The study assesses the mechanical performance of composites that contain a mixture of glass fiber (G) and waste flex banners (F) at different proportions and orientations relative to the polyester matrix testing. The mechanical properties of the composite were investigated through impact strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus testing of the samples, while researchers studied fiber composition and orientation effects. Sample C7 (00/flex/00/00/flex/00) represented the optimum impact strength outcome, where it achieved 19.2 J energy absorption and 0.406 J/mm2 impact strength range because appropriate fiber alignment enhances material impact performance. C7 also produced the strong flexural strength of 431.199 MPa and elastic modulus of 21.638 GPa, establishing it as the premier composite for bending capacity. C10 (Polyester) sample demonstrates inferior flexural strength (81.99 MPa) together with the lowest elastic modulus (4.382 GPa) because using plain matrix material does not supply adequate structural integrity. Fiber type and its arrangement pattern control how well a composite material performs as a result of this research. The research enables quantitative assessments for optimal composite material designs that exhibit exceptional bending strength, stiffness, and impact tolerance. This significant increase confirms the potential of using flex banner waste as a reinforcement in environmentally friendly composite materials.
The objective of this study was to statistically analyze the effects of plasma nitriding using response surface methodology(RSM). The RSM, which is dependent on a core composite construction, was used to study the effects of variables like percentage nitrogen / hydrogen flow, deposition time, deposition temperature, and CNT concentration, on wear and corrosion behavior for electroless (Nickel-Boron-CNT)coating for low steel alloy. The results for plasma samples with different CNT concentration (0%, 0.35%, 0.7%) showed the effects of deposition temperature and time as well as percent hydrogen/nitrogen ratio on the corrosion rate. The results of microhardness showed that the highest microhardness value of (1200 HV) was achieved for the Ni-B coating containing 0.35 g/L CNT after plasma nitriding. The optimum design point for plasma nitriding (low wear rate, low friction coefficient, and extreme hardness) was achieved with a desirability of 0.95 at a temperature of 413.03 degrees C for 4h with H2/N2 percentage ratio of %54.17/%45.83 and a concentration of 0.35% CNT, whereas the lowest corrosion rate was achieved at a temperature of 387.78 degrees C for 2.53 h, with H2/N2 percentage ratio of 52.74/47.26 and at a concentration of 0.35g/l CNT. This effect was amplified by raising the deposition temperature between 400 0C and 450 0C. Excellent corrosion resistance is exhibited by the Ni-B-CNT composite coating, and this resistance greatly increases as the concentration of CNTs increases. Excessive CNT deposition leads to agglomeration, harming the coating and reducing its corrosion resistance.
Heavy fuel oil is a complicated amalgamation typically formulated with saline water to produce stable emulsions. The coproduced water is emulsified as it traverses pipelines and choke valves, resulting in emulsions (termed water-in-oil emulsions) that can be stabilized by naturally occurring substances in heavy oil, including asphaltenes, resins, wax, and particulates. The presence of water in heavy fuel oil might result in pipe damage and elevate transportation expenses. A fuel oil emulsion consisting of 40% water and 60% oil was exposed to low-frequency ultrasonic waves (28 KHz) for 10 minutes to evaluate its effectiveness in emulsion separation. To improve separation performance, natural particles derived from date pit (approximately 10-100 mu m) were included at concentrations of 3000, 5000, 10000, and 15000 ppm. Tests were performed at 85 degrees C with ultrasonication power levels of 100, 400, 600, and 800 W, with treatment durations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes. Date pit powder effectively separates oil and water within 24 hours, demonstrating its utility in the rapid destabilization of water-in-oil emulsions due to its distinctive wettability and surface structure. Demulsification efficiency may attain 83% with a dosage of 10000 mg/L and a settling duration of 10 minutes at 85 degrees C. The amalgamation of date pit particles and ultrasonic waves demonstrated a cost-effective, efficient, rapid, and ecologically friendly method for the separation of water-in-oil emulsions. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
This study investigates the potential of incorporating olive waste ash (OWA), derived from the combustion of agricultural by-products in Jordan, as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete and mortar mixes. In addition to OWA, medical waste ash was also evaluated to explore sustainable alternatives to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), a major contributor to global CO2 emissions. The effects of different ash sources and replacement percentages (5%, 10%, 15%) on workability, pozzolanic activity, mechanical strength, and thermal conductivity were analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of natural (Date Palm Fibers) and synthetic (Polypropylene) fibers on the mechanical and thermal performance of the cementitious composites was examined. Results of mortar samples demonstrated that while higher ash content generally reduced compressive strength and workability, certain mixes-particularly those with 10% OWA-maintained competitive strength and exhibited improved thermal insulation. However, the addition of fibers in combination with OWA in a concrete mix showed no effect on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. This work highlights the viability of utilizing locally sourced agricultural and industrial waste materials to develop environmentally friendly and thermally efficient construction materials. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
This work studied a new advancement in solar distillation that combines altered modified stepped solar stills (STSSs) with 3 novel features: STSS with vertical corrugated wick SS (MSTSS-VCWSS), MSTSS with finned wick absorber (MSTSS-FWA) and paraffin wax containing silver nanoparticles (PCM-Ag-NPs). The rising water issue caused by population increase and loss of freshwater resources was the driving force behind the research. According to experimental data, the highest freshwater production was obtained for MSTSS-FWA with VCWSS and PCMs-Ag, where the combined productivity of the MSTSS-FWA+VCWSS+ PCMs-Ag reached 11950 ml/m2/d, representing a substantial 273% increase over conventional SS. Water costs $0.028 per lire for CSS and $0.011 per liter for MSTSS-FWA+VCWSS+ PCMs-Ag. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
Writing and typing are fundamental tasks in academic and professional settings, yet prolonged engagement often contributes to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of the wrist, forearm, and neck. Handwriting techniques, learned early in life and maintained throughout adulthood, play a critical role in shaping ergonomic outcomes. The Palmer handwriting method, developed in the early 20th century to emphasize whole-arm rather than finger-centric movement, has largely fallen out of practice with the rise of typewriting and digital communication. This study investigates writing methods as one the understudied root causes of musculoskeletal disorders. The study compares muscle fatigue across three writing methods: traditional handwriting, typing, and the Palmer method using surface electromyography (sEMG). Twenty-four healthy participants performed standardized 10-minute tasks in each method, followed by fatigue assessments of the wrist, forearm, and neck. Results show that the Palmer method produced the lowest levels of muscle fatigue and the fastest muscle activation, followed by typing, while traditional handwriting generated the highest fatigue and slowest activation. These findings highlight the Palmer method as the most ergonomically efficient approach in terms of muscles fatigue and muscle activation pattern that can induce musculoskeletal disorders in the long term. The study provides evidence-based recommendations for promoting healthier writing practices and suggests that reintroducing ergonomic techniques such as the Palmer method could support high percentage of people through reducing fatigue and the risk of MSDs among students, office workers, and professionals engaged in prolonged writing tasks. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
Fouling in heat exchangers is a thermo-hydrodynamic slow process caused by the gradual accumulation of impurities, mineral salts, biological organisms, and deposits on the solid surfaces of the heat exchangers. This undesirable thermal behavior lowers the thermal effectiveness and minimizes the total thermal performance of the heat exchangers. Generally, several parameters contribute to fouling development, including the thermal and hydrodynamic properties of the working fluids, the type and design details of the heat exchanger, as well as the structural material and operating conditions. This numerical study was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of fouling mechanisms and to control their progress. Primarily, this simulation investigation was planned and performed to formulate and study heat exchanger fouling based on the thermal properties of fluids, flow hydrodynamics, and geometrical effects using MATLAB coding. The results of this analytical study showed that the increase of most of the thermal properties of working fluids, like specific heat (Cp), thermal conductivity (K), and thermal diffusivity (alpha) will reduce the tendency for fouling at different fouling index ranges (FI). The lowest fouling index was for water at a range of (0.0065-0.0025) m2 k/W, and at a moderate range of (0.0144-0.0038) m2 k/W for Benzene, while the highest range was (3.75-1.66) m2 k/W for carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the high values of the hydrodynamic properties like density (rho) and dynamic viscosity (mu) enhance the tendency for fouling. Additionally, the gaseous and organic working fluids enable a high rate of fouling. Geometrically, the lowest fouling rate occurred with the elliptical tube for hot water at 12.12% against circular tube and by 66.58% versus square tube.
Most existing studies on single-machine scheduling have focused on individual metaheuristic algorithms (e.g., DPSO, SA, or LS) applied in isolation, without exploring their synergistic integration. Particularly, there is a lack of studies dealing with complex scheduling environments that simultaneously consider sequence-dependent setup times and learning effects. Therefore, this study involves the process of proposing a new hybrid methodology that combines the Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO), Local Search (LS), and Simulated Annealing (SA) into a unified approach, named DPSO+LS+SA, to handle the scheduling problem of a Single Machine Total Weighted Tardiness (SMTWT). The study focuses on sequence dependent setup times by engaging in a job-agnostic position-based learning model to measure the learning effect. The success of the proposed approach was evaluated using two datasets, revealing that DPSO+LS+SA surpassed DPSO and SA individually, resulting in a superior total weighted tardiness scores and increased computational efficiency. These results offer key insights for the manufacturing and industrial sectors, providing highlights for reducing production time and improving product success rates by effectively meeting delivery deadlines and customer requirements.
Occupant density is a critical factor influencing both energy consumption and the spread of virus infections in indoor educational environments. There is a growing need to design safe and efficient classrooms, laboratories, and lecture halls. This study presents an optimal distribution pattern of students that reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection while lowering energy consumption associated with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. A case study of Level 1 of the M5 building at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) was conducted, where the energy consumption was simulated using DesignBuilder and infection risk was modeled in MATLAB. The optimization problem was solved using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) with data collected from four and five consecutive summer days. The study presents two optimal student distribution scenarios that reduce both infection risk and energy use. Results show that infection risk can be reduced by at least 12.7% and energy consumption by 5.7%. Furthermore, the study proposes new in-person and hybrid education models that shorten both working hours and class durations. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
Food waste is a problem that transcends continents and generations, costing trillions of dollars. This case focuses on reducing food waste in X company's long pasta production process using Lean Six Sigma (LSS) methodologies. The study provides a step-by-step comprehensive approach to problem definition, analysis and solving utilizing process flow, Statistical Process Control (SPC), multiple fishbone diagrams, regression analysis, and Design of Experiments (DoE). The standardized speed settings approach was chosen through alternative comparison (Pugh matrix), which significantly dropped the ratio of waste to production from 19.0% in the control group to 10.0% in Experimental Group 1, 14.5% in Experimental Group 2, and 13.1% in Experimental Group 3. For direct material loss only, the annual cost saving of the improvements is expected to be similar to 82 k JOD/year (approximate to$116 k/year). The study highlights that sustained monitoring and involvement of employees are crucial for sustaining the improvements. The company is highly encouraged to implement the second and third viable alternatives suggested and to train employees on the new principles and technologies towards cleaner production. Finally, our findings directly support several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
This study aims to develop a system dynamics model for halal supply chain traceability and food safety based on Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This approach addresses the lack of transparency, efficiency, and trust in the food supply chain. The model is constructed using primary and secondary data (primarily from Indonesia to facilitate the simulation process), simulated using Vensim PLE, and validated through behavioral, structural, extreme, and parameter tests. This study developed three scenarios: increased growth efficiency, increased investment, and increased farmer storage capacity. During the simulation period, blockchain and IoT implementation increased food availability for consumption by 5% and reduced fresh food inventory losses by 3%. The scenario of increasing farmer storage capacity showed a 10% increase in food availability and reduced fresh food inventory losses by 4% compared to the initial model. Thus, the proposed approach helps maximize food availability and reduce fresh food inventory losses more optimally.
This study investigated the impact of longitudinal and circumferential gouge defects on pipeline burst pressure. We combined theoretical and numerical analyses with machine learning. Numerical analyses validated the theory. However, the main contribution lies in developing a polynomial regression-based prediction equation. The inclusion of interactions among defect depth, length, and width proved crucial for this equation. It demonstrated excellent performance, achieving correlation coefficients close to 1 on both training and test sets. Compared to numerical approaches, our predictive method reduced the average relative error from 5% to just 1% for longitudinal defects and 2% for circumferential defects. Defect depth is the predominant factor influencing burst pressure, especially for longitudinal defects, thereby confirming their criticality. The overlap of the curves highlights the necessity of considering the combined effect of defect depth and orientation. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of machine learning for predicting burst pressure. The developed equation, once implemented in a mobile application or software, will allow engineers to obtain instant, reliable estimations directly in the field or from a control room. It also advocates a risk-based maintenance approach, prioritizing deep and longitudinal defects. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
In recent times, nano powder mixed electrical discharge machining (NPMEDM) is one of the leading machining processes when applications are based on nano powders. The process is a unique way of machining wherein electrical discharge machining (EDM) is clubbed with nano powders in dielectric fluid. This new combination produces better results and improves the process responses, like material removal and surface roughness, which are very well handled. The intention here is to focus on eliminating the frequent usage of finishing processes. An experimental work was realized to determine the influence of the machining parameters, namely, flushing pressure (FP), peak current (I), and pulse on time (TON) on the dependent variables, especially on the material removal rate and surface roughness. during the finishing stage, to break through the constraints generated by the conditions of the EDM process. It was found that the lower MRR was achieved at both the higher and lower flushing pressures with nano powder at 0.2 kg/cm(2) and 1 kg/cm(2), respectively. The optimal flushing pressure with nano powder has been found to be around 0.5 kg/cm(2) and does not significantly influence the material removal rate. At the same time, the use of nano powder in EDM with flushing at optimum value has shown promising results in enhancing surface roughness. Hence, we can state that the flushing pressure (FP), when combined with the nano powder in the dielectric, is significant at its optimal value in the finishing operations in EDM. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
The present work is dedicated to the mechanical and electrical properties of CrSi2 thin films, deposited on PET substrates, in tensile strains, with a focus on issues concerning crack formation and increased strain-induced resistance degradation. CrSi2 is one of the most important semiconducting materials for flexible electronics, which has excellent thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and remarkable robustness in various environmental conditions, making it an ideal candidate for wearable and stretchable applications. The tensile testing performed by mechanical testing along with in situ electrical resistance measurement provided quantification of PCER as a function of strain increase, while SEM carried out detailed observations of crack initiation and propagation for 100-and 200-nm CrSi2 films to gain insight into their structural limits under applied mechanical stress. The thinner films of 100 nm presented faster crack formation and a rapid increase in resistance under smaller strains that caused earlier electrical failure, while in 200 nm films, higher thickness resulted in greater resistance to cracking and more variability in modes of failure. This study presents a novel investigation into the fracture mechanics of CrSi2 thin films under tensile strain by providing a quantitative comparison between 100 nm and 200 nm thicknesses using in situ electrical resistance monitoring. The findings offer new insights into the critical role of film thickness in delaying crack initiation and mitigating electrical failure, thereby proposing a practical approach for optimizing the mechanical robustness and reliability of CrSi2-based components in flexible electronic applications. The results strongly highlight the significant role of thickness in enhancing fracture resistance and maintaining electrical stability in CrSi2 thin films. This finding provides valuable insightinto designing durable CrSi2-based components in flexible electronic applications where reliability upon mechanical deformation is a prime consideration. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
Micro-Perforated Panels (MPP) are widely recognized for their effectiveness in passive noise control, relying on submillimetre perforations to achieve sound absorption without traditional fibrous fillers. The shift towards sustainable materials has prompted the exploration of bio-composites incorporating natural fibres for acoustic applications. Oil palm fibre (OPF), a by-product of agricultural waste, offers a renewable and biodegradable reinforcement when integrated with polylactic acid (PLA) to form Bio-Composite MPPs (BC-MPP).This study aims to investigate the acoustic and mechanical performance of BC-MPP fabricated from OPF/PLA composites with a compatibilizer. A systematic approach encompassing material fabrication, tensile testing, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Sound Absorption Coefficient (SAC) analysis was adopted to assess the influence of fibre content and air gap variation. BC-MPP achieved a maximum SAC of 1.00 at 1530 Hz with 30% OPF and a 10 mm air gap. With increasing air gaps (20 mm and 30 mm), SAC values of 0.99 were recorded at 970 Hz and 800 Hz, respectively. Mechanical analysis showed a reduction in tensile strength at higher OPF contents, attributed to fibre pull-out and interfacial voids. This study presents an eco-friendly acoustic solution using agrowaste-derived composites. Future work will explore fibre surface treatment and hybrid reinforcement strategies to optimize both acoustic and mechanical performance. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
This study addresses a critical research gap in production planning by proposing an integrated model for flexible lot-sizing and scheduling that simultaneously considers remanufacturing, sequence-dependent setup times, and energy efficiency- factors often studied in isolation in previous research. The model reflects the complexity of modern manufacturing systems, where products may return for remanufacturing and machines require specific setup times depending on operation sequences. The novelty of this work lies in its holistic approach, combining these elements within a flexible job-shop environment, which better captures the dynamics and constraints of real-world production settings. To efficiently solve this NP-hard problem, the study develops and applies three metaheuristic algorithms: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). These algorithms are evaluated on a range of problem sizes to assess their scalability and performance. The key contribution is twofold: first, in the formulation of a realistic and comprehensive mathematical model, and second, in demonstrating the effectiveness of metaheuristic methods for solving complex large-scale problems. Results indicate that while all three algorithms produce feasible and high-quality solutions, the GA consistently achieves superior outcomes, making it a robust and efficient approach for optimizing lot-sizing and scheduling decisions in sustainable and flexible manufacturing environments. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
In our work, the influence of the printing speed, the raster angle, the layer thickness, and the short carbon fiber-reinforced composites based on PLA as matrixon the thermal, mechanical, and microstructural properties were analyzed. These composites were printed using as 3D printing process the fused deposition modeling (FDM).To ensure the reliability of the experimental results, three measurements were elaborated on each tensile and micro-hardness test condition and the average values are used. Standard deviation (SD) was calculated to provide statistical validation of our experimental results. Based on tensile measurements, the raster angle theta =0 degrees considerablyincreases stiffness and strength, mainly in thinner layers (Th=0.3mm). In fact, increasing Th from 0.3mm to 0.4mm leads to a significant improvement in the stiffness of the printed parts, with the increase of Young's modulus (E) reaches up to 250%. Additionally, the higher printing speed increases strength of printed composites whereas decreasing their stiffness. In fact, a higher printing speed increases the strength of the printed composites, with the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increasing by 90%, whereas it decreases their stiffness, with the Young's modulus (E) dropping by 15%. Furthermore, adding short carbon fibers into the polymer matrix significantly advancesthe stiffness and the strength of printed composites (SCFR-PLA) compared to printed polymer (PLA). However, this improvementis accompanied with a decrease of ductility of printed parts. These results provide appreciated understandings into optimizing 3D printing parameters for improved properties of printed composites in various engineering applications. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were developed to analyze respectively the thermal behavior of printed composites (SCFR-PLA) and the relationship between porosity of printed parts and their mechanical properties. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
Derakane 411-350 grade of Vinyl ester has been generallyemployed as a matrixin nanoparticle reinforced glass/carbon polymeric based composites, after which new class has been developed, namely (510A-40) brominated vinyl ester resin.This matrix resin was selected due to its good corrosion resistance and toughness and recently, this brominated version has been modified with an unreactive liquid carboxy terminated butadiene nitrile (CTBN) rubber to promote interfacial properties and impact mitigation. Two classes or generations of vinyl ester resin have been Visco-elastically analyzed after reinforcing with different amount of graphite platelets. In this research, the dynamic responseof DERAKANE 411-350 vinyl ester thermoset is studied against DERAKANE 510A-40 vinyl ester resin modified with 10 weight percent Carboxy Terminated Butadiene Nitrile (CTBN). Both systems are reinforced with 1.25 and 2.5 wt. % exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP). Investigation is made over a range of temperature and frequency. Effects of frequency on the dynamic behavior were investigated using a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) by sweeping the frequency over : 0.01 to 10 Hz, and temperature range from room temperature to140 degrees C at a step rate of 4 oC/min. The nano reinforced composites showed a drop in initial dynamic modulus with bromination. Brominated nanocomposites with 1.25 and 2.5 wt. percent graphite had the highest storage modulus among all specimens. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
To enhance the stability of the vehicle subjected to a tire blowout, this paper introduces a corrective active steering safety control system to stabilize the vehicle. The vehicle model is represented by a high-fidelity 14 degrees of freedom (DOF) model that is validated using MSC Adams Package. Subsequently, using the single-track bicycle control-oriented model, an active front steering control strategy in the framework of a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller combined with a Kalman filter is established and evaluated. To account for the possible driver reactions following the tire blowout accident, a driver model is augmented to the loop. This representation is more realistic in comparison with the open-loop-based controller design approach. The coupled vehicle-driver system is analyzed and integrated with the proposed linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) controller. The simulation results show that the proposed control system can sufficiently stabilize the system in the presence of the external disturbances associated with the tire blowout, as well as the reactions from the driver by means of minimizing the yaw rate triggered by these disturbances during both straight-line and cornering motions. (c) 2025 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved
The mechanical and electrical behavior of molybdenum silicide (MoSi2) thin films sputtered on Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) substrates is examined in this work, with a focus on tensile strain. PET substrates were systematically prepared, coated with different thicknesses of MoSi2 (between 100 and 200 nm), and then put through tensile testing to evaluate the mechanical integrity and electrical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe the formation and evolution of cracks, particularly noting their density, distribution, and orientation relative to the applied load. The results revealed an increasing pattern in crack density and width heightened strain levels, notably perpendicular to the direction of tension. Thicker films demonstrated heightened resistance to cracking, suggesting a correlation between film thickness and mechanical robustness. Concurrently, electrical resistance measurements indicated a direct relationship between increasing strain and resistance, reflecting the structural disruptions within the film. This research provides critical insights into the fracture mechanics and electrical response of MoSi2 thin films under stress, highlighting the implications for their use in flexible electronics and other applications where endurance and adaptability are paramount.
