Endophytic fungi have been documented as sources for novel secondary metabolites with useful medicinal properties. Interest in fungal endophytes is mainly due to their chemical diversity. These signify a virtually untapped source of chemical reservoir that finds applications in agriculture and therapeutics. Sampling and characterization of fungal endophyte diversity is an emerging challenge, which leads to the discovery of new species producing new compounds and a better understanding of their role in ecosystems. In the present study fungal endophytes were isolated from surface sterilized leaf and stem segments of five Memecylon species such as M. umbellatum, M. edule , M. talbotianum, M. malabaricum and M. wightii . A total of 156 isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained from 2000 tissue segments of five Memecylon species being investigated. Of the 156, endophytic isolates recovered, 86 sporulated and belonged to 10 genera, Alternaria (12.2%), Pleosporales (6.4%), Stagonosporopsis (3.8%), Cladosporium (8.2%), Fusarium (7.3%), Aspergillus (12.2%), Pestalopsis (7.5%), Collectotrichum (21.6%), Phoma (4.4%) and fungal mycelia (19.1), which are identified based on morphological characteristics and the dominant endophytes such as C. gleosporiades , Pleosporales sp., Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum and other fungal endophytes are further confirmed based on PCR amplification and sequencing of 5.8srRNA gene region and their accessions are obtained KT375578, KT375576.1, KT375577.1 and KT375579.1. The study provides the first report on the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from Memecylon species.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the cerebroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves in hypoxic neurotoxicity induced rats. Hypoxia was induced by treatment of rats with sodium nitrite in drinking water for 30 days. Bixa orellana attenuated cognitive deficits in sodium nitrite induced rats which was studied by Morris water maze test. The extract restored the decreased levels of dopamine and increased levels of acetylcholinesterases and glutamate to the normal levels which can be compared with standard Pyritinol. The present study reveals that the ethanolic extract of Bixa orellana leaves confers cerebroprotection against sodium nitrite induced hypoxic neurotoxicity in rats.
Introduction: Cytokine expression and regulation may yield effective therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Pathogenesis reveals (arguably) the most inclusive study of pathologic cytokine function in a chronic inflammatory disease in recent years. Presence of IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha, chemokines (e.g., IL-8) and GM-CSF has been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis irrespective of curative therapy. They must be produced de novo in response to an immune stimulus. Generally act over short distances and short time spans and at very low concentration. India does not have a national rheumatoid arthritis surveillance system creation, it is very difficult to methodically access and determine burden of hospital-acquired rheumatoid arthritis. This review reports cytokine approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in north zone of India.Methods: Methodical review of the peer-reviewed works reporting the incidence of cytokine expression and regulation may yield effective therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis and approach of cytokines for the treatment of RA in North Indian hospitals was identified using MEDLINE and CINAHL records.Results: Data of the 934 research papers recognized in the search, 30 articles were included in this review, these studies suggest that cytokines act by binding to specific membrane receptors, which then signal the cell via second messengers, often tyrosine kinases, to alter its behavior (gene expression).Subsequently, other proinflammatory cytokines were also suppressed if TNF alpha was neutralized, paving way for the novel idea that the proinflammatory cytokines were linked in a network with TNF alpha at its apex. It shows that TNF alpha was of major importance in rheumatoid arthritis and was a therapeutic target. Numerous clinical trials using a chimeric anti-TNF alpha antibody have revealed marked clinical advantage, verifying the hypothesis that TNF alpha is of major importance in rheumatoid arthritis. Retreatment studies have also shown benefit in repeated relapses, indicating that the disease remains TNF alpha dependent.Conclusion: Overall, these studies demonstrate that analysis of cytokine expression and regulation may yield effective therapeutic targets in Rheumatoid arthritis.
The dried husk of Zea mays L. (Poaceae) also known as corn husk (CH) has been used as traditional remedies in some cultures including Ghana for the management/treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (DM, Type 2). However, there is no evident documentation on the phytoconstituents of CH and the scientific validation of the antidiabetic properties of CH. Therefore, the methanolic and aqueous extracts of CH were phytochemically screened, and the decoction of CH was administered to human subjects (type 2 diabetic patients with uncontrolled blood glucose level). The fasting blood glucose levels of subjects on regularly prescribed oral antidiabetic agents were determined over a period of three weeks. In addition to the regular oral antidiabetic medications, decoctions of CH were administered to the subjects for a further period of three weeks, and the fasting blood glucose levels were again determined. The fasting blood glucose level of the control group was however monitored continuously for a period of six weeks. The phytochemical analyses of the CH extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and glycosides as common constituents of the aqueous and methanolic extracts, whereas tannins and phenols were found exclusively in the methanolic extract. The decoction of CH demonstrated a significant anti-diabetic property, attesting to the traditional use of CH as antidiabetic therapy.
The phytochemical analysis of four species of medicinal plants from district Saharanpur was done. The plants were Wrightia coccinea , Wrightia tinctoria , Wrightia mollissima and Wrightia tomentosa , members of the genus Wrightia (Family: Apocynaceae).Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoid. The presence of these phytochemicals can be correlated with medicinal potential of these plants.
Acmella oleracea (L) R.K. Jansen is a perennial and polliniferous herb belonging to family Asteraceae, and is mostly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is widely used as a herbal medicine as a common vegetable. It is known to be highly abundant during summer but the importance value index (IVI) is highest during winter. In the light of these beneficial properties, its nutritive content and antioxidant property were evaluated. Fat, carbohydrate and protein contents were estimated, and the total calorific value was found to be 32.588 kcal/100 g. Nitric oxide scavenging assay showed concentration-dependent increase in its antioxidant activity. The IC 50 of extract was calculated as 4.492 was higher than that of the standard butylated hydroxytoluene, i.e. 4.121. The reducing power of the extract also showed concentration dependent activities, but the reducing power of the extract was found to be significantly lower than the standard ascorbic acid. The study supports that A. oleracea has valuable biological properties.
Lannea microcarpa (Anacardiaceae) and Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combretaceae) are two plants used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension in Burkina Faso. Previous preclinical studies have demonstrated their efficacy and safety. This study aimed to investigate the quality of trunk barks powder of two plants. The physico-chemical characteristics (macroscopic, organoleptic, water content, ash, heavy metals and pesticides), microbial cleanliness and phytochemical analysis were determined by the methods of the European Pharmacopoeia and / or International standards. The powder of Anogeissus leiocarpus trunk's bark was brown with astringent and slightly sweet taste while Lennea microcarpa was reddish with a slightly bitter taste. The microbiological parameters (total viable germs, specific microorganisms) and contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides, siliceous substances, etc.) complied with the recommendations of the European pharmacopoeia and ISO 7218 standards. The results of physico-chemical and pharmacotechnical parameters allowed recognition of plant powders and checking of purity level / the degree of cleanliness. Analysis using chromatography of thin layer established the chromatographical print of powders. These parameters shown the quality of powders and can be used as quality control parameters for plant powders when used for the production of herbal medicines.
The present study was carried out to determine the total anthocyanin content of two cultivars of Brassica oleraceae belongs to the family Cruciferae. Total phenolics and total flavonoid content were also determined. pH differential method was used to determine total anthocyanins present and aluminium chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu reagents were used for the determination of flavonoids and phenolics, respectively. Comparatively, anthocyanin flavonoid and phenolic contents were varied between white and red cabbage. Red cabbage showed high amount of these phytochemicals when compared to white cabbage. Thus depending on results we say that red cabbage variety may serve as a potential source of nutraceuticals and functional food development.
This study was carried out to evaluate safety profile of a commercial polyherbal product Washing and setting that is highly consumed in South-Eastern Nigeria. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was conducted. Acute toxicity test on selected doses of the polyherbal formulation was carried out in mice and rats. In sub-chronic toxicity study, animals were exposed to the polyherbal product daily for 90 days at 1, 5 and 10 ml/kg. Five rats from each dose level were selected on the 31st, 61st and 91st days for the determination of biochemical and haematological indices. Histology of the liver and kidney were also carried out. A 28 days post-treatment study was conducted to determine reversibility in toxicological changes. From results of the study, alkaloids were observed to be the most abundant phytocompound in the polyherbal formulation. No sign of acute toxicity was observed. No mortality was observed in the treated groups throughout the 90 days study. At the tested doses, there was significant (p<0.05) increase in both alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen at the 91st day at 10 ml/kg group compared with the vehicle treated group. Significant (p<0.05) elevations were observed in serum creatinine on the 61st day at the highest dose (10 ml/kg) and on the 91st day for 5 and 10 ml/kg compared to vehicle-treated control group. All toxicological effects were reversible on withdrawal of administration in post treatment studies. The polyherbal formulation may be nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic especially at high doses on long term exposure.
Present communication deals with the study of Pharmacognostical, phytochemical screening and antihepatotoxic activity prediction of compounds isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn in order to search lead compound. Dried leaves and bark powder material was used for determination of ash value, extractive value, and phytochemical constituents. Twelve compounds from the whole plant of Ficus bengalensis were subjected to molecular properties prediction and drug-likeness by Lipinski rule of five & Molinspiration software.Phytochemical screening proved the presence of chemical constituent like tannins, alkaloids, proteins, starch, flavanoids, and glycoside. 9 compounds of the plant fulfill the requirements of Drug likeness were taken for biological activity calculation with the help of Molinspiration software and compared with standard drug Silibinin. On comparision of compounds with silibinin, Friedelin, ? - sitosterol, 3,5,7-trimethyl ether of delphinidin-3-O-?-L rhamnoside, 3,5 dimethyl ether of leucocynaidin-3-O-?-D-glactosylcellobioside and 20-tetratriacontene-2-one fullfill Lipinski rule of five & showed good bioactivity score than Silibinin.Out of 12 compounds Friedelin, ?-sitosterol and 5 dimethyl ether of leucocynaidin-3-O-?-D-glactosylcellobioside showed good bioactivity score as compared to Silibinin. So these compound can be considered as lead compounds with hepatoprotective activity from Ficus bengalensis.
The present study was designed to evaluate the pharmacognostic characters, physicochemical parameters and in-vitro antioxidant activity of rhizome of Polygonum alpinum . The powder microscopy revealed the presence of epidermis, hypodermis with calcium oxalate crystals, non lignified vascular bundle, calcium oxalate crystals, cork in surface view and fragments of bordered pitted vessels. Phytochemical screening of various extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, coumarin, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Physiochemical analysis showed 2.325% of total ash, 0.525% of water soluble ash, 0.650% of acid insoluble ash and 3.625% of sulphated ash w/w . Other parameters like extractive value, foreign matter, moisture content, swelling index, foaming index, pH of different solvents, total tannin content, total fat content and fluorescence analysis were also determined. The total phenolics in alcoholic and aqueous extract was found to be 41.06 and 23.30 mg/g GAE respectively while that of flavonoid content in alcoholic and aqueous extract was 182.13 and 123.71 mg/g RE respectively. The percentage inhibition of DPPH by alcoholic and aqueous extract at a concentration of 100 ?g/mL was found to be 96.50% and 49.44% respectively. The reducing power of alcoholic and aqueous extract at 100 ?g/mL was found to be 0.295 and 0.175 respectively and increased to 0.765 and 0.596 respectively at 500 ?g/mL. The results indicate that alcoholic extract has potent antioxidant activity as compared to the aqueous extract.
The collective review of teneligliptin as an antidibetic drug concerning about the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic study, pharmacodynamic study, toxicological study and dose and its contraindication. Teneligliptin is used in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. Teneligliptin, a third generation DPP-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration on 2012 based on a large development program. Teneligliptin, a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, exhibits a unique structure characterized by five consecutive rings, which produce a potent and long-lasting effect. Teneligliptin is currently used in cases showing insufficient improvement in glycemic control even after diet control and exercise or a combination of diet control, exercise, and sulfonylurea or thiazolidine-class drugs. In adults, teneligliptin is orally administered at a dosage of 20 mg once daily, which can be increased up to 40 mg per day. Due to the metabolites of this drug are eliminated via renal and hepatic excretion so, adjustable dose is not required to renal impairment patient. In this review, all the clinical data is described. Teneligliptin shows promise in stabilizing glycemic fluctuations throughout the day and consequently suppressing the progression of diabetic complications.
It has been known from the ancient times, spanning hundreds of years of recorded and unrecorded history, that people have used different methods and procedures in treatment of different psychiatric disorders and very often these were medicinal preparations from plants. Numerous scientific discoveries and advent of industrial age gave a big boost to drug development and significantly improved quality of life for psychiatric patients during the last century. Nevertheless, after huge success, joy and relief, evidence has shown that quest for natural medicines faced a lot of disappointment, leading to a poor attitude that resulted to some natural drugs unnecessarily thrown out. On the other hand, there are a huge number of patients that use natural medicinal plants in self-treatment of different psychiatric disorders. It is reported that herbal medicines are used in treating a broad range of psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive, affective, bipolar maniac-depressive, psychotic, phobic and somatoform disorders. Currently, there is insufficient clinical evidence for the use of many herbal medicines in psychiatric disorders. Significant and urgent research are required to address current issues in herbal psychotherapy such as herbal safety, future areas of application, the relationship of herbal medicine with pharmaceuticals and the potential prescriptive integration of phytomedicines with synthetic psychotropic medicines.
Traditionally herb bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) are used for various treatments among them for stiff healing, eliminate swelling, and pain. The pain and sciatica is likely to be due to the high levels of uric acid in the blood, then to scientifically proves the presence of a relationship of aches and pains with a decrease in uric acid in the blood necessary to test the effectiveness of herbal extracts bandotan to decrease blood uric acid levels male mice. Extraction is done by percolation using 80% ethanol. The study begins with phytochemical screening test performed on fresh herbs, botanicals and herbal extracts bandotan ethanol. Decreased levels of uric acid is measured by using a measuring device Easy Touch uric acid levels in the blood of male mice hyperuricemia induced by administration of potassium bromate 0.5 mg / kg. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANAVA) followed by analysis of Least Significant Difference Test (LSDT) using the least squares difference with a 99% confidence level. Phytochemical screening result looks the same class of chemical compounds in fresh herbs, botanicals and herbal extracts ethanol bandotan, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids / steroids; and essential oils. The result of the effect of decreasing uric acid levels showed there has been a reduction in the dose of 50 mg / kg, but is still too small, and according to the results of statistical test Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) and test Least Significant Difference Test (LSDT) dose of 100 mg / kg body weight have an effect reduction in uric acid levels were not significantly different with allopurinol dose of 10 mg / kg.
The present research was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical constituents of the methanol extracts of Dialium indum leaf, the percentage yield was calculated for the methanol extract comparatively to the chloroform extracts, it was revealed that methanol as an extracting solvent gave a higher yield of Dialium indum extract than chloroform. A total of fifteen and fourteen Phytochemical was determined qualitatively and quantitatively respectively. From the results of the phytochemical screening it were observed that saponins had a higher concentration of 9.240%, the concentration of alkaloids (1.120%), steroids (0.146%), terpenoids (2.345%), flavonoids (0.323%), phenolics (0.142%), tannins (0.581%), cardiac glycosides (1.009%) and cyanogenic glycosides (0.370%) were all determined. The presence of these phytochemicals might be the reason Dialium indum leaf is used as a therapeutic remedy for the treatment of diseases caused by Bacillus typhi, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Staph albus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus muteus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albican. The results indicated that the leaf contained Protein (6.887%), Carbohydrate (9.593%), and Oil (47.760%).The results also showed the scientific bases for the use of Dialium indum in herbal medicine and as a source of nutrients for animals. Finally, the study recommends the isolation and purification of these metabolites so as to harness the maximum therapeutic and nutritive potentials .
Polymeric coating techniques have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industries for diversified reasons. Various materials are being investigated as polymers as there is scarcity of good polymeric materials to be used in pharmaceutical products. The present study was aimed at evaluating novel natural material gum sandarac, a resin obtained by incision from the stem of Callitris quadrivalvis, Ventenat (N.O. Coniferae) Pinaceae as a coating material for developing coated pellets for sustained release of drug and comparing it with well known ethyl cellulose as hydrophobic polymeric material. Drug layered NPS, drug loaded pellets prepared with extrusion spheronization and NPS coated with drug polymer matrix were used as multi particulate formulation. The results indicate that Gum Sandarac is very efficient in retarding release of drugs from different pellet formulations yielding very superior quality pellet.
Thiocolchicoside used for the effective treatment of muscle spasm, cramps, musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders. It is available in market in the form of capsules and injection. The major problem associated with thiocolchicoside is it's bioavailability which is very low i.e. 25-30% only so in order to minimize drug loss due to first pass metabolism, and overcome problem associated with low bioavailability of drug there is a need to formulate semisolid preparation in the form of gel so we try to formulate and evaluate thiocolchicoside gel using different polymer and comparative study of their drug release. In vitro release of thiocolchicoside gel from three different polymers i.e. carbapol, HPMC, and Na CMC to an aqueous receptor phase through goat skin was monitored spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 259nm. This study was conducted to develop gel formulation of thiocolchicoside using three types of gelling agent i.e. carbopol, HPMC, Na CMC. Effect of penetration enhancer (propylene glycol) on the release has been studied. The gels were evaluated for physical appearance, rheological behaviour, drug release, and stability. Drug release from all gelling agent through goat skin was evaluated using keshary-chien diffusion cell. All gels show acceptable physical properties concerning colour, homogenity, consistancy spredability and pH value. Among all gel formulation carbapol showed superior drug release then followed by Na CMC and HPMC. Drug release decreased with increased in the polymer concentration. Drug release was not linearly proportional with the conc. of penetration enhancer or co-solvent stability studies showed that the physical appearance, rheological properties and drug release remained unchanged upon storage for two month at ambient condition.
Objective: To prepare, assess the lawsone loaded chitosan scaffolds for antibacterial and wound healing activity. Methods: The work was focused is to develop a topical formulation preferably, natural biodegradable scaffolds of lawsone drug for treating skin wounds and bacterial infections. Here, lawsone loaded chitosan microspheres were impregnated into chitosan scaffolds. The lawsone microspheres prepared by emulsification and cross linking method. Incorporation of lawsone loaded chitosan microspheres into chitosan scaffolds by emulsification and freeze drying technique. The lawsone a microspheres characterized by FT-IR, SEM, evaluated through entrapment efficiency, percentage yield, in vitro drug release studies. Lawsone scaffolds was assessed for wound healing ability using albino rats and anti bacterial activity by agar disc diffusion method. Results: the FT-IR spectra showing almost similar peaks within the same wave length range indicating the there is no possible interaction between the drug and polymer. The SEM of Lawsone microspheres and prepared scaffolds showing oval shape, slightly rough, porous surface, slightly aggregated and interconnected porous structure of the scaffolds was slightly reddish brown in colour. The lawsone loaded chitosan scaffolds had exhibited antibacterial activity against different bacrial strains and wound healing potential in albino rats. Conclusion: The schematic process of lawsone loaded chitosan microspheres imparts quality in the in the topical formulation and obtained results were judicious.
Background: Previous studies carried out in our laboratories have shown that Valeriana prionophylla displays central effects in mice. The antidepressant effect of the Valeriana prionophylla was the most prominent effect. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of action of the antidepressant property of HEVp, and its effect when used chronically.Methods: Experiments were performed using the forced swimming test and the open field test. Female Swiss mice (25-30 g, 3 months) were divided into groups (N=8-10): negative control (saline), antagonist systems evaluated, HEVp and antagonist/HEVp. The treatments with NAN-190 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), ketanserin (5 mg/kg, i.p.), prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.), pimozide (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.), SCH-23390 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.), L-arginine (750 mg/kg, i.p.), bicuculline (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and phaclofen (1 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered 30 min before HEVp. The treatments with reserpine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) and PCPA (100 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered 4 hours and 4 days before the test, respectively. Sub-chronic treatment was administered for 15 days, and the test was performed on days 1, 7 and 15 of the treatment.Results: The anti-immobility effect caused by HEVp was significantly attenuated by treatment of the reserpine, PCPA, NAN-190, ketanserin, prazosin, yohimbine, L-arginine, bicuculline and phaclofen, but was not affected by haloperidol, pimozide and SCH-23390.Conclusion: The mechanisms involved in their effects indicate that HEVp produces antidepressant effects through pathways that involve interaction with L-arginine-nitric oxide, serotonergic and GABAergic systems, as well as interaction with the ?-adrenoceptors.
