Celem badań była analiza znaczenia płacowych i pozapłacowych form motywowania dla zaangażowani i efektywności pracy badanej grupy przedstawicieli pokolenia Z oraz identyfikacja motywatorów uznawanych przez respondentów za najskuteczniejsze. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą sondażu diagnostycznego z wykorzystaniem kwestionariusza ankiety. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że w badanej grupie istotne znaczenie przypisywane jest przede wszystkim elastyczności czasu pracy oraz stabilności zatrudnienia. Wśród motywatorów płacowych wysoko oceniono premie uznaniowe oraz udział w zyskach, które respondenci wiązali z poczuciem docenienia oraz wpływu na funkcjonowanie organizacji. Wyniki badania mogą stanowić wskazówkę dla pracodawców w zakresie kształtowania systemów motywacyjnych lepiej dostosowanych do oczekiwań pracowników pokolenia Z, jednak ze względu na celowy i nielosowy dobór próby odnoszą się wyłącznie do badanej grupy respondentów.
Niniejsza praca analizuje wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na sprawozdawczość segmentową w sektorze budownictwa i nieruchomości w Polsce. Badanie obejmuje analizę sprawozdań finansowych przedsiębiorstw notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie w latach 2019 oraz 2023. Wyniki badania wskazują, że pandemia COVID-19 nie spowodowała fundamentalnych zmian w strukturze wykazywanych segmentów operacyjnych badanych przedsiębiorstw (nadal dominuje segmentacja po linii biznesu), jednak wpłynęła na zmniejszenie zakresu ujawnianych wyników finansowych. W niektórych przypadkach zaobserwowano redukcję liczby raportowanych segmentów, co mogło stanowić reakcję na zmieniające się warunki rynkowe. Wyniki badań podkreślają elastyczność raportowania segmentowego oraz jego zdolność do dostosowania się do globalnych kryzysów. Choć pandemia nie doprowadziła do istotnych zmian w regulacjach rachunkowości, wymusiła adaptację strategii zarządzania do nowych realiów gospodarczych.
The main objective of the article was the assessment of the reliability, comprehensibility, and effectiveness of information provision during the implementation of the Deposit-Refund System (DRS), and its influence on usage of Reverse Vending Machines (RVMs), with special consideration of assessment of DRS functioning. The study was conducted using an online survey questionnaire distributed through social media using random sampling techniques, which allowed for nationwide coverage. 111 people participated in the study. Quantitative and qualitative analysis methods were used to analyze the results. The analysis examined the extent to which these messages support consumers in making economic and environmental decisions and how they affect the effectiveness of sustainable development goals. The considerations allowed for the identification of key information factors determining the efficient functioning of the Deposit-Refund System and its importance in shaping pro-environmental attitudes and reducing waste. The study results clearly indicated that the information provision was ineffective for the study group, and the low rating of information quality translates into low use of the DRS. Another reason respondents stated for not using RVMs was the underdeveloped infrastructure. The combination of negative aspects of the system’s operation, coupled with the need for respondents to change their daily routines and develop new habits, contributed to the low rating of the DRS functioning.
The aim of this article is to assess the role of services in stabilizing the volatility and the degree of synchronization of regional business cycles. The existing literature points to the relevance of services in smoothing business cycles. However, services can also play a negative role in stabilizing the economy, as the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated. Among a variety of services, tourism plays a special role; it can act as a stabilizer during a typical business cycle or become a source of strain in the event of an exogenous shock, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on the regions of two countries – Poland and Portugal – which differ in both the share and the structure of services in their regional GDP, which affects their resistance to changes in the economic environment. To examine this, such parameters of analysed business cycles were calculated, like: cycle length, phase length, coherence ratio, standard deviation ratio, coefficient of variation ratio, mean delay, cross-correlation ratio and average amplitude of upward and downward phases. The conducted analysis has shown that Polish and Portuguese regions exhibit varying degrees of resilience to business cycle fluctuations. Differences are also observed in the level of synchronization of regional cycles in both countries. Overall, the higher share of services in the regional GDP of Portugal translates into greater resilience to cyclical changes compared to the volatility observed in Polish regions. At the same time, Portuguese regions are more synchronized in terms of the phases of the business cycle. This may stem from the relatively higher share of services in GDP, particularly tourism services, in Portugal’s economy (11.9% of GDP) compared with Poland (2.2%).
The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated conceptual model for FinTech implementation within Nigerian microfinance companies. Existing research has identified various determinants of FinTech adoption, yet these insights remain fragmented across technological, organizational, behavioural, and regulatory perspectives. This study addresses this gap by synthesizing these dimensions into a unified framework that explains how internal capabilities and external environmental factors interact to enable effective and sustainable FinTech transformation in the Nigerian microfinance. The study adopts a conceptual research design grounded in systematic synthesis and thematic integration of existing peer-reviewed empirical and theoretical studies published between 2016 and 2025. Using an inductive analytical procedure, key constructs and interrelationships were identified, categorized, and aligned to established theories. The study reveals that effective FinTech implementation depends on the alignment of technological readiness, organizational capability, leadership commitment, customer engagement, regulatory support, and financial motivation. The proposed framework provides a structured blueprint for strategic planning and sustainable digital transformation within microfinance companies.
This study examines the sustainable development of Ukraine’s transport sector amid Ukraine’s EU integration. It aims to assess how Ukraine’s sustainable transport trajectories align with EU-27 trends, with particular focus on Poland. The system of sustainable transport and mobility indicators was constructed based on the SuM4All methodological framework, which ensures a comprehensive and coherent representation of environmental, economic, and social dimensions. The research covers three periods: before COVID-19, during the pandemic, and during Russia’s aggression against Ukraine (2022–2023). The comparative analysis of efficiency, universal access, safety, and environmental performance employed official statistics from Ukraine, Poland, the EU, OECD, the World Bank, and national professional associations. The findings reveal that Ukraine’s transport sector only partially follows the EU trajectories. Notably, indicators of universal access and efficiency display trends opposite to those in the EU, while road safety has been gradually improving but remains below the EU average. The environmental dimension demonstrates the strongest relative progress, which may be associated with the gradual decline in transport activity in Ukraine. These results can be used to develop scenarios for the sustainable and resilience-based transformation of Ukraine’s transport sector in the process of EU integration.
Sustainable development has become a key paradigm of modern management, reflected both in corporate strategies and in reporting practices. The aim of the article is to discuss the concept, origins, and essence of ESG reporting, analyse EU and national regulations, and evaluate the 2024 sustainability report of Budimex Group. The company was selected based on the Build the Future ranking, carried out by Builder magazine, PwC Poland, and Dun & Bradstreet Poland, in which Budimex ranked first among general contractors. The study focused on environmental, social, and corporate governance disclosures. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the Budimex Group’s ESG report serves primarily an informational function, while its analytical potential could be strengthened by a stronger link between indicators and measurable, realistic and verifiable strategic goals, which would enable a reliable assessment of the effectiveness of ESG activities. The research was based on a qualitative method – a case study.
Transformacja energetyczna jest nieuniknionym procesem przebudowy systemów energetycznych w odpowiedzi na wyzwania klimatyczne. Sprawiedliwość, choć niejednokrotnie przywoływana w tym kontekście, pozostaje pojęciem niejednoznacznym i interpretowanym na różne sposoby przez badaczy, decydentów oraz społeczeństwo. Pomimo rosnącego zainteresowania tą koncepcją w literaturze naukowej, brakuje spójnego ujęcia tego zjawiska. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i analiza kluczowych wymiarów sprawiedliwej transformacji energetycznej w celu lepszego zrozumienia wielowymiarowego charakteru tego zjawiska. Aby tego dokonać, przeprowadzono systematyczny przegląd literatury. W ramach badania przeanalizowano publikacje dotyczące sprawiedliwej transformacji energetycznej dostępne w bazie Scopus. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy przedstawiono syntetyczne ujęcie integrujące dotychczasowe podejścia. Przeprowadzone badanie ukazuje sprawiedliwą transformację energetyczną jako wielowymiarowy proces społeczno-ekonomiczny, wykraczający poza aspekty technologiczne, który wymaga uwzględnienia potrzeb całego społeczeństwa.
This article focuses on analyzing the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in logistics processes using the example of Michelin Poland Ltd. The purpose of the paper is to assess the degree of application of AI technology in logistics and its impact on operational efficiency. The research includes a literature analysis, a survey of Michelin employees and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the implemented solutions. The results indicate that the implementation of AI has contributed to improving process efficiency, increasing the quality of work and reducing operating costs. Challenges to AI adaptation were also identified, such as high implementation costs and potential employee layoffs. The analysis confirmed that AI is a key component of logistics management strategies in the context of Industry 4.0, contributing to the company’s competitiveness. The article underscores the importance of sustainably implementing AI technologies to maximize benefits and minimize risks, offering valuable lessons for logistics managers and researchers.
This study examines comparative advantages in the context of international trade in services. Using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index, countries with comparative advantages in specific service groups across 28 EU countries were identified. The results are illustrated for each service category using gradient maps, allowing for the determination of sectoral specialization in individual countries. Subsequently, a detailed case study of Poland was conducted, additionally utilizing the Corrected Revealed Comparative Advantage (CRCA) index to assess the stability of its comparative advantages between 2010 and 2018. The study identifies labor-intensive sectors, such as production services, transport, construction, and repair and maintenance services, as key areas of Poland’s comparative advantage, stemming from lower labor costs compared to Western Europe.
Events in recent years, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have had an impact on the economy of many countries and markets. One of the measures of the impact of the pandemic on the Polish economy is the analysis of the behavior of the largest companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in Warsaw. The following study presents evidence of segment reporting information disclosed in financial statements of sWIG-80 listed companies before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the analysis was to verify the scope and method of presenting segment reporting standards in annual, consolidated financial statements, i.e. fiscal years 2019 and 2023. The analysis showed differences in the presentation of segments of information by sWIG-80 companies before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. It was found that after the pandemic companies are more willing to present incomes rather than costs in segments. However, before the pandemic, they informed more precisely about products and customers in operating segments.
The aim of the article is to assess the level of economic development of the Warmia and Mazury region in the years 2000-2022 in three aspects: in comparison to the average development level in Poland, in comparison to the average value of regional GDP growth for the entire EU and in comparison to the internal differentiation of economic development in Warmia and Mazury according to NUTS 3 subregions. The research process was carried out using primary data from public statistics: Eurostat and the Central Statistical Office. Classical methods of statistical analysis were used to achieve the research objective, i.e. dynamics analysis, structure indicators and comparative analysis. The reference point was all EU regions, all regions in Poland, and the Warmia-Masuria voivodeship itself. The results obtained indicate that the Warmia and Mazury region is still in one of the last places in terms of the level of development achieved, but this process is progressing in a positive direction and results in slow approach both to the EU and Polish average. This is accompanied by internal differentiation of development, which is also – although to a lesser extent – decreasing.
The aim of this study has been to identify the factors that have the strongest impact on the competitiveness of regions, with the focus on the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeship. To achieve the aim, the linear ordering method developed by Z. Hellwig (1968) was employed, serving to build competitiveness indices (CI) for each voivodeship in Poland. The analysis included a division into competitive performance (measured with the GDP per capita) and competitive potential (analysed with the use of the Porter’s Diamond Model). Competitiveness determinants were identified with the help of multiple regression. The study results indicate that the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeship had the lowest competitive performance and competitive potential in Poland. Although most of the analysed indicators increased in years 2014-2022, and the competitiveness index showed the highest growth dynamics (63.72%), this region persistently remained at the bottom of most ranking lists. As for innovations in production, it occupied the penultimate position, scoring the lowest in terms of demand factors and business environment, and ranking third from the bottom in respect of support and associated branches. Additionally, using the regression model, it was determined that the competitive position of Polish voivodeships was most strongly affected by the level of innovativeness, followed by the business environment.
The aim of this article is to theoretically analyze the specifics of talent management in knowledge--based organizations, with particular emphasis on the factors that determine the effectiveness of this process. The author aims to demonstrate the importance of a strategic approach to identifying, developing, and retaining high-potential employees, as well as to characterize selected talent management models in the context of knowledge organizations. Talent management is a complex and strategic process centered on high-potential human resources. It encompasses both the identification and development of individuals distinguished by special abilities, as well as the design and implementation of organizational processes aimed at their effective acquisition, deployment, retention and further support in their development. The approach also takes into account the necessity of forming long-term relationships with talented individuals - both at the stage before and after the formal establishment of cooperation - as well as taking care of favorable conditions for their functioning within the organization or in a partnership relationship. The article is theoretical in nature and its main purpose is to show the specifics of talent management in the conditions of knowledge-based organizations. It presents the essence of this type of organization and discusses selected models of talent management. Attention was also paid to factors that can significantly limit the effectiveness of the process in question. Among the barriers identified as key are the following: unfavorable employer image in the labor market, trust deficit in intra-organizational relations, limiting the space for cooperation and knowledge exchange between talented employees and the organizational environment, lack of systemic recognition of individual competencies, low level of involvement of top management in talent development issues, creating an atmosphere of employment insecurity, tolerating the presence of people lacking key competencies.
The aim of this article was to analyse the role of green marketing and the phenomenon of greenwashing in shaping the organic food market in Poland. To achieve this objective, a literature review was conducted alongside a diagnostic survey using the CAWI method, covering a sample of 168 consumers. The study focused on evaluating consumer awareness, trust in marketing activities, and perceptions of greenwashing. The research results indicate that consumer awareness of the concept of greenwashing is low, with only 24.4% of respondents able to correctly define the term. Respondents declared moderate trust in the marketing efforts of organic food companies, with eco-certificates and product labels being identified as the main factors fostering brand credibility. Additionally, 35.4% of participants reported encountering greenwashing practices, highlighting the need for transparent and authentic marketing communication. High product prices were identified as the primary barrier limiting the purchase of organic food. The study findings emphasize the necessity of authentic green marketing supported by credible certification, transparent messaging, and educational initiatives to increase consumer awareness and trust, ultimately supporting the sustainable development of the organic food market in Poland.
The text is devoted to the idea of regenerative development, which is a response to the challenges of the climate crisis, depletion of natural resources and social inequalities, going beyond the traditional approach of sustainable development. Regenerativity is treated as a premise for active repair and reconstruction of natural and social systems, for their further evolution and strengthening. The changes of the goals of the green transformation are presented, from the ecological economy, through sustainable, to regenerative, the aim of which is to improve the well-being of the environment and meet social needs. The analysis takes into account axiological, economic and social aspects, emphasising the importance of the planetocentric approach and the role of interdisciplinarity in designing innovative solutions, especially in cities.The text stresses that the planetocentric axiology of the transformation requires a departure from traditional economic growth in favor of harmony with ecosystems, focusing on the quality of life, social equality and ecological health. Concepts such as degrowth, zero-growth or the donut economy indicate the need for a profound change in values and development goals, integrating the aforementioned environmental, social and economic goals. Regenerative urban ecosystems and a transdisciplinary approach are key to effective transformation.The idea of regenerative development has a tradition of over a hundred years. Initially, it was associated with the development of urban and rural spaces, and today it is understood as active support for biodiversity and the complexity of living systems. Regenerative design replaces anthropocentrism with a biocentric model, striving for synergy between different areas of human activity to preserve the planet’s evolutionary capabilities. By exploring the axiological, practical, and theoretical foundations of this shift, the article aims to provide a basis for further reflection and action towards a more sustainable and regenerative future. The text is a voice in the discussion on the need to change management paradigms to planet-centric ones, preventing crises and serving a more just future.
The main aim of the research was to identify the impact of students’ environmental awareness on their decision-making process when making purchases. In order to effectively and comprehensively achieve the intended purpose of the research, a diagnostic survey method was used. The research tool was a survey questionnaire developed using the Google Forms tool. The survey made it possible to determine the level of students’ environmental awareness and to present their attitudes and behaviours when making purchasing decisions. Knowledge of students’ level of environmental awareness will allow an assessment of whether and to what extent environmental awareness translates into actual consumer behaviour and purchasing decisions. It will enable an understanding of the dynamics of change in the transition to sustainable consumption and an understanding of the factors that can have a significant impact on increasing the consumption of green goods.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing at a dynamic pace, playing an increasingly significant role across various sectors, including education. One widely used AI-based tool is ChatGPT, available in both a free version and a subscription-based variant offering extended functionalities. However, while the rapid adoption of such tools by students is well-documented, there remains a significant gap in the literature concerning the economic behaviours governing this new market, particularly regarding the price sensitivity of student users and the factors influencing their decision to convert from free to paid tiers. The existence of a paid version of this tool prompted a study which investigated students’ willingness to incur costs in exchange for additional features, as well as their reactions to potential price changes. The aim of this article is to determine the willingness of economics students to purchase the subscription version of ChatGPT and to analyse their responses to possible price modifications. Moreover, the study addresses the relationship between the perceived quality of the content generated by the tool and students’ willingness to pay for the premium version. A quantitative research approach was employed, based on an online survey (CAWI), in which 342 undergraduate and graduate students participated. The questionnaire included items concerning the frequency of ChatGPT usage, the evaluation of the quality of generated content, and the willingness to purchase the paid version under various pricing scenarios. Statistical methods were applied for data analysis, including measures of central tendency and correlation tests. The results indicate that ChatGPT is widely used among students – 94.4% of respondents reported using the tool, with the majority (88.9%) opting for the free version. The frequency of usage varied. Price sensitivity analysis revealed that a 25% increase in the price of the cheapest subscription would not significantly affect the decisions of most current paid users. However, a 50% price increase would result in 36.1% of them cancelling their subscription, while a 75% increase would lead to a reduction in the number of subscribers by more than half. Conversely, a 25% price decrease in the cheapest paid version would encourage 16.8% of free users to subscribe; a 50% reduction would increase this share to 42.3%, and a 75% reduction could persuade up to 70% of respondents to purchase the subscription. The article also presents the results of a Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, examining the relationship between the perceived quality of ChatGPT’s output and the willingness to purchase the paid version in the event of a price reduction. No significant evidence was found to suggest that individuals who rate the quality of ChatGPT responses more highly are more inclined to subscribe to the paid version if the price decreases.
This study aimed to assess the development of healthcare expenditure in Poland and identify its determinants. Changes in the structure of this expenditure were analysed, as was its share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the amount of healthcare expenditure per capita in Poland between 2014 and 2023 was calculated and evaluated. During the period under review, healthcare expenditure in Poland was growing, but both its share of GDP and its per capita level were lower than the average in other EU countries The determinants of healthcare expenditure in Poland were identified, dividing them into: legal, macroeconomic, political, unexpected events, demographic, social, environmental, technological, systemic and those resulting from globalisation processes. Determinants were divided into those dependent and independent of the state, pointing to possible ways of dealing with them. The biggest barrier to the growth of healthcare expenditure in Poland is macroeconomic in nature, as it results from the country’s GDP. Other significant problems related to the development of healthcare expenditure result from the ageing of the population and systemic errors. During the analysed period, the Covid-19 pandemic was also a significant factor in the development of healthcare expenditure in Poland.
The article examines the macroeconomic assessment and structure of household income and expenditure in Ukraine in 2021-2024 using a developed system of universal indicators (income, expenditure, poverty, inequality, financial stability). This approach enabled analysis under conditions of limited access to sample surveys. Significant negative consequences of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine were identified: despite nominal growth, real disposable incomes fell sharply in 2022 and only partially recovered. A forced concentration of expenditure on basic needs was observed, as evidenced by an increase in the Engel coefficient to 54.5% in 2024. A large-scale deepening of poverty (with the risk of poverty doubling) and inequality (the Gini coefficient increased from 0.257 to 0.465) was identified, disproportionately affecting the least well-off. The undermining of financial sustainability is confirmed (negative savings rate in 2022). The results justify the need to revise welfare criteria and differentiate the application of social assistance for vulnerable groups of the population (IDPs, large families, rural residents).
