In this paper, we explore the dynamics of the three species model with prey, predator and amensal. The first species is the predator, second species is prey which is amensal to thirdspecies (amensal). A constant time lag (tau) is induced in the amensal species. Mathematical model is delineated by the system of delay differential equations. The co-existing state is identified and studied the local dynamics at this point. For tau = 0 the system is locally asymptotically stable. For tau > 0, the system admits instability tendency cause the Hopf bifurcation. The sufficient condition for existence of Hopf bifurcation is derived. The analyticalresults are validated using numerical simulation using constant time lag (tau) as bifurcation parameter. The critical value of the system is identified using MATLAB simulation. For certainvalues the system exhibits unstable nature leads to the Hopf bifurcation.
The current study aims to explore the interconnectedness between financial globalization, information and communication technology (ICT), non-renewable energy consumption, and ecological sustainability in Oman over the quarterly data from 1998Q1 to 2022Q4. While there have been numerous studies that have tested the ecological sustainability determinants in Oman using indicators like carbon emissions (CO2) and ecological footprint, a comprehensive evaluation of the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) in the context of Oman remains notably absent. LCF captures both the supply and demand aspects of nature, offering a better analysis of ecological sustainability. This work fills the gap by examining the impact of financial globalization, ICT, and non-renewable energy on ecological sustainability in the case of Oman. The findings of this work show that ICT has been observed to have a positive effect on environmental sustainability by increasing LCF. Furthermore, we found that financial globalization has a positive impact on LCF, while nonrenewable energy use has been found to have adverse effects on LCF. The findings suggest that policymakers should encourage the use of renewable energy sources and accelerate the transition to digital technologies.
Virtual water (VW) accounting has revealed the scale and structure of global water redistribution through agri-food trade, yet bilateral studies often struggle to demonstrate distinct novelty beyond reporting flows, color composition, and national/global balances. We respond by proposing the Bilateral Resource Integrated Diagnostic for Governance Equity (BRIDGE) paradigm, a transferable and transparent framework that elevates bilateral analyses from descriptive to comparative, testable, and policy tractable. BRIDGE operationalizes six contributions: (a) a Hotspot Dominance Coefficient (HDC) identifying single-commodity concentration and its consequences for bilateral exposure; (b) Asymmetry Ratios (ARs) relating importer savings to exporter losses (and vice versa), rendering hydrosocial inequities measurable; (c) a Net Hydrosocial Imbalance (NHI) that normalizes corridor-level inequity for cross-corridor benchmarking; (d) a Global Inefficiency Measure (GIM) expressing the extent to which bilateral exchanges convert directional savings into net global volumetric loss; (e) a Hotspot-Adjusted Inequity (HAI) that integrates NHI with hotspot concentration to flag single-commodity-driven inequity; and (f) a Net Outcome Index (NOI), a symmetric [-1 +1] indicator summarizing the corridor's bottom-line outcome once savings and losses are jointly accounted for. We demonstrate BRIDGE model on the Italy-Vietnam corridor (2016-2021) using a curated dataset of top-10 HS-4 imports in each direction, consistent with Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) standards. Results confirm a highly concentrated and structurally asymmetric corridor: Italy's savings from Vietnam-sourced crops (notably coffee) average +271.35 & times; 10<^>6 m(3)/yr, while Vietnam's savings from Italy-sourced animal products average +60.77 & times; 10<^>6 m(3)/yr; exporter-side losses are-430.22 & times; 10<^>6 m(3)/yr for Vietnam (crops) and-38.33 & times; 10<^>6 m3/yr for Italy (animal/processed exports), implying a net global loss of approximate to-136 & times; 10<^>6 m(3)/yr across these top flows. Under the BRIDGE paradigm, Italy's HDC (coffee's share in Italy's savings) is 0.901, ARs are 0.631 (Italy savings/Vietnam losses) and 1.585 (Vietnam savings/Italy losses), NHI is 0.909, GIM is 0.411, the hotspot-weighted inequity HAI is approximate to 0.90, and the net corridor outcome NOI is approximate to-0.17. These standardized indices clarify where and why inequities arise and how concentrated exposure undermines resilience. We close with commodity-specific, due-diligence-compatible levers for cleaner production and fairer exchange under the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), without departing from the rigor of WFA accounting.
Wetlands of the Brahmaputra floodplain support rich waterfowl communities whose foraging ecology reflects the dynamic habitat conditions shaped by seasonal hydrology. This study investigated the dietary composition, foraging behaviour, and niche partitioning of eight duck and goose waterfowl species in Panidihing Bird Sanctuary, Assam, based on three years of field observations (2021-2023) across 13 sites. Direct behavioural sampling, videography, and coexisting habitat measurements were used to document feeding strategies, diet types, and habitat preferences. Waterfowl diversity showed a steady improvement over the study period, with the Shannon-Wiener index rising from H ' = 1.412 (2021) to 1.543 (2022) and 1.745 (2023), indicating an increase in evenness and species balance. Shallow-water zones formed the most important feeding habitat (42% of records), followed by open water (32%) and grasslands (26%). Species exhibited clear trophic and spatial segregation: feeding activity ranged from 16% in Ruddy Shelduck to 37% in Indian Spot-billed Duck, while guild representation showed dominance of dabbling omnivores and aquatic-terrestrial herbivores (25% each). Foraging techniques were led by dabbling (n=8) and diving (n=4), with minor occurrences of surface skimming and kleptoparasitism. Dietary analysis revealed that benthic invertebrates and aquatic plants contributed the highest proportions (22.86% each), followed by fish (20%), while grasses and phytoplankton made up smaller shares (17.14% each). These patterns demonstrate strong niche partitioning determined by morphological traits, water depth preferences, and habitat heterogeneity. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining shallow wetland habitats and natural hydrological regimes to sustain diverse waterfowl assemblages in floodplain ecosystems.
The article examines the impact of international sanctions imposed on Russia on trade relations between East Asian countries and the European Union. The author examines how the sanctions have changed the structure and volume of foreign trade between the EU and China, Japan, and other countries in the region. Changes in energy flows, in particular oil, gas, coal and liquefied natural gas, as well as export-import relations in other areas, such as chemicals and technical equipment, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the increase in energy exports from Russia to China, which has become the largest importer of Russian energy after the introduction of sanctions. The article also examines changes in economic cooperation between the EU and Japan, which has significantly strengthened trade ties with European countries due to sanctions. It is determined that Japan, which is one of the EU's largest trading partners in East Asia, has significantly reduced its dependence on Russian resources and strengthened its strategic partnership with the EU in such areas as energy security, advanced technologies and innovations. At the same time, the cost of goods imported and exported between Japan and the EU has increased due to market instability and the impact of economic sanctions. The article also analyzes the overall impact of sanctions on the economic strategies of the EU and East Asian countries, emphasizing that the imposition of sanctions against Russia has become an important factor that has changed trade flows, pushing countries to diversify markets and seek new economic opportunities. The impact of sanctions on Russian energy exporters and the reorganization of energy supplies to Europe, where countries have been actively looking for alternative sources of energy, are discussed separately. It is determined that China has managed to significantly strengthen its position in European markets, while Japan has focused on the development of domestic resources and technologies.
Iran's diverse geography supports a wide array of ethnic groups, each possessing unique cultural traditions and practices in the medicinal use of plants for disease prevention, management, and treatment. This rich ethnobotanical heritage underscores the urgency of systematic documentation, particularly as traditional knowledge risks being lost with the passing of experienced healers. In this systematic ethnobotanical study conducted in Ilam City, located in western Iran, medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of abdominal pain were identified and recorded. Data were collected through structured ethnobotanical questionnaires administered to local herbal medicine practitioners. In addition, a comprehensive list of medicinal plants available in Ilam was obtained from the Deputy of Food and Drug Administration, and direct visits to local herbalists ensured the reliability and accuracy of the data collected. The questionnaire gathered information on participants ' demographics, plant species names, specific parts used, preparation methods, and perceived therapeutic effects in treating abdominal pain. A total of 25 medicinal plant species were identified, including Oliveria decumbens Vent., Avena sativa, Ziziphora capitata, Rosa damascena, Thymbra spicata L., Rosa canina, Verbascum alceoides, Foeniculum vulgare, Carum carvi, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, Origanum vulgare, Achillea biebersteinii, Artemisia sieberi, Mentha spicata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus trionum, Alhagi persarum, Centaurea virgata, Cerasus microcarpa, Quercus brantii, and Alyssum homolocarpum. Among these, the most frequently used species for treating stomach pain were Ziziphora capitata, Thymbra spicata L., Foeniculum vulgare, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, Origanum vulgare, and Achillea biebersteinii. These species demonstrated a Usage Report Index (UR) of 9, a Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) of 0.35, and a Percentage Frequency of Use (PFU) of 34.6%. The Lamiaceae family was the most commonly cited for its therapeutic effects on abdominal pain. Aerial parts were the most frequently used plant parts (48%), while infusion (57%) emerged as the predominant preparation method. The abundance of medicinal plants in Ilam City represents a valuable resource for future pharmaceutical and phytochemical research aimed at developing herbal treatments for digestive ailments. Given the strong local reliance on traditional medicine, scientific validation of these plants' therapeutic efficacy is essential. Future research should prioritize pharmacological investigations, formulation standardization, and the integration of validated remedies into evidence-based medical practice. Preserving and scientifically verifying this ethnobotanical knowledge could pave the way for safer, more accessible, and naturally derived treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.
The expansion of cities has led to an increase in man-made surfaces, exacerbating the urban heat island effect. One effective strategy for mitigating urban heat and regulating climate change is the implementation of urban green spaces. This study aimed to compare the cooling potential of various types of urban green infrastructure. The current conditions and different types of green infrastructure were designed and simulated using the ENVI-met model across four scenarios. The results indicated that green walls and green roofs significantly influence the micrometeorological conditions within urban canyons by increasing relative humidity and decreasing air temperature (Ta). Trees, in addition to these effects, also reduce mean radiative temperature (Tmrt) and physiological equivalent temperature (PET). When comparing the cooling potential of different green infrastructure types, the study found that, in terms of thermal comfort, only trees have a substantial impact on reducing PET, with reductions ranging from 6 degrees C to 8.9 degrees C, significantly more than green walls and green roofs, which showed no significant effect. However, in terms of micrometeorological conditions, all three types of urban green infrastructure demonstrated positive effects. Trees exhibited the highest cooling potential, with a reduction of 0.2 degrees C to 1.5 degrees C in air temperature, while green roofs had the lowest impact. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for landscape and urban designers in selecting and designing appropriate urban green infrastructure to enhance micrometeorological conditions and improve thermal comfort.
The present study aimed to refine the taxonomy of Panulirus versicolor from Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, by integrating morphological and molecular approaches. Specimens were collected from local fish landing centers and identified morphologically using 15 diagnostic traits recorded in a coding matrix. DNA barcoding was performed by amplifying and sequencing the mitochondrial COI gene, followed by phylogenetic analysis using Neighbor-Joining, Bayesian Inference, and BEAST methods. The morphological traits confirmed species identity, while molecular analysis revealed a low genetic divergence of 0.03 and a genetic distance of 0.71% from closely related species. Phylogenetic trees consistently clustered P. versicolor into a monophyletic clade along with sequences from China, Palau, and Sri Lanka. The study confirms that combining morphological data with COI based barcoding is effective for accurate species identification and understanding genetic relationships in spiny lobsters.
Restoring soil quality on degraded lands is crucial for achieving UN Sustainable Development Goal 15.3, which emphasizes land degradation neutrality. This study evaluates the impact of various vegetation restoration projects on soil properties in the Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh, Central India, where Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus hybrid, Tectona grandis, and Mixed Forest plantations were established in 1993. Over 30 years, these plantations have influenced soil characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and various micronutrients. Soil pH ranged from 5.53 to 7.44, with Tectona grandis showing the highest pH and Eucalyptus the lowest. EC values were highest under Tectona grandis (0.43 dSm(-1)) and lowest in Eucalyptus (0.13 dSm-(1)). SOC percentages varied, with Acacia nilotica having the highest at 0.57%, while Eucalyptus had the lowest at 0.14%. Nitrogen content was highest in the Mixed Forest (226.89 kg ha(-1)) and lowest in Eucalyptus (147.89 kg ha(-1)). Phosphorus availability was greatest in the Mixed Forest (20 kg ha(-1)), and potassium levels were highest in Acacia nilotica (416.11 kg ha(-1)). Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) concentrations also differed among the plantations, with Mixed Forest generally showing higher levels of Mn and Zn. Sulfur content varied minimally across plantations. These findings demonstrate that the type of vegetation significantly affects soil properties, with Mixed Forest generally showing better soil quality indicators. This suggests that the choice of vegetation in restoration projects can have substantial impacts on soil health and fertility, influencing both ecosystem functioning and carbon sequestration potential.
The study examines the small-scale fishermen in Jodugallapalem, a coastal village in Visakhapatnam, India, about their perspectives and responses to climate change. The data from multi-generational fishing families were collected through primary interviews to analyse the understanding of fishermen about environmental changes and their impacts on livelihood, and adaptation strategies. The fishermen perceived significant climate-related changes including altered cyclone patterns, a rise in sea level, declining catches, and shifts in fish populations. These observations made by fishermen from place-based knowledge systems align with scientific observations. Occupational diversification, technological adoption, and migration patterns are few visible adaptation strategies. The need for integrating indigenous ecological knowledge with scientific approaches in developing climate adaptation policies is significantly highlighted in the findings. The immediate livelihood challenges and long-term sustainability concerns need to be addressed through contextually appropriate interventions to build climate resilience in vulnerable coastal communities.
Global environmental degradation and resource scarcity are among the most critical challenges of the 21st century. OECD (2020) projects a doubling of material consumption by 2060, with over 90 billion tons of resources currently extracted annually and ecological footprints exceeding 1.75 Earths-indicating we consume resources 75% faster than the planet can regenerate them. The last two decades have witnessed OECD countries generating exponential economic growth and currently account for around 60 percent of the global GDP. This growth, however, has come at an extremely high environmental cost, with natural resources being consumed at an alarming rate- material consumption levels jumped by 70 percent since 2000-so questions are being raised about the commitment of these countries toward sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study looks at the interactions between Circular Economy (CIRC), green-enabling technologies (GET), and government green budgets (GGB) with resource productivity (RP) and ecological footprint (EF) through panel data from 23 OECD countries (2001-2021). Employing the CS-ARDL model, findings reveal that CIRC and GET robustly enhance RP and reduce EF in both the short and long term. GGB, meanwhile, supports RP in the short term and contributes positively to ecological sustainability across both time horizons. These results are further validated using the CS-ECM approach. The study underscores the need for policymakers to strengthen CIRC frameworks, optimize GGB allocation strategies, and accelerate the deployment of GET to foster sustainable development. By leveraging these interconnected tools, OECD countries can significantly advance their progress toward achieving the SDGs by 2030.
A Gause-type predator-prey framework with the triple impacts of fear. cooperative hunting. and fractional order is presented in the current work. We study how fractional order, cooperative hunting intensity, and degree of fear affect the model's dynamics. Since these fractional-order models describe typical dynamical frameworks in the applied sciences, their inclusion and the related long-term memory greatly characterise the model's behaviour It is shown that solutions exist. are unique. and are bounded. Additionally. the resilience of the positive equilibrium and the presence of Hopf bifurcation are explored. According to the study. coexisting equilibria may be impacted by memory cooperative hunting intensity, and fear level. We also found that any increase in hunting cooperation and fear levels leads to the disappearance of the predator size. Thus, fear and cooperation are crucial for maintaining the stability of ecosystems. In conclusion. the primary findings are confirmed using numerical simulations utilising the MATLAB software. and their biological consequences are examined. It is shown that the non-integer order derivative stabilises and may be helpful in managing interspecies cohabitation_
The growth of urbanization in emerging nations has changed land use patterns. created surface energy imbalances. and resulted in densely populated areas, all of which raise the danger of heat stress. Appropnate planting design and its impact on thermal islands are important considerations in planning and design. This study examined the effects of planting grasses, evergreens. and deciduous trees, as well as combining all three patterns in terms of height and canopy diameter, on reducing urban heat islands and enhancing microclimate conditions. Simulations were prepared with ENVI-met and RayMan software. and the accuracy of the simulation results was verified by comparing them to actual field data. The findings revealed that deciduous trees (Fraxinus excelsior) performed better than evergreen trees and grasses in improving microclimate and reducing the temperature of the urban environment, and grasses performed worse. Therefore. using the results of this type of research in planning and designing green spaces to select the type of plant species and their combination can play an essential role in improving the climatic quality of urban spaces. urban sustainable development. and thus thermal comfort for cities.
The article discusses the general definition of electronic commerce. The considered categories of electronic commerce are: B2B (Business-to-Business); B2C (Business-to-Customer); C2C (& Scy;onsumer-to-& Scy;onsumer); C2B (& Scy;onsumer-to-Business); B2A (Business-to-administration); C2A (& Scy;onsumers-to-administration). Analysis of positive and negative aspects of electronic commerce, as well as their characteristics. The trends and features of the global e-commerce market are considered. E-commerce business development tools that can be used to improve operations in this area are proposed. The development of electronic commercial business in Ukraine during the period of modern challenges and threats, namely during the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war, is considered.
An attempt has been made to investigate the occurrence of soil-inhabiting Nematoda in respect to their feeding habits of the order Dorylaimida in four small wildlife sanctuaries (WLS), situated in four districts of southern part of West Bengal, India. 19 species of Dorylaimida have been reported from the forest ecosystem of Ballavpur WLS, Birbhum district, 13 species from district, 17 species from Bethuadhari Wildlife Sanctuary, Nadia district and 20 species from play a crucial ecological role in providing ecosystem services like decomposition of soil organic matter, nutrients cycling, and mineralization of soil substances to sustain a healthy soil ecosystem. This process supports growth of plant by ensuring an available food supply. To understand this better, feeding habits and trophic groups with a comparative study of the feeding guilds up to species level have been done in four different forest ecosystem. The feeding guild abundance with the inter-sanctuary hierarchy in 52 species from nine different feeding groups have concluded on a diversified feeding practice rather than depending on a specific diet. The Principal component analysis of the nematode species in lieu of similarity in their trophic groups distributed in each WLS explores the nature of the trophic pattern.
Looking to present scenario of withdrawals of surface water and ground water, the futuristic demand of water resources for irrigation will be highly critical. The scarce surface water resources cause decrease in annual intensity of irrigation and thereby poor economy due to insufficient agricultural production. The sewage water as irrigation water can be explored in arid and semiarid regions as alternate water resource. The safe utilization of treated wastewater does not only conserve fresh water resources but also helps in increasing agricultural production. In this direction, experiments focusing reuse of sewage effluent in irrigation of wheat were conducted at Campus of Nirma University, Ahmedabad. The experiment involved various treatments according to application of sewage water, ground water & surface water in different blending ratios and various treatments according to application of nitrogenous fertilizer to soils. The yield and protein content of wheat are analyzed under said treatments and envisaged in the paper. It is observed that main effects of Irrigation Treatment on Wheat yield are significant whereas main effects of Fertilizer Treatment on the same are non-significant at the 0.05 significance level. The main effects of Irrigation Treatment as well as Fertilizer Treatment on Protein content are nonsignificant at the 0.05 significance level.
The study was conducted at Yabello district Borana zone, to assess husbandry practices and performance evaluation of indigenous chicken populations. A total of 120 local chicken owners with three chickens were selected for data collection. Descriptive statistics, a general linear model, and univariate and multivariate analyses were used for data analysis. As a result, the main objectives of poultry farming in the study areas were income generation and egg production. Meat production and breeding stock were ranked lower. The traits preferred for breeding purposes were body size, growth rate, feed requirement, leg length, comp shape, chick production rate, egg size/weight, temperament scavenging ability, brooding/hatching ability, egg productivity, and rearing/mothering ability. The common husbandry system practiced in study areas was the free-ranging management system with small seasonal feed supplementation. The majority of the households responded that they keep their chicken in the perches and the kitchen. Disease prevalence and predators were the major constraints. The overall results indicated that poultry husbandry practices playa crucial role in Rural smallholder livelihood Change despite different constraints. Asa result, there is a need to improve poultry productivity through breeding and husbandry practices to sustain its role in livelihood change.
A quantitative inventory of tree species made in the tropical deciduous forest around NTPC Sipat. The assessment of tropical tree diversity is an instrument for quantitative studies of regional biogeographical patterns. Forests are the main repository of biodiversity and play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of nature. The status of species diversity shows the health of the forest ecosystem. The study was conducted to investigate the tree species diversity and distribution around the National Thermal Power Plant, Sipat, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, Central India. The data on tree species was collected by lying the quadrates size of 10m-10m at random locations. To assess the tree species diversity and distribution complete enumeration of tree species was done on the basis of distance and in different directions collected around NTPC. In this study, all trees with a breast height (dbh) diameter > 10cm diameter were identified and data on the average height, Girth, were collected. Species richness, Density, Family Importance Value (FIV), and Importance Value Index (IVI), Simpson's diversity index, Shannon-Wiener Index (H), Shannon's maximum diversity index (Hmax) max ) was calculated. A total of 35 tree species belonging to 19 families was identified at different locations of the sampling sites around the NTPC Sipat. This study will provide baseline information for further studies and also for the good management of the forest ecosystem around NTPC.
The identification of the different plant formations in the Honaine region was carried out according to conventional methods of vegetation description, mainly based on the vegetation survey, according to the method of abundance-dominance coefficients of Braun-Blanquet (1951), also known as the Zurich-Montpelli & eacute;ne method. The main objective of this study is to deepen our understanding of the floristic diversity in this region of northwestern Algeria. The results of the floristic study reveal that the region is home to 32 families, 61 genera and 73 species, among which Lamiaceae (12.33%), followed by Asteraceae (10.96%) and Poaceae (9.59%), are the most predominant flora. The most notable biological forms identified are Chamaephytes (30.14%), Therophytes (30.14%) and Phanerophytes (20.55%). For morphological types, we have perennial woody (39.72%) and annual herbaceous (34.25%). Biogeographical analysis of current flora can reveal valuable information about their evolution and provenance, among which the most important are the Mediterranean type (43.83%), the West-Mediterranean type (10.96%) and the North African Endemic type (5.48%). All this rich flora of the study area requires more serious protection and safeguarding in the future to maintain the continuity of these Mediterranean ecosystems, which have become increasingly fragile.
This study aimed to evaluate the available soil nutrients and soil organic carbon at different soil depths. The study was carried out in five selected sites, located in different agro-climatic zones of Assam. In this investigation nitrogen contents in the studied soil layers ranged from 374.28 +/- 4. 23Kg.ha(-1) to 272.56 +/- 3.90 Kg. ha(-1), soil available phosphorus ranged from 29.06 +/- 1. 58Kg.ha(-1) to 18.25 +/- 3. 13Kg.ha(-1) and soil available potassium from 301.45 +/- 9.34Kg ha(-1). to 182.90 +/- 5.76Kg ha(-1). Soil organic carbon, in this study, showed a decreasing trend from the topsoil (0-10cm) to the bottom soil(20-40cm), and a significant difference in the SOC contents in all three soil depths was observed from the study site Kohora, but no significance difference was recorded from Jogduar and Boko.
