Background and Objective: The role of steroids in cancer is well established in reducing inflammation, immune response and sickness while undergoing chemotherapy and improving appetite.However, these steroidal agents have been seldom tested as direct inhibitors for the enzymes associated with cancer.This study was undertaken to establish a 3D QSAR model of 16-(substituted) dehydroepiandrosterone derivatives, which can help in designing novel compounds in the series.Materials and Methods: For this study, some novel steroidal derivatives exhibiting CNS anti-cancer activity were taken and tried to understand their SAR and quantify it using 3D QSAR to know the requirement for future development in the area.About 56 novels 16-(substituted) dehydroepiandrosterone derivatives which were previously synthesized in our lab and evaluated for CNS anticancer activity were taken for this study.After energy minimization, these compounds were aligned over each other to determine the pharmacophore and then subjected to CoMFA analysis.Results: Eight CoMFA models were generated, the most optimum model was the one with r 2 = 0.892, q 2 = 0.02 and the lowest STD deviation error correction.The introduction of electropositive groups at positions 11 and 14 and electro negative groups at positions 3 and 16 in the steroidal ring can lead to potentially active compounds.Conclusion: The 3D CoMFA model generated gave us an insight that the introduction of electropositive groups at positions 11 and 14 and electro-negative groups at positions 3 and 16 in the steroidal ring will give us compounds with better CNS anticancer activity.
Background and Objective: Water is difficult to obtain in Bomadi and its supply is unreliable in the sparsely populated area of the Niger-Delta Region.Water pollution in the area resulted from the wrong siting of well/borehole close to sewage tank and dumping of refuse/sewage in the water.This study identified various water sources, causes and effects of pollution based on evaluated physico-chemical and biological characteristics.Materials and Methods: The primary sources of data include an oral interview and water chemical analysis while the secondary data are published works in journals, textbooks, etc. Six sample point sources from river, well and borehole was analysed based on the international standard procedure of water collection, storage in a dried disinfected bottle and immediate refrigeration.These are analysed in government-approved laboratories with equipment different types of equipment.Results: The water chemical analysis in Bomadi present various substances within, above and below WHO acceptable limits.Substances found from the analysis include pH, copper, Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cd and Zn, the anion value of carbonate (0.01 mg LG 1 ), bicarbonate (6.30mg LG 1 ), sulphate (10.15 mg LG 1 ) and nitrate (5.55 mg LG 1 ) are obtained.Conclusion: Based on health data from the general hospital and oral interviews conducted, the health problems associated with polluted water in the area are heart and kidney, poor blood circulation, gastroenteritis, respiratory illnesses, complications in childbirth, damage to the nervous system, skin lesions, vomiting, cholera, and damage to the nervous system amongst others.
Background and Objective: The commonly used drug of 2-acetoxybenzoic acid is used for the treatment of pain and fever due to various causes.The effect of drug may be increased if two compounds are taken together.Few studies have been encountered on investigation of drug-drug combination crystal.In this regard, the present research was carried out to perform the investigation of 2-acetoxybenzoic acid with 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid crystal by theoretical and experimental methods.Materials and Methods: 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, distilled water and ethanol are the raw materials used in the crystallization.The crystals were obtained by slow evaporation method at room temperature.Results: The grown crystal was characterized by powder XRD, FT-IR, Laser Raman, UV-Visible spectroscopy techniques and SEM with EDX analyzes.Conclusion: The computational study gives the optimized molecular structure with minimizing energy.Also, the crystal density was determined by the flotation method.The crystalline nature and average crystallite size has been performed using PXRD.The different functional groups present in the crystal were analyzed using IR and Raman spectroscopic techniques.The optical band gap was determined as 5.1 eV.The elemental composition was confirmed from the EDX study.
Background and Objective: The use of hydrochloric acid has damaging effects on the surface of the metal during industrial cleaning, therefore, corrosion inhibition is extremely important to avoid the harmful effect of the acid on the surface of the metal.Since, there is a growing concern about the toxicity of chemical inhibitors to corrosion, in recent years there has become an increasing interest in the use of materials that provide good protection for materials and at the same time environmental friendly.This study was aimed to evaluate the inhibition behaviour of benzylpenicillin as a type of green inhibitor, on the corrosive behaviour of carbon steel in HCl acid solution.Materials and Methods: Weight-loss method and electrochemical techniques such as; potentiodynamic polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the measurements.The effect of inhibitor concentration, temperature and immersion time against inhibitor action were investigated.Results: Benzylpenicillin used as an efficient inhibitor for carbon steel in HCl acid solutions.The adsorption of this compound on carbon steel surface obeys Langmuirʼs adsorption isotherm and has a physisorption mechanism.The results obtained from different techniques were in good agreement.Conclusion: Benzylpenicillin is an effective inhibitor of corrosion of carbon steel exposed to 1 M HCl solution.
Background and Objective: Heterocyclic nitrogen-bearing cyclic compounds mostly of amine derivatives have long been associated with biological and industrial applications as antimycobacterial, fungicides, growth inhibitors, perfumes, cosmetics, insecticides and to impact flavour in pharmaceuticals.Hence, this research study tends to synthesize and characterize divalent metal complexes of N-(1,4-dihydro-1,4oxonaphthalen-3-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide and evaluate same for bactericidal and fungicidal properties.Materials and Methods: The Elementar instrument; model Vario EL III and micrOTOF-Q II 10390 was adopted for the elemental and electron impact mass spectra analyses at North-West University, South Africa.Proton and carbon-13 NMR spectra were determined on Bruker DRX-300, 300 MHz NMR spectrometer, while vibrational bands stood evaluated on Shimadzu FTIR 8000 spectrophotometer as KBr pellets.The Lambda 25 UV/visible spectrophotometer was used to obtain the electronic spectra.The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds were investigated against the strains of B. cereus, P. mirabilis, E. coli, S. aureus, K. oxytoca, P. aeruginosa, A. niger, A. flavus and R. stolonifer.Results: A new Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ and Cu 2+ complexes of LH type ligand, derived from the condensation of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone with pyrazine-2-carboxamide were synthesized.Physical and analytical (molar conductance and magnetic moment measurements, melting point and solubility determination, elemental analysis) and spectral ( 1 H-13 C-NMR, mass, UV-visible and FTIR) data were used to confirm the formation of the synthesized compounds.On spectral basis, the ligand LH, acts as bi-dentate, coordinating through the deprotonated secondary amide nitrogen and ketonic oxygen atoms, while analytical and spectral data indicate that all the complexes were mononuclear, non-electrolytic in dimethyl sulfoxide (CH 3 ) 2 SO, coordinated with the ligand in 2L:1M molar ratio and also the presence of coordinated water molecule(s) in Fe 2+ , Co 2+ and Cu 2+ complexes.Furthermore, tetrahedral geometry for Ni 2+ and Co 2+ and octahedral geometry for Fe 2+ and Cu 2+ complexes were proposed.Conclusion: Generally, the metal 2+ complexes exhibited moderate to good activity against the microorganisms better than the metal free ligand in one form or the other.The studied cobalt and nickel complexes had the best antibacterial and antifungal activities against the screened microbes with inhibitory zones of 25.0 and 22.0 mm separately.
Background and Objectives: The consumption of food products from animal origin and environmental exposure remain the main sources of organochlorine pesticides residues (OCPs) in human diets.This study assessed levels of OCPs in poultry feed obtained from three feed mills in north shewa Zone, Ethiopia.Materials and Methods: The proximate analysis was carried out using method described by AOAC and analysis of organochlorine pesticides with GC-ECD.Results: The proximate analysis mean levels are as follows: Moisture {broiler feed (6.33±0.8%),layer mash ( 7.00±1.8%)},ash {broilers (8.33±2.6%),layers (9.17±4.9%)},fibre {broilers (0.33±0.2%), layers (0.20±0.2%)}, dry matter {broilers (93.7±0.8%),layers (93.0±1.7%)}.The mean OCPs values ranged from 0.34-14.8ng kgG 1 in broilers and 0.20-5.22ng kgG 1 in layers mash.In broilers feed, aldrin, endosulfan I and endrin, exceeded the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for animal feed for OCPs, while in layers mash, aldrin and endrin aldehyde exceeded the MRL limits.Conclusion: These results indicated the presence of organochlorine pesticides in poultry feeds which could bioaccumulate and eventually lead to the contamination of table eggs and table meats as a result of these endocrine disruptors.The study observed that from the detected analytes seven of them above the international MRL values and suggested that stringent monitoring of use of pesticides in poultry feed and food of animal origin is required.
Background and Objectives: Recent statistics have shown a rise in the margin of consumption and utilization of essential oils.It has been recognized as some of the most promising compounds in the development of novel products.This study aimed to extract optimum amount of essential oil and investigation of antimicrobial activity of the oils from black cumin seeds.Materials and Methods: Extraction was carried out by use of steam distillation method in a Clevenger-type apparatus and the oils was established by using standard methods and the disc dilution method used for antimicrobial activity of oils and the test results were compared with standard antibiotics.Results: From the results obtained that, it was discovered that the cumin seeds could give the maximum yields of essential oil to be 40.4% w/w can be extracted by steam distillation at the optimum condition of temperature 96EC and time of 60 min.The seed essential oil was also tested for antimicrobial activity of the seeds oil against six pathogenic bacteria of E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, L. monocytogenes and E. faecalis show a maximal diameter of inhibition zone 19, 10, 12, 12,14 and 11 mm, respectively.The MIC values of these active plants seed extracts obtained in this study were lower than MBC values this suggests the seed extract were bacteriostatic at lower concentration and bactericidal at higher concentrations.Conclusion: Hence, the oil from cumin seed showed the highest antimicrobial activity against on all these pathogens bacteria and crude seed extracts are a mixture of different active compounds against bacterial strains.Therefore, the seed oil can be utilized for industrial and pharmacological purpose as well.
Backgrounds and Objective: This study discovers a new class coumarins that can be beneficial for antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, starting from 8-Methoxy-3-acetylcoumarin thiosemicarbazone 2. A series of some new heterocyclic compounds (3-8) incorporating coumarin moiety were synthesized and assessed for their antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic activity.The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of prepared compounds have been investigated in order to elucidate the structure of the synthesized compounds. Materials and Methods:In vitro antimicrobial activity of all synthesized compounds have been evaluated against five strains of bacterial culture, which includes three Gram +ve bacterial culture and two Gram -ve bacterial culture and two fungus.The potential cytotoxicity of the compounds (3-6) against MCF-7 cells was determined using Sulforhodamine-B assay.Results: Maximum compounds show very good activity.The others displayed moderate and mild activity.Compounds of 4-Oxo-imidazolidin-2-thione derivatives have been tested for their antitumor activity against human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7).Compounds 5 and 6 are most active members with median inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) 9.45 and 11.1 µg mLG 1 , respectively.Conclusion: All tested compounds showed high activity against human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7).
Background and Objective: Sulfonamides are known to represent a class of medicinally important compounds and chemical intermediates, which are extensively used in drug development. The aim of this present study is to synthesize a series of arylsulfonamide-based dialkylated amide motifs. Materials and Methods: In this study, the design and development of arylsulfonamide pharmacophore bearing N,N-diethyl substituted amide moieties 2a-k was achieved in improved yields using non-conventional amidation of p-tolylsulfonamide precursors 1a-k. The structures of the compounds were substantiated based on the results of elemental analysis and spectroscopic data namely, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectra. Results: The series of targeted compounds were synthesized in good to excellent yields and subsequently purified by column chromatography where necessary. Conclusion: The synthesis of arylsulfonamide-based dialkylated amide motifs was successfully achieved. These compounds may serve as versatile intermediates that pave ways toward achieving diverse bioactive heterocyclic compounds for future drug discovery and development.
The genus Viola (Violaceae) consists of approximately 500 species widely distributed throughout the world.Phytochemically, different groups of compounds have been isolated from various species of this genus like cyclotide alkaloids, flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, salicylic acid and triterpenoids.Traditional knowledge when tested pharmacologically and phytochemically could provide new effective therapeutic agents.The family Violaceae having an important medicinal herb, mentioned in traditional medicine for a variety of therapeutic applications including purification of blood and the treatment of bruises and ulcers in the Chinese system of medicine it is recommended for use against cancer disorders.The genus mostly used in the traditional medicinal system for cough, cold, flu, fever, malaria and is also given as anticancerous drug.The article reviews is an attempt to compile and documented information on different aspect of Viola species pharmacological properties and highlight the need for research and their potential development.
A novel series of benzenesulfonyl derivatives of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (1) were synthesized by reacting benzenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine followed by direct acylation method to yield 6-O-benzenesulfonyl derivative (2). In order to obtain newer products for antibacterial evaluation studies, the 6-O-benzenesulfonyl derivative was further transformed to a series of 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl derivatives (3-11) containing a wide variety of functionalities in a single molecular framework. All the synthesized compounds have been confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. These newly synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against some human pathogenic bacterial strains. The study revealed that the acylated products exhibit moderate to good antibacterial activities. It was interesting to observe that the selected compounds were more sensitive against Gram-Ve bacteria than that of the Gram-+Ve bacterial strains.
1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol (PAN) was subjected to electrocoagulation using a 0.3 A d.c electrolytic cell in various solvents including ethanol, acetone, benzene and n-hexane.The extent of decolourization of PAN in the solvents has been determined.The highest decolourization was achieved in ethanol with colour removal efficiency of 63% within the first 15 min and 79% after 120 min of electrocoagulation.The decolourization of PAN in the solvents is observed to follow the order: Ethanol>n-hexane>benzene>acetone.The electrocoagulation data has also been interpreted based on adsorption kinetic models.Electrocoagulation of PAN in all the solvents obeyed the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Elovich kinetic model.
A new series of hydroquinolines derivatives (1, 2) have been achieved by the cyclo condensation of 2 (4-methoxybenzylidenemalonitrile), aniline and dimedone in the presence of piperidene.Cyclization of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-2-(phenylamino) quinoline-3-carbonitrile (2) sulphuric acid at room temperature afforded 7,8-dihydro-4-(4methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethylquinolin-5(6H)-one[2,3-b]2,3-dihydroquinolin-4 (1H)-one (3).Several substituted pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline derivatives (4, 5, 6 and 7) were synthesized from 2-amino-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4-(4-methoxphenyl)-7,7,-dimethyl-5-oxo-1-phenylquinoline-3carbonitrile (1) via cyclization with thiourea, chloroacetyl chloride, phenyl isothiocynate and formamide, respectively.The condensation of dimedone, with 4-methoxybenzylidene malononitrile in the presence of trimethylamine afforded 11-amino-3,4,8,9-tetrahydro-12-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,3,8,8-tetramethyl-2H-chromeno[2,3-b]quinoline-1, 10(7H,12H)-dione (8) but in ammonium acetate afforded 7,8-dihydro-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethylquinolin-5(1H,4H,6H)-one[2,3-b]4-amino-7,8dihydro-7,7-dimethylquinolin-5(6H)-one (9).The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analyses and spectral data.
