment adherence is the key factor adversely affecting the prognosis. This family case study has demonstrated that inadequate attitude towards therapy contributes to the progression of organ damage and increases the risk of disability and mortality. Clinical observation confirms a direct link between compliance with the treatment regimen and clinical outcomes.
In recent years, the number of emergencies, armed conflicts, and household injuries has increased, which has elevated the risk of thermal burns for a broad segment of the population. Design and testing of new, safe and efficient burn-healing drugs remains a relevant task. This study aimed to evaluate the burn — healing effects of a new cream containing polyprenols isolated from Ginkgo biloba L. in a rat thermal-burn model. The cream's active ingredient is a highly purified (≥ 95%) Ginkgo biloba L. polyprenols, and the excipients are lipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine) with tocopherol antioxidants. The experimental animals were 32 male Wistar rats weighing 280–320 g. We evaluated the effect of the new polyprenol cream and the reference preparations methyluracil and dexpanthenol on the dynamics of the skin lesion area in rats with grade III-B skin burns. The experiment showed that, on day 21 after the burn, the new cream reduced the wound area in rats by 2.3 times compared with the controls. Morphological examination showed that the new cream had a 1.3-fold better burn-healing effect than the comparison drug methyluracil (dioxomethyltetrahydropyrimidine). Further preclinical study of the cream as a potential burn and wound healing agent seems promising.
External genital endometriosis is characterized by high prevalence. Despite unquestionable role of oxidative stress in the development of endometriosis, its features associated with the disease progression are poorly understood. The study aimed to assess the role of oxidative protein modification (OPM) products in the disease progression. A total of 28 women with the established and histologically verified diagnosis of endometriosis took part in the study. The subjects were stratified into group 1 (stage II–III, n = 10) and group 2 (stage IV, n = 18) based on the disease stage in accordance with the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL) classification. The content of OPM products in the ectopic endometrium homogenate was determined by spectrophotometry. The following indicators were significantly higher in patients of group 2, than in patients of group 1: the total OPM product content (p = 0.040), basic aldehyde-dinitrophenylhydrazones (p = 0.039), and the total amount of ketone-dinitrophenylhydrazones (p = 0.024). Furthermore, women of group 2 showed significantly lower reserve-adaptative potential values, than patients of group 1 (p = 0.045). We found a positive correlation between the disease severity and the content of OPM products showing intergroup differences (R between 0.397 and 0.443, p < 0.05), along with the negative correlation with the reserve-adaptative potential (R = –0.388, p = 0.042) based on the correlation analysis results. According to the data obtained, the oxidative stress activity in endometriosis foci was correlated with the disease severity. Furthermore, accumulation of OPM products and depletion of the tissue adaptive capacity are typical.
The exploration of ATM gene haplotype evolutionary variability and its geographic dissemination across Eurasia enables the utilization of these data to predict the distribution of diseases associated with alleles comprising these haplotypes. The study aimed to identify the ATM gene haplotypes unique to Eurasia based on the panel of 28 polymorphic loci determining two major “yin-yang” haplotypes. The analysis was conducted using individual genotype data for 28 ATM gene loci across 41 groups of indigenous Eurasian populations. Haplotypes were identified using the Haploview 4.1 software. Phylogenetic analysis was performed in RStudio using the pegas and geneHapR packages. Cartographic visualization of ATM haplotype frequencies was implemented using the GeneGeo cartographic package. The H7j haplotype was identified in indigenous peoples of North Eurasia, which suggests its localized origin. The maximum H7i frequency was reported for Finno-Ugric peoples of the north and indigenous peoples of the northern Eurasia. The highest H8j haplotype frequency is observed in populations of southern China and Japan, which probably indicates the place of its origin. The remaining haplotypes are rare, these are typical for small geographic regions: H6j is sporadically distributed across Asia, H8i is localized to Transcaucasia, and H9i is found in two meta-groups of Eastern European peoples. The data obtained suggest the presence of the ATM gene haplotypes specific for the population of Eurasia, emphasize the contribution of intragenic recombination in shaping the gene haplotype diversity, and highlight the importance of the geographic and demographic context for preservation and spread of distinct genetic variants.
Quasi-movements (QMs), which are movement attempts minimized to the point of movement extinction, evoke EEG patterns similar to those of real movement. QMs can model attempted movement in healthy subjects and are therefore of interest as an alternative to motor imagery (MI) in rehabilitation brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), in which the attempted movement of the paralyzed limb is used as a control signal. Earlier QM studies were focused on thumb abduction. The study aimed to verify the feasibility of QMs based on more natural actions (pressing and pointing) and compare their EEG correlates with those of MI. In 11 healthy volunteers (6 women, aged 21–32), EEG recording was performed during execution of MI, non-goal-directed QMs (nQMs), goal-directed QMs (gQMs), and real movements. Both QM types caused more pronounced contralateral desynchronization of the 8–13 Hz mu rhythm than MI (0.63 dB, effect of movement type, p = 0.042), while nQMs and gQMs did not differ. There were no differences in ipsilateral desynchronization between the conditions (p = 0.216). Pairwise comparisons were significant in the upper-frequency mu rhythm sub-range (nQM–MI: 0.82 dB, p = 0.003; gQM–MI: 0.70 dB, p = 0.022). There was no effect of movement type in the parietal area of interest (p = 0.15). The contribution of residual movement was non-significant. The data obtained show that QMs based on natural actions are feasible and produce stronger sensorimotor activation than MI, which justifies further research focused on QMs in the context of rehabilitation BCIs.
Here we present a rare case of inflammation in the Meckel's diverticulum with the ectopic pancreatic tissue in a 18-year-old patient. Laparoscopy converted to laparotomy was performed. The inflamed Meckel's diverticulum was found during intraoperative revision, which was the reason to perform segmental resection of the affected area of the small intestine with the construction of an enteroenteric anastomosis. Pathological examination of surgical material revealed mature exocrine tissue of the pancreas without any signs of cellular atypia, which confirmed the presence of pancreatic heterotopia in the Meckel's diverticulum. The reported case demonstrates rarity of such combination of abnormalities, highlights diagnostic difficulties at the preoperative stage, and draws attention to the need for thorough intraoperative revision of the small intestine, as well as for mandatory morphological verification to establish the final diagnosis and determine further patient management tactics.
Bioabsorbable Zn–Mg alloys are considered an alternative to metallic fixators, but data on their biocompatibility at low Mg content remain insufficient. Aim — to evaluate the biocompatibility of Zn–Mg alloys containing 0.5–2 wt.% Mg in vitro and in vivo. Cytotoxicity of Zn–0.5Mg and Zn–1Mg powders (0.15–2.5 mg/mL) was assessed in direct contact with SCP‑1 cells (MTT assay). In vivo, cylindrical implants of four compositions were placed bilaterally into the tibial metaphysis of rabbits (n = 4). Complete blood count was performed on day 7; computed tomography (CT) was performed at 3 and 10 months. At 2.5 mg/mL, cell viability was 12.5 ± 1.0 % (Zn–0.5Mg) and 16.8 ± 1.6% (Zn–1Mg). At 1.25 mg/mL, Zn–1Mg showed no toxicity (101.4 ± 3.3 %), whereas Zn–0.5Mg remained cytotoxic (51.3 ± 4.4 %). Recovery to > 80 % viability was observed at 0.62 mg/mL for Zn–0.5Mg and 0.31 mg/mL for Zn–1Mg. In vivo, all animals maintained normal activity; haematological parameters were within normal range. At 3 months, CT showed stable implants without signs of osteolysis. Cortical bone density was 647.3 ± 5.4 HU, trabecular bone density was 510.5 ± 6.4 HU, comparable to intact bone. At 10 months, implants remained visible. Zn–Mg alloys with 0.5–2 wt.% Mg exhibit dose‑dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and satisfactory biocompatibility in vivo without systemic inflammatory reactions or bone resorption over 10 months. The alloy with 1% Mg has a more favourable cell viability profile.
Reconstruction of peripheral nerves remains an urgent surgical problem. Autologous nerve grafting is the gold standard for bridging nerve defects, but it is limited by the shortage of donor material, which drives interest in biocompatible polymers for artificial conduits. The aim of this study was to evaluate biocompatibility in vitro and tissue response to subcutaneous in vivo implantation of perspective microstructured materials. The cytotoxicity of porous polycaprolactone (PCL), PCL–collagen composite, fibrous PCL, and nanofibrous polyamide was assessed on L929 fibroblasts. For in vivo testing, material samples were implanted into C57BL/6 mice, and histological analysis was performed after 14 days. In vitro porous PCL exhibited the highest viability and adhesion, while fibrous PCL showed the lowest. In vivo porous PCL and nanofibrous polyamide caused minimal inflammation, whereas PCL–collagen composite and fibrous PCL induced granulomatous inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and formation of fibrous capsule. The most biocompatible materials — porous PCL and nanofibrous polyamide — show promise for a biomimetic conduit with an outer barrier shell of porous PCL and an inner aligned scaffold of polyamide nanofibers.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common and progressive complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), often intensifying as patients reach dialysis. Although alfacalcidol and other active vitamin D analogs are often used, improper administration can raise the risk of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. This study aimed to assess, using clinical criteria indicated by guidelines, whether alfacalcidol should be prescribed to hemodialysis patients with SHPT. Records of 136 adult patients treated in An-Naseria hemodialysis units were reviewed and analyzed using SPSS (version 26). The appropriateness of prescribing alfacalcidol was evaluated in accordance with KDIGO 2017 guidelines, taking into account levels of phosphate, calcium, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Patients were divided into groups based on whether their prescriptions were appropriate or possibly inappropriate. Patients were 55.1% male and had an average age of 51.42 ± 11.5years. The majority of patients exhibited biochemical values (phosphate: 79.4%, calcium: 74.3%, and PTH: 77.2% normal) within goal ranges. 72 patients (52.9%) were categorized as potentially inappropriate for alfacalcidol medication, whereas 64 patients (47%) were recognized as having appropriate indications based on criteria consistent with guidelines. The mean PTH levels of patients in the appropriate group were substantially higher (923.14 ± 379.59 pg/mL) than those in the inappropriate group (274.71 ± 179.69 pg/mL, р < 0.001). Age, sex, calcium, and phosphate levels did not significantly correlate with prescription appropriateness. This cohort may have a significant percentage of alfacalcidol prescriptions that may not follow current guidelines. The sensible use of vitamin D analogs in hemodialysis patients may be improved by better adherence to evidence-based guidelines and routine biochemical monitoring.
Rapid palatal expansion may affect not only maxillary dimensions but also upper airway patency in adolescents; however, the role of tooth-supported and miniscrewassisted appliances remains to be clarified. This study aimed to assess morphological and functional changes in the upper respiratory tract associated with rapid palatal expansion and to compare these changes between the use of Hyrax and MARPE systems. We conducted a prospective pilot study involving 24 adolescents aged 12–16 years with transverse maxillary insufficiency. Fourteen participants received Hyrax appliances, while ten received MARPE devices. Time points: T0 — before treatment, T1 — 6 months after completion of activation. The measured indicators were the volume of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and oropharynx, the minimum area of the retropalatal level, and the total nasal resistance at 150 Pa. We also calculated the NOSE score. After treatment, the volume of the nasal cavity increased by 14.6% (p < 0.001), nasopharyngeal volume by 8.9% (p = 0.003), the minimum area of the retropalatal level by 12.1% (p = 0.012), total nasal resistance decreased by 24.7% (p < 0.001), and NOSE score by 35.4 points (p < 0.001). The change in oropharyngeal volume was insignificant (p = 0.091). We established no differences between Hyrax and MARPE groups (p > 0.05). Rapid palatal expansion improved nasal cavity and nasopharynx parameters. Further comparisons of techniques require a priori sample size calculations.
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is a key regulator of cell growth, and its dysregulation is involved in oncogenesis. Existing methods for assessing mTOR activity have design flaws. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a novel multiplex RT-qPCR assay for relative quantification of mTOR gene expression normalized to RPLP0 and TBP. Primers and probes were designed in silico. Validation was performed using the human SCP-1 cell line. Specificity was assessed in 10 separate and 10 multiplex runs. Analytical sensitivity and efficiency were determined from 27 technical replicates using a protocol without an elongation step. Specificity of amplification was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis, and quantitative analysis was performed in real-time PCR using FAM (mTOR), HEX (RPLP0), and ROX (TBP) fluorescence channels. The assay showed 100% specificity. Stable detection was achieved at 125,000 cells/mL. Amplification efficiencies were 73-81%. The variation of mTOR expression normalized to RPLP0 ranged from-21.5% to 26.4%, and normalized to TBP from-14.3% to 19.2%. Normalization to the geometric mean of both reference genes provided the best reproducibility, with an interquartile range from-9% to 23.4%. The developed assay demonstrates high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, making it a reliable tool for subsequent clinical research.
Drug-induced xerostomia is common among elderly patients taking multiple medications. The condition significantly affects dental health and quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of oral fluid (OF) in xerostomia patients taking xerogenic medications, and to assess associations between total xerogenic load, salivary flow rates, and OF composition. The study included 60 people aged 45-75 years. The treatment group consisted of 40 patients with at least 3 months of dry mouth history and routine intake of two or more medications with known xerogenic potential. The control group included 20 healthy individuals exhibiting no signs of xerostomia and not taking medications routinely. We used the Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire to collect data from the participants; they also underwent clinical dental examination and sialometry for unstimulated and stimulated oral fluid (OF). The fluid samples were examined in the laboratory to determine pH, buffer capacity, total protein content, alpha-amylase activity, glucose and lactate levels. Compared to the control group, patients in the treatment group showed marked hyposalivation, decreased OF pH and buffer capacity, increased total protein content and alpha-amylase activity, and tended more often to have multiple caries lesions, candidal stomatitis, and atrophic changes in the oral mucosa. Thus, drug-induced xerostomia is accompanied by pronounced quantitative and qualitative changes in OF as well dental health and quality of life deterioration. A comprehensive clinical and laboratory assessment of OF provides an objective measure of xerostomia severity and enables compilation of tailored prevention and treatment programs.
Muscular dysfunction of the anterior abdominal wall persists in many patients post component separation due to postoperative ventral hernia. Electrical myostimulation can contribute to better recovery, but its efficacy after such surgical procedures is poorly understood. The study aimed to assess the effect of the postoperative electrical myostimulation on the neuromuscular conduction and functional activity of the rectus abdominis muscles. A total of 128 patients (average age 47.9 +/- 8.6 years) post component separation were included in a prospective controlled non-randomized study. The index group (n = 64) received electrical myostimulation starting from day 10 (12 sessions, 5-10 min each, 3 times a week, COMPEX SP-2.0 degrees muscle stimulator, Switzerland), and the control one (n = 64) received no electrical myostimulation. Electroneuromyography of the rectus abdominis muscles was performed before and after the course using the Synapsis system (Neurotech, Russia). In the index group, the latency period reduced from 10.1 to 7.9 ms (by 21.8%; p < 0.001), and in the control group it reduced from 9.7 to 9.2 ms (by 5.2%; p < 0.001); the intergroup difference p = 0.002. The M-response amplitude improved in both groups (index group: from 8.4 to 8.9 mV, +5.6%, p < 0.001; control group: from 8.2 to 8.8 mV, +6.8%, p < 0.001), without any intergroup differences (p = 0.295). The induced muscle contraction velocity changed minimally in the index group (from 45.0 to 45.4 m/s, p = 0.049) and did not change in the control group (p = 0.316); in 89.1% of patients, the values were still below normal. Conclusions: postoperative electrical myostimulation significantly accelerates the neuromuscular conduction restoration, but does not affect the muscular response amplitude. It is reasonable to include electrical myostimulation in rehabilitation programmes.
Treatment of mandibular fractures remains a pressing issue in maxillofacial surgery. This paper presents a novel single-jaw splinting technique (RF patent No. 2735258) for the immobilization of bone fragments in fractures located within the dental arch. Mathematical modeling using the finite element method (FEM), based on computed tomography data from one volunteer, was performed to assess its biomechanical efficiency. A 3D model of the mandible with the fixation construct and an indenter (simulating occlusal load up to 50 N) was constructed. The modeling results showed that the relative movement between the fragments was approximately 25 & micro;m, which is comparable with literature data for two-titanium-plate osteosynthesis. The maximum equivalent stress values in the metal splint reached 100 MPa, and in the splint these reached 3 MPa. The developed method ensures stable fixation without involvement of the maxilla. The analysis involved only a single model and no experimental validation; therefore, confirmation in further research is required. Nevertheless, the obtained data suggest that the method is promising as an alternative to existing immobilization techniques.
For several decades, Wilson's disease (WD) has remained the focus of attention for a wide range of specialists, including hepatologists, general practitioners, neurologists, geneticists, etc. However, despite significant advances in understanding its molecular basis, establishing clear correlations between the genotype and clinical phenotype of the disease remains a key unresolved issue. The study aimed to identify patterns between genetic variants in the ATP78 gene and the WD clinical manifestations using next-generation sequencing. The data from 81 WD patients, who were followed up between 2015 and 2019, were used in the study. Molecular genetic testing of biomaterial (blood) samples was performed by NGS. The analysis of the molecular genetic testing results using targeted NGS revealed 31 pathogenic variants. The following variants were the most frequent: c.3207C>A (p.His1069Gln) - 51.85% alleles, c.3190G>A (p.Glu1064Lys) - 8.64% alleles, and c.3402delC (p.Ala1135fs) - 6.17% alleles. A moderate correlation between genotype and phenotype was established: pathogenic variants (nonsense, frameshift, splicing) in the homo- or compound heterozygous state are associated with severe liver damage, severe degree of cirrhosis, and lower cholinesterase levels. The data obtained emphasize the importance of molecular genetic diagnosis for clarifying the diagnosis of WD and predicting the disease severity.
A chronic periprosthetic infection after knee replacement typically requires two-stage treatment. However, the inter-stage rehabilitation protocol for patients with an articulating spacer has not been adequately developed. This study aimed to determine whether adding interactive biofeedback walking training on the Walker View treadmill enhances the effectiveness of a standard recovery program following the first stage of two-stage revision treatment. The prospective randomized controlled trial included 87 patients who had undergone removal of their endoprostheses and placement of articulating spacers. The treatment group (n = 43) had the standard 21-day rehabilitation program combined with Walker View sessions, while the control group (n = 44) only followed the program. We assessed knee joint movement volume, quadriceps EMG amplitude, stride length, walking speed, postural stability, and SF-36, WOMAC, and KSS scores. By the end of the rehabilitation course, the results registered in the treatment group were better than in the control group: flexion - 78 +/- 6 degrees versus 71 +/- 7 degrees (p = 0.01); EMG amplitude - 179 +/- 16 versus 165 +/- 16 & micro;V (p = 0.01); step length - 54.2 +/- 5.0 versus 49.5 +/- 5.0 cm (p = 0.01); walking speed - 0.70 +/- 0.05 versus 0.65 +/- 0.05 m/s (p = 0.02); overall stability - 80 +/- 8% versus 72 +/- 7% (p = 0.01); physical component SF-36 - 51 +/- 8 versus 47 +/- 7 points (p = 0.01). The differences in WOMAC and KSS scores were insignificant (p = 0.06 and p = 0.07). The inclusion of Walker View sessions in the inter-stage rehabilitation program yields more pronounced improvements in mobility, neuromuscular function, walking, and balance restoration.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and obesity enhance systemic inflammation, microcirculation and immune disorders, which can make the course of chronic generalized periodontitis more severe. Comparative assessment of clinical and radiological manifestations of the disease in individuals with these conditions is important for interdisciplinary management of patients. The study aimed to conduct comparative assessment of clinical and radiological manifestations of chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) in patients with T2D, obesity and having no somatic disorders. A total of 90 patients with moderate CGP aged 35-60 were assessed, who were stratified into three groups (30 individuals per group) matched for gender and age: without any somatic disorders, with T2D and obesity. OHI-S, SBI, periodontal pocket depth (PPD), & scy;linical attachment loss (CAL), and radiological signs of bone resorption were assessed; the analysis of correlations with HbA1c, BMI, and lipid profile was conducted. OHI-S was 1.8 +/- 0.3 in group I, 2.3 +/- 0.4 in group II, and 2.2 +/- 0.5 in group III; SBI was 42 +/- 9%, 61 +/- 11%, and 56 +/- 10%, respectively (p < 0.05 for groups II and III compared to group I). PPD and CAL were higher in obese patients with T2D, than in patients having no somatic disorders (p < 0.05), while the differences between groups II and III were non-significant (for PPD p = 0.09). HbA1c levels were correlated to PPD (r = 0.42), CAL (r = 0.39), and SBI (r = 0.36); BMI was correlated to PPD (r = 0.33) and SBI (r = 0.35) (p < 0.05). Thus, T2D and obesity are associated with the more adverse clinical and radiological manifestations of CGP; it is necessary to consider poorer oral hygiene in patients with comorbidities when interpreting intergroup differences.
