Objective: Pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) is an important complication after total laryngectomy, associated with delayed wound healing, prolonged hospitalization, and increased costs. Serum albumin reflects nutritional and immune status, whereas alkaline phosphatase reflects systemic inflammation and hepatic function. Albumin-to-alkaline phosphatase ratio (AAPR) may therefore represent a simple preoperative marker of nutritional and inflammatory status. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 82 patients who underwent primary total laryngectomy with simultaneous bilateral level II-IV neck dissection between 2016 and 2023. Preoperative serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase levels were recorded, and AAPR was calculated. Pharyngocutaneous fistula development was the primary outcome. The optimal AAPR cut-off associated with PCF was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Factors associated with PCF were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in 19 patients (23.1%). Preoperative AAPR was significantly lower in patients with PCF (P = .001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.745. The exploratory AAPR cut-off value selected using the Youden index was 0.48, with 84% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Low AAPR was associated with PCF in univariable analysis (P < .05) but was not an independent predictor in multivariable analysis (P = .353). Advanced T stage remained independently associated with PCF (P = .048). Conclusions: Preoperative AAPR was lower in patients who developed PCF and showed moderate discriminatory ability. However, AAPR did not remain an independent predictor after adjustment for T stage. Therefore, AAPR should be interpreted as an exploratory marker rather than a standalone predictor of PCF. Larger prospective studies are required.
Background: This study aimed to investigate clinical, procedural, and expectation-related factors associated with severe postoperative dissatisfaction following septorhinoplasty and to evaluate the contribution of surgical specialty. Methods: This retrospective study included 223 adult patients referred for medico-legal evaluation because of clinically significant dissatisfaction after primary septorhinoplasty performed between 2018 and 2022. Variables included complication patterns, Surgical Complexity Score, Expectation Alignment Score, revision demand, and health care utilization indicators. A primary multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to identify factors independently associated with severe dissatisfaction; revision demand was analyzed descriptively as a postoperative marker of dissatisfaction burden. Results: In the primary multivariable logistic regression model, combined functional–aesthetic complications (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.6-5.3, P = .001) and higher Surgical Complexity Score (OR = 1.8 per unit increase, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5, P = .003) were independently associated with severe dissatisfaction. Surgical specialty was not independently associated with severe dissatisfaction (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8-2.7, P = .12). Revision demand was frequent among patients with severe dissatisfaction but was interpreted as a marker of dissatisfaction burden rather than as an independent predictor. Conclusion: Severe postoperative dissatisfaction following septorhinoplasty is multifactorial and is primarily associated with combined complication patterns and procedural complexity rather than surgical specialty alone. Revision demand should be interpreted as a postoperative marker of dissatisfaction burden. Identification of high-risk patients may improve preoperative counseling and optimize surgical outcomes.
Objective: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common operations in children. Although coblation and diathermy are common, their superiority to the classical cold curettage method is still controversial. In this study, the authors aim to compare coblation and diathermy tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Methods: A total of 233 children aged 2-12 were enrolled in this study. For this study, the authors used diathermy in 124 children and coblation in 109 children. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon, and postoperative follow-up was done by the same surgeon for 20 days. Average gender and age distributions were similar between diathermy and coblation groups (P = .052). Results: Operation times were shorter and intraoperative blood loss was lower in the coblation group. Primary hemorrhage did not occur in either group. Late post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage occurred in 3 cases in the diathermy group and 3 cases in the coblation group. Conclusion: The authors conclude that there is a learning curve when using the coblator and that coblation intracapsuler total tonsillectomy offers improved intraoperative hemostasis and better operative speed compared to diathermy extracapsuler total tonsillectomy. Keywords: Coblation total tonsillectomy, diathermy extracapsuler total tonsillectomy, extracapsuler tonsillectomy, intracapsuler tonsillectomy
The sinonasal masses can underlie a universe of pathologies, both benign and malignant. Despite its rarity, Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma is the high-grade and nonepithelial lesion most frequently described in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. On the other hand, Immunoglobulin G4 related disease may occur as sinonasal benign lesions with a tendency to bone erosion. Both these pathologies, opposite in nature, are involved in the study. Herein, the case of a patient with a vascular manifestation of IgG4-related disease and a unilateral sinonasal mass is described. The aim of this work is to describe the characteristics of these lesions and highlight the importance of the differential diagnosis, stressing the need to perform a biopsy in all the unilateral sinonasal masses.
A 43-year-old man presented with a giant retro-auricular osteoma of the right mastoid. The osteoma was removed through a retroauricular incision and removed by drilling the mastoid under continuous irrigation and using a hammer and chisel. The results from an aesthetic point of view were reported by the patient as very satisfactory. No recurrence was found in the subsequent 6-month follow-up. The experience shows that the management and surgical approach described in scientific literature can be considered effective and safe for the removal of the osteoma and to avoid recurrences.
Objective: Nasal obstruction is a common rhinologic complaint that may impair sleep quality, daily functioning, and quality of life. Although psychological distress has been reported in rhinologic disorders, its relationship with patient-reported symptom burden in adults with obstruction primarily related to septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy remains unclear. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 114 adults presenting with nasal obstruction between January and April 2026. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, rhinitis, acute sinonasal infection, previous nasal surgery, obesity, known sleep disorders, or diagnosed psychiatric disease were excluded. Septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy were clinically assessed. Nasal symptom burden was evaluated using the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22, whereas psychological distress was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Correlation, multivariable logistic regression, and exploratory receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed. Results: Patients with anxiety and depressive symptoms had significantly higher Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores. Both scores showed moderate-to-strong positive correlations with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety and depression scores. In adjusted analyses, both symptom scores remained independently associated with anxiety and depressive symptom categories, whereas anatomical grading variables were not significantly associated with psychological outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed moderate discriminatory performance, with Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 showing slightly stronger discrimination for anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: Greater patient-reported nasal symptom burden was associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptom levels in adults with obstruction primarily related to septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy. These findings are associative, not causal, and should not be generalized to inflammatory sinonasal diseases.
Objective: Cigarette smoking impairs voice quality by inducing inflammatory and structural changes in the vocal folds, resulting in measurable alterations in acoustic parameters such as jitter, shimmer, and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR). However, the temporal pattern of voice recovery after smoking cessation remains insufficiently defined. This study aimed to determine whether smoking cessation leads to early and progressive improvement in objective acoustic voice parameters and subjective voice-related quality of life. The authors hypothesized that cessation would reduce jitter, shimmer, and Voice Handicap Index-30 scores and increase HNR within 3 months. Methods: This prospective controlled study included 38 smokers and 40 non-smokers. Acoustic parameters were analyzed from sustained vowel phonations using Praat software, and subjective voice quality was assessed with the Voice Handicap Index-30 (VHI-30). Smokers were evaluated at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months after smoking cessation; controls were assessed once. Results: After smoking cessation, smokers showed significant progressive improvement in all voice parameters. Voice Handicap Index-30 scores, jitter, and shimmer decreased, whereas HNR increased at both follow-up points (P < .001). At baseline, smokers had worse acoustic parameters than controls. By 3 months, several parameters improved to levels comparable to or better than controls. Voice Handicap Index-30 scores correlated positively with jitter and shimmer and negatively with HNR. Conclusion: Smoking cessation leads to rapid, progressive improvement in objective and subjective voice parameters. These findings suggest that smoking-related vocal impairment is at least partially reversible in the short term and support acoustic analysis for monitoring recovery.
Hidden hearing loss (HHL) is characterized by normal audiometric thresholds accompanied by speech perception difficulties, especially in noise, and tinnitus. This study aims to investigate the effects of noise exposure on HHL and evaluate the effectiveness of various audiological test batteries and psychophysical and perceptual measurement methods. This scoping review was carried out by the Joanna Briggs Institute framework and was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) standards. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and ScienceDirect using the keywords “hidden hearing loss” and “cochlear synaptopathy (CS).” English-language articles published between 2010 and 2023 were screened, and 29 studies involving adults were included. The findings are based on results obtained from audiological test batteries as well as psychophysical and perceptual assessment methods. In groups at risk for HHL and/or CS, elevation of high-frequency audiometric thresholds is associated with early effects of noise exposure and provides an early warning of noise-induced auditory impairment. Studies generally show that noise exposure causes significant changes in auditory brainstem response parameters (decrease in wave I amplitude). Decreases in action potential (AP) amplitude on ECochG, along with the associated increase in the summation potential/AP ratio, may also help assess HHL and/or CS. In conclusion, noise exposure leads to dysfunction in both the peripheral and central auditory systems in the context of HHL and/or CS.
Capillary hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors relatively common in the head and neck region but extremely rare in the middle ear (ME) and external auditory canal (EAC). This case report demonstrates progressive profound hearing loss associated with a capillary hemangioma of the ME and EAC observed over a 17-year period. A 62-year-old man presented with right-sided otorrhea and progressive hearing disturbance. Otoscopic examination revealed a reddish polypoid mass filling the EAC. Histopathological examination confirmed the lesion as a capillary hemangioma. Preoperative embolization was performed to minimize intraoperative bleeding, followed by tumor removal via a transmastoid approach. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging after 1 year showed no evidence of recurrence; the patient remained free of otorrhea and otalgia. Although capillary hemangioma of the ME and EAC is rare, it should be recognized as a potential cause of progressive, irreversible hearing loss if left untreated. Early recognition through appropriate imaging and timely surgical management are essential for preservation of residual hearing.
Background: To evaluate the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in the treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL), with particular emphasis on the impact of treatment initiation timing. Methods: This retrospective study included 127 patients with ISSNHL who received HBOT at the Ankara Etlik City Hospital, between February 2023 and August 2024. Patients were categorized into 3 groups based on treatment initiation time: Group 1 (0-14 days), Group 2 (15-30 days), and Group 3 (>30 days). Hearing outcomes were evaluated using pure-tone average at 4 frequencies and word recognition scores, according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation criteria. Results: Of the 193 patients initially screened, 127 met inclusion criteria. The last complete recovery was observed in a patient who began HBOT on day 26, and the last partial recovery occurred at day 48. No improvement was seen in patients who started treatment beyond 48 days. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis identified day 18 as the cut-off for complete recovery and day 19 for partial/slight recovery. Conclusion: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was associated with greater improvement when initiated within the first 3 weeks, particularly before day 19. However, meaningful improvements may still occur in selected patients even after 30 days, suggesting that HBOT should not be dismissed as a treatment option for late presenters. Early initiation remains critical, and prospective controlled trials are warranted to further clarify the true efficacy of HBOT in the late period.
Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms, most commonly arising in the pleura, but occasionally presenting in extrapleural sites such as the sinonasal tract. Sinonasal SFTs account for less than 6% of head and neck SFTs and often mimic more common nasal pathologies, making diagnosis challenging. The case of a 59-year-old woman with progressive left nasal obstruction, epistaxis, facial paresthesia, and anosmiais reported. Imaging revealed a hypervascular mass (44 Å~ 18 Å~ 43 mm) occupying the left nasal cavity and extending into the adjacent sinuses. Preoperative embolization of the feeding vessels was performed to reduce intraoperative bleeding risk. The tumor was completely resected via an endoscopic approach. Histopathological examination confirmed an SFT with clear margins. Immunohistochemistry showed cluster of differentiation 34(CD34) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6(STAT6) positivity, along with a low Ki-67 index, indicating low metastatic potential. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient remains disease-free at follow-up. Due to their rarity and nonspecific clinical presentation, sinonasal SFTs require a high index of suspicion. Immunohistochemical analysis is essential for definitive diagnosis. Preoperative embolization can be a valuable adjunct in managing vascular lesions. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and long-term surveillance is recommended to detect potential recurrence. Cite this article as: Almanzo S, Torralba IT, Arciniegas AC, et al. Solitary fibrous tumor of the sinonasal cavity: case report and literature review. B-ENT. 2026;21(4):183-186.
Background: Hearing loss reduces quality of life, particularly prevalent in the geriatric population (≥ 65 years). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of incus interposition in the geriatric population and to compare functional outcomes with those of the adults. Methods: Patients who underwent incus interposition in the clinic were retrospectively reviewed and divided into 2 groups according to age. Cases with ossicular problems other than incus problems, cholesteatoma, and revision surgeries were excluded from the study. The results of pure tone audiometry preoperatively and postoperatively (sixth month) were compared within each group and between the groups. The differences in air conduction, bone conduction, and air-bone gap were analyzed. Results: The study included a total of 76 patients, 44 (57.9%) under 65 years of age and 32 (42.1%) over 65 years of age. The distribution of sex and type of graft was homogeneous between the groups. The preoperative air and bone conduction thresholds were significantly higher in the geriatric group compared to the adult group (P < .001). In the sixth postoperative month, a significant reduction in air conduction thresholds and air-bone gap was observed in both groups (P < .001). When the changes in the air-bone gap between the preoperative and postoperative periods were compared, the adult group showed a significantly greater improvement than the geriatric group (P = .006). Conclusion: Incus interposition is a safe and effective surgical procedure in the geriatric population. The comparatively lower hearing gains observed in the geriatric group may be attributed to age-related pathological changes in the middle ear. Cite this article as: Akı ES, Dalgı. A, Aksoy-Yıldırım G, Kertmen C, Kubilay U. Evaluation of the effectiveness of incus interposition in the geriatric population. B-ENT. 2025;21(2):86-90.
The management of parapharyngeal pathologies is challenging due to the complex neurovascular anatomy, inaccessibility, and presence of critical structures. A 22-year-old female presented with a 6-month history of recurring severe sore throat, palatal arch asymmetry, uvula edema, and mildly elevated inflammation markers. Previously, under the assumption of recurring peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscesses, the patient had undergone a tonsillectomy a chaud and 2 “abscess” incision and drainage procedures. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a parapharyngeal cystic mass extending from the skull base to the oropharynx. Transoral surgical extirpation proved safe and feasible. Histopathologic workup was consistent with a lymphoepithelial cyst, confirming the diagnosis of a Bailey type IV second branchial cleft cyst. Superinfected Bailey type IV cysts can mimic parapharyngeal abscesses. Careful evaluation of all differential diagnoses, including very rare ones like branchial cleft cysts, is warranted prior to surgical treatment. Cite this article as: Haider SP, Hempel J-M. Unusual presentation of second branchial cleft cyst: a case report. B-ENT. 2026;21(4):187-190.
The objective is to determine the effect of noise exposure on the vestibular system using vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP). A literature search was conducted in January 2023 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Fourteen original clinical research articles were selected based on the objectives and selection criteria. All studies were at level III evidence. Altogether, 462 participants aged between 15 and 67 years were found. There was a significant male predominance (84.4%). Three studies reported acute noise exposure, while 11 reported chronic noise exposure. Cervical VEMP (cVEMP) was performed in 14 studies, and ocular VEMP (oVEMP) in 3 studies. Abnormal cVEMP and oVEMP were reported in all included studies, 58.85% and 44.3%, respectively. A meta-analysis was not performed because of the heterogeneity of the patient groups and the variability of the methods used to measure outcomes. Analysis of the result indicates that noise exposure of both acute and chronic nature alters both cVEMP and oVEMP, as shown in all studies. However, the data must be interpreted cautiously due to heterogeneity across the studies until randomized controlled studies with a large sample size are carried out. Cite this article as: Saniasiaya J, Kulasegarah J, Seluakumaran K, Narayanan P. Role of vestibular-evoked myogenic potential to assess noise exposure: A systematic review. B-ENT. 2025;21(2):56-65.
Otologic surgery has evolved into day case surgery due to improvements in surgical technique, anesthesia, and postoperative surveillance. The primary aim of this study was to assess barriers and opportunities toward outpatient cochlear implantation (CI) in adults and children. A retrospective review was conducted on a consecutive series of patients undergoing CI since the introduction of outpatient surgery in January 2020 at the Antwerp University Hospital (UZA). A total of 282 cases were identified, including 207 adults and 75 children. Out of these, 97 cases were performed as outpatient procedures. The 14-day readmission rate after day-case surgery was 1.8%. Performing CI as an outpatient procedure is feasible and safe in a carefully selected patient population. Cite this article as: Zelvyte E, Coudré C, Mertens G, et al. Outpatient cochlear implantation in adults and children: insights from a retrospective review on 282 consecutive cases since its introduction. B-ENT. 2026;21(3):129-132.
Background: Hypoxia associated with sleep-related respiratory disorders has been shown to impair vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) responses in adults. It was aimed to examine cervical VEMP (cVEMP) responses in pediatric patients with upper airway obstruction (UAO) due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) and to reveal the possible effects of ATH on vestibular system–related brainstem functions. Methods: In this prospective study, 33 patients aged 4-16 who had ATH and underwent surgical treatment were included. Patients’ severity of obstructive symptoms was classified according to the Brouilette scoring system as severe UAO group and moderate UAO group. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) values of the children who experienced surgery on the night before the operation were recorded and compared. Further, 30 healthy children were enrolled in the study as a control group. The groups were compared in terms of cVEMP responses. Results: The mean values of p1–n1 amplitude (μV), one of the cVEMP responses, were 73.99 Å} 48.99 in the severe UAO group, 109.95 Å} 71.56 in the moderate UAO group, and 111.42 Å} 70.27 in the control group. It was significantly lower in severe UAO group than moderate UAO group (P = .027) and the control group (P = .015). The mean and minimum SaO2 values were statistically significantly lower in severe UAO group than moderate UAO group (both P < .001). Conclusion: Significant alteration of cVEMP responses was found in children who had ATH with severe obstructive symptoms. This result may be indicative of possible damage of vestibular system–related brainstem functions in children with severe obstructive symptoms due to ATH. Cite this article as: Arslan E, Tulacı KG, .anak.ı H, Arslan S, Yazıcı H. Does adenotonsillar hypertrophy affect the cVEMP responses in children? B-ENT. 2025;21(2):74-79.
Background: Congenital hearing loss (hearing loss present at birth) is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions in children. Children with hearing loss have deficiencies in their speech and language development in the future, depending on the degree of hearing loss. Cochlear implantation is a very common treatment modality for congenital hearing loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between auditory cortical responses and language development levels of cochlear implant users in noisy and quiet environments. Methods: Thirty patients who underwent cochlear implantation were included in the study. The patients’ responses to auditory cortical stimuli first included the /m/, /t/, /g/ phonemes, their language and speech development levels (Test of Early Language Development-3), first in a quiet environment, and then in a noisy environment, with a suitable speaker system at a distance of 1 m. evaluated and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: It was observed that the wave morphologies of the phonemes m/,/t/, and /g/ deteriorated, their amplitude values decreased, and their latencies were prolonged in the noisy environment (S/N = +10dB) compared to the auditory cortical responses in the quiet environment (P <.01). A significant difference was observed between the receptive-expressive language equivalent values to the patients’ peers in the quiet and noisy environments (P < .01). Conclusion: The language performance of the cochlear implant patients in the noisy environment was considerably lower than their language performance in the quiet environment. Patients with cochlear implants; it is recommended to organize their education and social life together with the family, taking into account their performance in quiet/noisy environments. Cite this article as: Şimşek A, Aslan M, Polat Z. Relationship between auditory cortical responses and language development levels in pediatric cochlear implant recipients in a noisy environment and a quiet environment. B-ENT. 2025;21(2):97-105.
Background: To develop a more practical screening test for gustatory function, without losing the sensitivity of taste strips, and to evaluate the effect of a learning phase in identification of tastants. Methods: A total of 35 participants (25 female and 10 male, mean age of 34y) were enrolled and consecutively tested with the already established “taste strips” method, the newly proposed “cotton taste buds” method, and the “cotton taste buds” method with a preceding learning phase. For all different methods, the same tastants and concentration steps were used. The GustaF algorithm was used as a tool for whole mouth testing in a computer-randomized sequence. Results: The newly proposed “cotton taste buds” method showed significantly higher scores compared to the “taste strips” method, both for total taste scores (P < .001), as for lateralized taste scores (P < .001). Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in the number of taste confusions made in the different dilution steps (P < .001) and a significant difference between the different taste confusions made (P < .001) in the “taste strips” method. Sweet is the only basic tastant which is rarely mistaken for a different taste. All participants preferred the “cotton taste buds” method. However, there was no difference between the “cotton taste buds” method and the “cotton taste buds” method with a preceding learning phase, showing objectively that a prelearning phase did not overcome the bias due to a lack of proper verbal descriptors of tastants. Conclusion: “Cotton taste buds” seems a valid diagnostic tool for screening. Nevertheless, taste strips remain the golden standard for psychophysical taste assessment.
Among the challenges of facial plastic surgeries are congenital defects of the nasal lateral cartilages, which are extremely rare. In this study, a case of a congenital unilateral agenesis of lower lateral cartilage is presented, in addition to a review of literature of case reports and possible reconstructions. For the reconstruction of the right lower cartilage, a lower lateral replacement graft using septal cartilage was performed. The successful aesthetic and functional outcome in this nasal malformation was achieved through open rhinoseptoplasty with the use of septal cartilage as a graft. The knowledge gained from the literature review and possible graft types available for reconstruction will prepare the surgeon to reconstruct the defect whenever encountered. Cite this article as: Martins KFdS, Bittar RF, Prado VB, Garcia SRRA. Unilateral agenesis of lower lateral cartilage reconstructed with septal graft: case report and literature review. B-ENT. 2026;21(3):159-164.
Background: Rhinoplasty has evolved beyond the correction of nasal structure to encompass improvements in psychological well-being and self-perception. This prospective study evaluated the impact of primary open rhinoplasty on self-esteem and perceived quality of life and examined whether these effects differed across demographic variables, including age, sex, marital status, education, and income. Methods: Sixty-seven adult patients (27 males and 40 females, aged 18-50 years) who underwent primary open rhinoplasty at a tertiary care otorhinolaryngology clinic were assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) before surgery and at three months after the procedure. Quality of life was evaluated using the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI). Results: Both measures of self-esteem showed statistically significant improvement three months after surgery (P < .05), indicating enhanced confidence and self-perception. The mean GBI score demonstrated an overall positive perceived benefit. No statistically significant differences in psychological improvement were observed across demographic subgroups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that rhinoplasty contributes meaningfully to self-esteem and perceived quality of life. The lack of significant differences among demographic subgroups indicates that these psychosocial benefits are not confined to specific patient characteristics. Cite this article as: Unsal O, Baran AK, Aydin EP, Turgut S. Early psychological and quality-of-life outcomes after rhinoplasty: A prospective study across demographic subgroups. B-ENT. 2026;21(4):168-174.
