Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) based on real-world data. Methods: From March 2022 to January 2023, patients with AIS treated with GM1 were included in this study. Functional outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at baseline and at 2, 6, and 10 weeks after treatment initiation. Safety was evaluated through adverse event (AE) monitoring. Results: A total of 1772 patients with AIS were collected for analysis after the exclusion of the exclusion criteria. GM1 treatment significantly improved functional outcomes. The mRS score decreased from a baseline of 1.32 to 0.97 at the third follow-up (mean reduction: 0.35 points, P < 0.05). The NIHSS score decreased from 5.14 to 2.32 (mean reduction: 2.82 points, P < 0.05). A total of 128 AEs were reported in 98 patients (5.5%). The majority of AEs were mild to moderate (124 events, 7.0%), with only 4 severe AEs (Grade 3, 0.2%) observed. No life-threatening or fatal AEs occurred. Conclusion: GM1 treatment significantly improves the mRS score and NIHSS score of AIS patients, and the safety is high. AIS patients showed obvious advantages in neurological function recovery after GM1 treatment, and these results provide a clinical basis for GM1 in the real diagnosis and treatment environment of AIS patients.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common refractory subtype of epilepsy in clinical practice, with a complex pathogenesis and a lack of precise biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. The hippocampus and amygdala, as the core structures of the limbic system, play a key role in the pathogenesis of TLE. Structural abnormalities in both are considered important pathological bases for the initiation, spread, and progression of epileptic discharges. Although conventional magnetic resonance imaging can detect obvious hippocampal sclerosis, it is difficult to capture microstructural changes and has limited ability to identify hidden damage in areas such as the amygdala, leading to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis in some patients with hidden TLE. Voxel-based morphological analysis (VBM) can accurately quantify the volume and density changes of the whole brain gray and white matter, providing technical support for analyzing the microstructural damage of the hippocampus and amygdala in TLE patients. Previous studies have suggested that the amygdala is not only a “susceptible area” for epileptic discharges, but may also serve as a “relay station” involved in discharge diffusion. Its structural abnormalities are closely related to the frequency and prognosis of TLE attacks. However, the synergistic effect and specific pathological mechanisms of structural changes in the hippocampus and amygdala still need to be further clarified. Therefore, this study used VBM technology to systematically analyze the magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of the hippocampus and amygdala in TLE patients, aiming to reveal their structural abnormalities and provide imaging evidence for the accurate diagnosis, mechanism research, and prognosis evaluation of TLE.
Objective: To compare and analyze the clinical effects of neuroendoscopic hematoma evacuation (ES) and minimally invasive drilling and drainage (MIDD) in the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, as well as their impacts on neurological function and serological indicators. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 77 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage admitted to Gaoyou People’s Hospital and Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital from January 2020 to December 2024. These patients were grouped according to their treatment methods, with 36 receiving MIDD (control group) and 41 receiving ES (experimental group). Perioperative indicators, neurological function before surgery and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively, and the incidence of complications during hospitalization and follow-up were compared between the two groups. Results: The experimental group had a longer operative time, greater intraoperative blood loss, a higher hematoma evacuation rate, and a shorter drainage tube placement time compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Compared to preoperative values, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of both groups continued to increase at 1 to 3 months postoperatively, with the experimental group showing higher scores; the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores of both groups continued to decrease, with the experimental group showing lower scores (P < 0.05). During hospitalization and follow-up, the overall incidence of complications was lower in the experimental group compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Endoscopic surgery (ES) for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can more thoroughly evacuate hematomas, improve neurological function, and shorten postoperative recovery time. Although it has drawbacks such as prolonged operative time and increased blood loss, its overall safety remains acceptable.
Objective: To explore the effect of early extensor rehabilitation therapy in patients with upper limb hemiplegia during the recovery period of cerebral infarction. Method: A total of 78 patients with upper limb hemiplegia during the recovery period of cerebral infarction were included as the research subjects and all received treatment in our hospital from January 2024 to December 2024. The groups were grouped by double-blind method, with 39 cases in each group. The control group and the observation group received early flexor rehabilitation treatment and early extensor rehabilitation treatment respectively. The upper limb function and self-care ability of the two groups before and after treatment were compared. Result: After the intervention, the upper limb motor function score of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group, P < 0.05; After treatment, the Barthel index of the observation group was significantly increased compared with that before treatment, and there was a significant difference compared with the control group, P < 0.05. Conclusion: The implementation of early extensor rehabilitation therapy for patients in the recovery period of cerebral infarction with hemiplegia of the upper limbs can effectively promote the recovery of upper limb function and improve their self-care ability in life, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of regular follow-up intervention in secondary prevention and its impact on the long-term prognosis of patients with first-episode cerebral infarction. Methods: A total of 82 patients with first-episode cerebral infarction were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received regular follow-up, while the control group received routine follow-up. The adherence to secondary prevention and long-term prognosis was compared between the two groups. Results: The experimental group showed significant differences in indicators such as adherence to secondary prevention and long-term prognosis compared to the control group, with P < 0.05. Conclusion: Implementing regular follow-up intervention for patients with first-episode cerebral infarction can improve their adherence to secondary prevention and enhance their long-term prognosis, demonstrating high follow-up significance.
Childhood obesity has emerged as a significant global public health issue, with its epidemic trend and the complexity of its pathogenic mechanisms posing formidable challenges to prevention and control efforts. This article systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics of childhood obesity, focusing on its global and national prevalence status and core risk factors. It delves into the collaborative pathogenic mechanisms involving genetic and epigenetic regulation, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and disruptions in the neuro-endocrine-metabolic network. Furthermore, it comprehensively elucidates the clinical features of multisystem complications. Finally, it summarizes research progress in prevention strategies, clinical interventions, and novel technologies, providing references for the standardized prevention and control of childhood obesity.
Objective: To explore the influence of staged nursing on neurological function and limb motor function after cerebral hemorrhage surgery. Methods: From April 2024 to August 2025, 68 patients with cerebral hemorrhage were selected as the research subjects. The patients were evenly divided into two groups by the digital random table method. The control group received routine care, while the observation group received staged care. The nursing effects were compared. Results: The improvement effect of neurological function and limb motor function in the observation group was more obvious than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The quality of life of the observation group was significantly improved compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The staged nursing intervention for patients with cerebral infarction can improve their neurological function and limb motor function, and significantly enhance their quality of life.
Objective: To systematically evaluate the effects of visual glottal closure training guided by swallowing electronic laryngoscopy and conventional voice training on the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores and Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) in patients with post-stroke dysphonia (PSD), providing evidence-based support for precise rehabilitation in such patients. Methods: A randomized controlled trial design was employed, selecting patients with post-stroke dysphonia who met the inclusion criteria as the study subjects. Patients were randomly divided into an experimental group (receiving visual glottal closure training) and a control group (receiving conventional voice training), with 32 cases in each group. Both groups underwent training for 8 weeks, twice a week, with each session lasting 30 minutes. The VHI scale was used to assess the subjective degree of voice impairment, and MPT was measured to evaluate vocal efficiency at four time points: baseline (T0), mid-treatment (T1, 4 weeks), end of treatment (T2, 8 weeks), and follow-up 3 months after treatment (T3). Statistical analysis was performed on the data. Results: A total of 64 patients were included, with 58 completing the study (29 in the experimental group and 29 in the control group), resulting in a dropout rate of 9.38%. There were no statistically significant differences in VHI scores and MPT between the two groups at baseline (T0) (P > 0.05). During the mid-treatment phase (T1), at the end of treatment (T2), and during the follow-up period (T3), the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores of patients in both groups significantly decreased compared to the baseline period (P < 0.05), and the Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) significantly increased compared to the baseline period (P < 0.05). Moreover, the VHI scores of the experimental group at each time point (T1: 42.35 points vs. 56.82 points, T2: 28.16 points vs. 45.73 points, T3: 25.48 points vs. 41.95 points) were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the MPT (T1: 12.68s vs. 9.35s, T2: 16.82s vs. 11.57s, T3: 15.96s vs. 10.83s) was significantly longer than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Both visual glottal closure training guided by swallowing electronic laryngoscopy and conventional voice training can improve the subjective voice impairment and vocal efficiency of patients with post-stroke dysphonia. However, visual glottal closure training demonstrates superior efficacy and sustained therapeutic effects, making it a preferred rehabilitation option for patients with post-stroke dysphonia.
Objective: To retrospectively analyze the safety and efficacy of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside sodium (GM1) in the treatment of stroke, and to provide a reference for clinical rational drug use. Methods: This study was a multicenter, single-arm, retrospective, observational study, which recruited stroke patients who were treated with GM1 from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2023, as the research subjects, analyzed their adverse events and grades, and performed chi-square test and t-test on NIHSS scores and Barthel before and after intervention. Compare the scores before and after. Results: A total of 4405 patients were enrolled, and the NIHSS score of the patients decreased and the Barthel score increased after GM1 intervention, and there was a significant statistical difference before and after intervention (P < 0.05). A total of 1635 patients had adverse events, and 99.4% were mild, and severe was not seen. Conclusion: In this study, GM1 has high safety and significant efficacy in the treatment of stroke, and results suggest potential for clinical application, subject to further validation.
Objective: To investigate the regulatory mechanism of the H19/miR-93-5p/STAT3 pathway on the expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in microglia, providing potential therapeutic targets for neuroinflammatory-related diseases. Methods: Twenty patients with chronic subdural hematoma admitted to our hospital from August 2023 to December 2024 were selected as the study subjects. BV2 microglia were extracted from their local inflammatory hyperplastic tissues for experimental analysis. The cells were randomly divided into an LPS-induced group and a normal cell control group, with 10 cases each. The LPS-induced group was further subdivided into an H19 knockdown group (n = 3) constructed by transfecting with an H19 knockdown vector; an miR-93-5p overexpression group (n = 4) formed by transfecting with an miR-93-5p mimic; and further subdivided into an H19 knockdown group (n = 3) and an miR-93-5p overexpression group (n = 4) by transfecting with an miR-93-5p mimic/inhibitor and an H19 knockdown vector. The mRNA levels of H19, miR-93-5p, and inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a) were detected by RT-qPCR. The expression of STAT3 phosphorylation (p-STAT3), the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, and oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH) were analyzed by Western blot. The binding relationship between STAT3 and the miR-93-5p promoter was verified by dual-luciferase assay. Results: After LPS induction, H19 expression was upregulated, miR-93-5p expression was decreased, and the levels of p-STAT3, inflammatory factors, and MDA were significantly increased (P < 0.01), while the GSH level was decreased (P < 0.05). Knockdown of H19 or overexpression of miR-93-5p could reverse these changes, inhibit p-STAT3, and activate the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, while reducing inflammatory factors and MDA (P < 0.01) and increasing GSH (P < 0.05). Dual-luciferase assay confirmed that STAT3 directly binds to the miR-93-5p promoter. Conclusion: The H19/miR-93-5p/STAT3 pathway affects the release of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in microglia by regulating STAT3 phosphorylation and the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, providing a new strategy for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is key to improving prognosis, but existing methods have limitations. This article reviews the research on AD-assisted diagnosis based on deep learning sponge segmentation and plasma biomarker fusion. Firstly, elucidate the pathological mechanism and clinical characteristics of AD, and clarify the core value of the corpus cavernosum as an imaging biomarker and plasma biomarkers (such as A β and p-tau) as molecular markers. Next, analyze the technical foundation of deep learning in medical image segmentation and summarize its application progress in sponge segmentation. MRI is the main modality, and after preprocessing, models such as U-Net variants can achieve high-precision segmentation (Dice coefficient exceeding 0.85). At the same time, the application of deep learning in plasma biomarker screening, AD diagnosis, and other scenarios was reviewed, and the model AUC can reach 0.85~0.92. Multimodal fusion achieves macroscopic and microscopic pathological complementarity by integrating imaging and plasma data, significantly improving diagnostic efficiency. However, it faces challenges such as data heterogeneity, insufficient sample matching, and poor model interpretability. Finally, it is pointed out that the future needs to focus on the construction of standardized datasets, the development of lightweight fusion models, and clinical translation, in order to provide technical support for accurate diagnosis of AD.
Objective: To evaluate the effect and safety of citicoline on the improvement of neurological function in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score were analyzed in 8780 patients with ischemic stroke who received citicoline therapy from January 2023 to April 2024 at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after treatment. Results: With the prolongation of treatment, the MMSE and NIHSS scores of the patients improved significantly, and the total clinical effectiveness rate at three months was 43.08%. The incidence of adverse reactions was 0.14%, mainly mild gastrointestinal reactions and central nervous system reactions. Conclusion: Citicoline has a significant effect on improving neurological function in patients with ischemic stroke, and its safety is high.
Objective: To explore Professor Xiong Jibai’s dialectical thinking characteristics and medication rules in the treatment of insomnia, and to investigate his clinical experience and academic thoughts on the treatment of insomnia, providing references for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and scientific research of insomnia in traditional Chinese medicine. Methods: This study collected 270 cases of insomnia patients diagnosed and treated by Professor Xiong Jibai from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2024, at the outpatient department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine. After sorting out standardized terminology, the data were entered into the auxiliary platform for the inheritance of traditional Chinese medicine. Statistical analysis was performed on symptoms, syndromes, drug frequency, four qi (warm, hot, cool, and cold), five flavors (sour, bitter, sweet, spicy, and salty), meridian tropism, and prescriptions. Results: The high-frequency symptoms of insomnia patients were frequent dreaming, difficulty falling asleep, easy waking up after sleeping, upset, difficulty sleeping through the night, fatigue, early waking, dizziness, and irritability. The syndrome classifications mainly included six types: phlegm-heat disturbing the spirit syndrome, heart and gallbladder qi deficiency syndrome, liver fire disturbing the heart syndrome, heart and kidney disharmony syndrome, heart and spleen deficiency syndrome, and yin deficiency with fire hyperactivity syndrome. The high-frequency drugs were fried jujube kernel, dragon’s teeth, Poria cocos, licorice, Coptis chinensis, mother-of-pearl, Pinellia ternata (prepared), dried tangerine peel, bamboo shavings, and immature bitter orange. The four qi of the drugs were mainly cold, neutral, and warm. The five flavors were predominantly sweet, bitter, and pungent, and most of them were attributed to the heart and spleen meridians, followed by the lung, stomach, and liver meridians. Conclusion: Professor Xiong Jibai believes that the disease location of insomnia is mostly in the heart and spleen, and the pathogenesis focuses on phlegm, fire, and deficiency. The treatment mainly focuses on regulating cold and heat, tonifying deficiency, and purging excess. It is advisable to combine with calming and tranquilizing drugs to enhance the curative effect.
Objective: To evaluate research trends, collaborative networks, and thematic evolution in studies on patent foramen ovale (PFO) and migraine from 2005 to 2025 using bibliometric methods. Methods: The study searched the Web of Science Core Collection for 2005–2025 publications on PFO and migraine, including only English-language articles and reviews. After screening, 737 records were identified. Bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer mapped annual publication trends, co-authorship and institutional networks, co-citation patterns, and keyword co-occurrence. Results: Publication output increased overall, with an initial rise followed by a plateau (2011–2017) and renewed growth after 2018. The United States, Europe, and China were the leading contributors, forming a global network. Top institutions and prolific authors led the co-authorship network, and publications spanned cardiology and neurology journals, reflecting the field’s interdisciplinary nature. Keyword co-occurrence revealed major themes (e.g., PFO closure, migraine with aura, stroke risk) spanning mechanisms to clinical management. Reference co-citation analysis highlighted foundational studies and clinical trials that established the field’s knowledge base. Conclusion: Research on the PFO-migraine connection expanded over two decades. After early growth followed by a mid-period lull (amid inconclusive trials), the field resurged after 2018 with new advances and evidence of benefit in select patients. Ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration and increasing output suggest this field will continue to grow, providing new insights for potential clinical application.
Objective: This study aims to systematically review the global evolution trajectory, collaboration networks, and knowledge hotspots of sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPGB) research from 1995 to 2025 using bibliometric and visualization methods, providing evidence-based support for future research and clinical translation in this field. Methods: The study retrieved data from the Web of Science Core Collection, including experimental, clinical, and review articles published from January 1995 to August 2025, excluding non-academic records such as conference abstracts, editorials, and patents. Using VOSviewer 1.6.20 and online platforms, the study conducted bibliometric analyses of annual publication volumes, citation trends, national/institutional/author collaborations, journal distributions, co-citation clustering, and burst terms. The study also verified the maturity of the discipline using Price’s Law, Bradford’s Law, and the small-world characteristics. Results: A total of 917 English-language articles were included, showing an exponential growth pattern with a “flat-then-steep” trend (R2>0.95), reaching a peak of 55 articles in 2023 and an annual citation count exceeding 1,300. The United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, and Italy formed a high-density collaboration core (Q=0.41), with China-United States and South Korea-Germany being the fastest-growing new edges. At the author level, Nabe T. (24 articles, h-index=11) and Kohno S. (23 articles, cited 87 times as corresponding author) led the first tier, but the global collaboration density was only 0.12. In terms of institutions, Kyoto Pharmaceut Univ. (27 articles, average citations per article 6.81) and Mayo Clin. (average citations per article 9.85) were the leaders, with scarce intercontinental collaborations (density 0.08). Journal distribution showed a significant core area, with the highest impact journals being “Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine” (average citations per article 5.31) and “Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology” (average citations per article 5.13). The evolution of keywords indicated that from 1995 to 2005, the focus was on mechanism studies of “asthma” and “histamine”; from 2006 to 2015, the focus shifted to clinical indications such as “migraine” and “cluster headache”; and from 2016 to 2025, “double-blind”, “ultrasound-guided”, and “cooled radiofrequency” emerged as hot topics, suggesting technological upgrades and improvements in evidence-based standards. Conclusion: SPGB research has transitioned from a “niche technique” to a “mainstream intervention” and is now entering a stage of multidisciplinary intersection and evidence-based refinement. Future efforts should focus on multicenter randomized controlled trials, standardization of ultrasound guidance, and intercontinental big data collaboration to further enhance the level of evidence and global accessibility.
Background: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and adherence of oral citicoline sodium capsules in improving neurological outcomes during the recovery phase of ischemic stroke in a real-world setting. Methods: This single-arm, multicenter, real-world observational study enrolled 6496 ischemic stroke patients in the recovery phase from January 2020 through December 2024. Patients received citicoline sodium capsules (200 mg, three times daily) for three months. Outcomes were assessed using NIHSS, mRS, and Barthel Index at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months. Treatment effectiveness was categorized based on NIHSS improvement as markedly effective (≥90% reduction), improved (60%–89%), effective (30%–59%), or ineffective (<30%). Results: Of the 6496 patients (mean age 61.9±10.6 years; 61.6% male), 85.8% had comorbidities. After three months of treatment, significant improvements were observed in all neurological function measures: NIHSS decreased from 11.6±5.5 to 9.6±6.2, mRS improved from 2.5±1.1 to 2.0±1.1, and BI increased from 51.4±24.0 to 62.8±25.7 (all P<0.001). The total effectiveness rate increased progressively from 9.9% at 1 month to 37.5% at 3 months, while the proportion of severely dependent patients decreased from 27.7% to 11.9%. Treatment adherence remained high (96%–97%) throughout the study period, with only two mild adverse events reported. Conclusions: This real-world study suggests that three-month citicoline therapy provides meaningful improvements in neurological function and daily living activities during stroke recovery, with excellent safety and adherence profiles. Further randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these findings and optimize treatment protocols.
Objective: To explore the predictive value of baseline polysomnography (PSG) parameters on the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in the treatment of chronic insomnia, and to clarify its clinical application value. Methods: Forty patients with chronic insomnia who visited the Sleep Medicine Center of the hospital from March 2024 to June 2025 were selected. All patients completed 8 weeks of CBT-I treatment and PSG monitoring before and after treatment. The correlation between baseline PSG parameters (sleep efficiency, wake time after sleep onset, and proportion of N3 sleep stage) and the improvement values of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and sleep efficiency after treatment was analyzed. Multiple regression analysis was used to screen predictive factors of efficacy. Results: Baseline sleep efficiency (r=0.36, P<0.05) was positively correlated with ISI improvement value, wake time after sleep onset (r=-0.33, P<0.05) was negatively correlated with ISI improvement value, and the proportion of N3 sleep stage (r=0.29, P<0.05) was positively correlated with ISI improvement value. Multiple regression analysis showed that baseline sleep efficiency (β=0.27, P=0.03) and wake time after sleep onset (β=-0.24, P=0.04) were independent predictors of ISI improvement value (adjusted R2=0.17, F=5.12, P<0.05). Conclusion: Sleep efficiency and wake time after sleep onset among baseline PSG parameters can effectively predict the efficacy of CBT-I in the treatment of chronic insomnia, providing an objective basis for clinically screening treatment-sensitive populations.
The bifurcation of the carotid artery is a crucial node for blood supply to the brain. External compression caused by surrounding masses can lead to severe hemodynamic disturbances and neurological abnormalities. This article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches of this condition, including the pathological characteristics of common compression lesions such as carotid body tumors and schwannomas. It compares the applicability of imaging examination methods such as ultrasound, CTA, and DSA, analyzes the suitable conditions and treatment effects of surgical removal, vascular reconstruction, and interventional therapy. The research aims to provide standardized diagnostic and treatment concepts for clinical practice, emphasizing the crucial role of individualized treatment plans in improving patient outcomes. It also looks forward to the development trend of precision medicine guided by imaging.
This study focuses on the application and effect of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBI) in the prevention of recurrence of Substance Use Disorders (SUD). Firstly, by systematically sorting out the core theories and mechanisms of mindfulness therapy, clarify its role paths in cognitive awareness, emotion regulation, and impulse control; Subsequently, combined with existing intervention studies and empirical data, the improvement effects of the mindfulness training program on the recurrence rate, physiological stress indicators, and mental health level were analyzed. The study adopted a randomized controlled design. The experimental group that received eight weeks of mindfulness training was compared with the control group that received conventional withdrawal treatment. Data from the MAAS Mindfulness Awareness Scale, the BSCS Self-control Scale, and survival analysis were collected. The results showed that the risk of recurrence in the experimental group was significantly reduced, the ability of mindfulness awareness and self-control was continuously enhanced, and there was a good maintenance effect during the three-month follow-up. The discussion section further explores how mindfulness intervention can reshape the cognitive response to material craving by enhancing present awareness and non-evaluative attitudes, and puts forward improvement suggestions in response to the sample limitations and implementation difficulties of existing research. The research conclusion provides a theoretical basis and practical path for incorporating MBI into the comprehensive intervention system of SUD, and at the same time points out the direction for future multi-center and large-sample longitudinal follow-up studies.
Following exposure to electromagnetic pulses (EMP), the brain may experience impaired learning and memory capabilities, as well as anxiety-like behaviors. Microglial activation and inflammatory responses have been shown to be associated with EMP-induced brain damage. Electroacupuncture treatment has demonstrated potential in inhibiting microglial activation and mitigating inflammatory responses in various neurological disorders. This study aims to investigate whether electroacupuncture treatment can alleviate EMP-induced learning and memory impairments and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Compared with the non-acupoint group and the EA + LPS, the Y-maze and open field tests indicated that the EA group spent more time in the novel arm and the central area of the open field, the proportion of iNOS+/iba-1+ cells in the hippocampus decreased, and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased. EA improved EMP-induced learning and memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior by inhibiting microglial activation and inflammatory response in the hippocampus.
