Classification of brain tumor plays a vital role in medical imaging for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Deep learning approaches have gained significant traction in this industry because of their ability to extract relevant features from medical images. The research suggests employing an ensemble classifier with a weighted voting mechanism to categorize glial cell brain malignancies such as Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme, Oligodendroglioma, and Ependymoma. The proposed ensemble technique employs three main classifiers: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Convolutional Long Short Term Memory (C-LSTM), and Deep Convolutional Neural Network + Conditional Random Fields (DCNN+CRF). Deep learning algorithms require a huge amount of input data to avoid overfitting. The Adaptive Progressive Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (APCGANs) are used to produce realistic artificial images to efficiently train the proposed methodology. Overall, the proposed ensemble method with weighted voting strategy consistently outperforms the other tested algorithms (CNN, C-LSTM, and DCNN+CRF). Ensemble method attained an accuracy of 99.4 %, recall - 99.1%, precision- 98.0%, and F1-score of 99.2%. Ensemble method consistently demonstrates superior performance in accurately classifying brain tumors, making it a promising algorithm for brain tumor analysis tasks.

Potentilla fulgens Wall. ex. Hook, a highly valued Himalayan medicinal plant with anticancer, hypoglycaemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic properties, is used in traditional systems of medicine. The current study was aimed to quantify the phenolic acids (catechin, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, and ferulic acid) in the root extracts of P. fulgens as well as determine the total polyphenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effect in mice. HPLC analysis was used to quantify the phytoconstituents in the methanolic (PME) and aqueous methanolic (PMWE) extracts. Except for ferulic acid, which was assessed to be greater (306 µg/100 mg) in PME, other phenolic components were found in higher concentrations in PMWE. Total flavonoids (3.42 ± 0.55 mg QE/g) and total phenolics (24.11 ± 2.11 mg GAE/g) were greater in PMWE. Even though both demonstrated comparable DPPH radical scavenging activity, PMWE showed a higher TAC value of 35.62 ± 2.17. PMWE (200 mg/kg) in in-vivo experiments showed anti-inflammatory action, with a maximal impact of 60.88 %. Thus, the roots of P. fulgens are an excellent source of phytochemicals that fight inflammation and discomfort by scavenging free radicals and the aqueous methanolic extract of P. fulgens has the potential for being developed into a variety of formulations and herbal products.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It has limited therapeutic options and side effects caused by current treatment methods. Selaginella bryopteris is used traditionally in the treatment of several health-related problems but mostly remains to be scientific validation. Purpose: This study investigated the effect of Selaginella bryopteris on a hepatic cancer cell line in vitro and in the NDEA-induced HCC rat model in vivo. Method: The anticancer effect of S. bryopteris was evaluated in vitro using a human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was carried out to analyze the phytoconstituents of S. bryopteris extract. Different techniques were used in this in vitro anticancer study to evaluate cell viability, alteration in nuclear morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For an in vivo study, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were induced with N- nitrosodiethylamine (200 mg/kg b.w. once, i.p.) and carbon tetrachloride (3 mL/kg/week b.w., s.c.) up to six weeks. The induced animals were treated with S. bryopteris extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) and silymarin (100 mg/kg) for 28 days. The level of liver function parameters and antioxidant enzymes were assessed. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the gene expression patterns of p53, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bcl-2 mRNAs. Results: In a liver cancer cell line (HepG2), Selaginella bryopteris extract (SBE) induced apoptosis through altering mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear condensation, and the production of reactive oxygen species. The elevated level of ALT, AST, GGT, and TBL in HCC-induced rats were declined significantly by SBE administration. SBE enhanced antioxidant activity (GST, Catalase, SOD, GPX), antioxidant molecule (GSH), and reduced the level of stress marker (MDA) in NDEA induced animals. The effects of SBE against HCC were also demonstrated by the up-regulated expression of pro-apoptotic genes (p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax) and the down-regulated expression of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) gene by qRT-PCR analysis in liver tissue. Histological analysis revealed that the extract improved the liver architecture. The major bioactive compounds detected by GC–MS analysis were imidazole, amentoflavone, gallic acid, catechine, palmitic acid, lupeol, l-Fucitol, and myo-inositol. SBE was found to be safe in an acute toxicity test. As a result, our findings indicate that S. bryopteris extract may have anti-HCC potential. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo, Selaginella bryopteris extract has significant antiproliferative action against HCC. S. bryopteris extract can be used as a safe and natural potential drug candidate against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Flavoparmelia caperata belongs to the family Parmeliaceae which is a huge family of lichens and comprises of species that draw much attention about pharmacological activities. Several medicinally important compounds have been reported in this lichen. Protocetraric acid is among the major metabolites possessed by this lichen. Hence, the present study is designed to look into the more inclusive role of protocetraric acid in case of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups: Group 1 served as the control group, Group 2 received ethanol, Group 3 received F. caperata ethanolic extract (FCE) 50 mg/kg, Group 4 received FCE 100 mg/kg, Group 5 received FCE 200 mg/kg and Group 6 received Liv.52 (Standard drug). At the end of the experiment, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory mediators, caspase-3 and 8 activities were studied. The liver tissues were further examined histopathologically for localization of areas of severe hepatotoxicity. Cell viability was determined by using the MTT assay in MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. Moreover, FCE increased cell viability. Protocetraric acid, erythritol, and myo-inositol were detected in GC-MS analysis. The outcomes of this study reveal that FCE may prove to be supportive in the treatment of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. Results of different markers have revealed that among all, FCE (100 mg/kg) has demonstrated the best hepatoprotective activity. It also ameliorated the morphological changes induced by alcohol. These observations speak about the significance of the components of the lichen extract. The corrective action of FCE in alcohol-induced liver damage may be due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a broad-spectrum disorder, covering fatty liver, cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis and in extreme untreated condition hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may also develop. Cladonia rangiferina (CR) is a class of lichen having a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity. It is used like traditional natural sources in ancient times in India, China, Sri Lanka, etc. Folkloric record about CR has reported their use as an antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, etc. Hence, the present study was requested to ascertain the effect of the ethanolic extract of Cladonia rangiferina (CRE) on alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. The animals were evaluated for the estimation of the liver in vivo biochemical antioxidant parameters. The liver tissues were further evaluated histopathologically and western blotting examination for localization of apoptotic gene expression that plays a pivotal role in hepatotoxicity. The results of this study reveal that CRE proves to be helpful in the treatment of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. Results of different markers have shown that among all, CRE has demonstrated the best hepatoprotective activity. These observations say about the importance of the components of the extract. The ameliorative action of CRE in alcoholic liver damage may exist due to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities.

In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), the process of sending end-to-end acknowledgement (ACK) for each packet by the destination, causes unnecessary overhead. This paper proposes an Enhanced Reliable ACK (ERACK) scheme for detecting misbehaving attacks in MANET. Initially, reliable multiple paths are established by measuring the path reliability. For defending the data transferred from the dispatcher, one-way hash chain based Message Authentication Code (MAC) is utilised. If the packet loss count is above a threshold, then Secure ACK (S-ACK) mode is activated which identifies the misbehaving node. The source then generates a Misbehavior Report Authentication (MRA) message which is transmitted to the destination using the path with next higher reliability. By experimental results it is shown that the ERACK method decreases the packet loss and delay while ensuring the successful delivery of MRA to the destination.

Wound healing is a complex process in which injured skin and tissues repaired by interaction of a complex cascade of cellular events that generates resurfacing, reconstitution and restoration of the tensile strength of injured skin. It follows beta-catenin, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling pathways. Aegle marmelos L., generally known as bael is found to act as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-ulcer agent. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that this Indian traditional medicinal plant, A. marmelos flower extract (AMF) was used for wound injury. Henceforth, the current study was investigated to ascertain the effect of its active constituents in vitro wound healing with mechanism involve in migration of cells and activation of beta-catenin in keratinocytes, inhibition of PGE(2) in macrophages and production of collagen in fibroblasts. We have taken full thickness wound of rats and applied AMF for 2 weeks. Cutaneous wound healing activity was performed using HaCaT keratinocytes, Hs68 dermal fibroblasts and RAW264.7 macrophages to determine cell viability, nitric oxide production, collagen expression, cell migration and beta-catenin activation. Results shows that AMF treated rats demonstrated reduced wound size and epithelisation was improved, involved in keratinocytes migration by regulation of Akt signaling, beta-catenin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. AMF and its active constituent's increased mRNA expression, inhibited nitric oxide, PGE(2) release, mRNA expression of mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages and enhances the motility of HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro wound healing of rats. (C) 2019 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

Chronic gastric ulcer being the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorder is considered a major cause of gastric cancer. Large numbers of synthetic drugs ranging from proton-pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonist to cytoprotective agents are available, but they have major side effects. Inadequacy of these synthetic drugs forces to develop new herbal-based drugs active against chronic gastric ulcer. In the present study, antiulcer activity of butanolic extract of Argyreia speciosa Linn. f., Sweet: Family Convolvulaceae (b-ASL) was investigated against acetic-acid-induced chronic gastric ulcer rat models. The effect of different dose of butanolic extract of A. speciosa was studied for antioxidant, anti-secretory, and cytoprotective activities. Extract administration significantly increased the gastric PGE2 content. The further experiments including the in vitro metabolic stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics gave a clear indication that butanolic extract of A. speciosa (200 mg/kg) is an orally active and safe contender of antiulcer agents. It can be an important target for further studies under chronic ulcer management system.

Introduction: Cytokine expression and regulation may yield effective therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Pathogenesis reveals (arguably) the most inclusive study of pathologic cytokine function in a chronic inflammatory disease in recent years. Presence of IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha, chemokines (e.g., IL-8) and GM-CSF has been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis irrespective of curative therapy. They must be produced de novo in response to an immune stimulus. Generally act over short distances and short time spans and at very low concentration. India does not have a national rheumatoid arthritis surveillance system creation, it is very difficult to methodically access and determine burden of hospital-acquired rheumatoid arthritis. This review reports cytokine approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in north zone of India.Methods: Methodical review of the peer-reviewed works reporting the incidence of cytokine expression and regulation may yield effective therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis and approach of cytokines for the treatment of RA in North Indian hospitals was identified using MEDLINE and CINAHL records.Results: Data of the 934 research papers recognized in the search, 30 articles were included in this review, these studies suggest that cytokines act by binding to specific membrane receptors, which then signal the cell via second messengers, often tyrosine kinases, to alter its behavior (gene expression).Subsequently, other proinflammatory cytokines were also suppressed if TNF alpha was neutralized, paving way for the novel idea that the proinflammatory cytokines were linked in a network with TNF alpha at its apex. It shows that TNF alpha was of major importance in rheumatoid arthritis and was a therapeutic target. Numerous clinical trials using a chimeric anti-TNF alpha antibody have revealed marked clinical advantage, verifying the hypothesis that TNF alpha is of major importance in rheumatoid arthritis. Retreatment studies have also shown benefit in repeated relapses, indicating that the disease remains TNF alpha dependent.Conclusion: Overall, these studies demonstrate that analysis of cytokine expression and regulation may yield effective therapeutic targets in Rheumatoid arthritis.

The aim of present study was to evaluate in vivo brine shrimp lethality assay of the various fractions of Careya arborea leaves and Cleome viscosa aerial parts. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in terms of LC50 (lethality concentration). 10-15 larvae of brine shrimp were placed into three replicates of each concentration of various fractions of the selected plants and lethality was evaluated after 24 hrs. Results showed that none of fractions of C. arborea were found to be toxic upto a dose level of 1071 mu g/ml. However, hexane and chloroform fraction of C. viscosa exhibited significant toxicity against brine shrimp larvae with LC50 values 155.54 mu g/ml and 222.25 mu g/ml respectively, while aqueous fraction exhibited weak cytotoxicity with LC50 values 516.36 mu g/ml and ethyl acetate fraction was found to be non toxic with LC50 1018.07 mu g/ml. In the assay the positive control showed LC50 values less than 100 mu g/ml. Thus, the results support the medicinal uses of these plants in traditional system.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents flow upward into the oesophagus. The molecules having flavonoid like structure reported to have radical scavenging activity and the antioxidant activity are useful in the treatment of GERD. Kaempferol is one such flavonoid found in plants including soybean. In the current study, we investigated the effect of standardized extract of Glycine max (soybean) seeds on gastroesophageal reflux disease in rats. The standardized extract (50-200 mg/kg) was administered orally twice daily for 5 days and omeprazole 1 h prior to the induction of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The levels of gastric wall mucus increased and of plasma histamine and H-K-ATPase significantly decreased in groups treated by standardized extract. The standardized extract reduced lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase and increased the levels of catalase and reduced glutathione. The results suggest that the Glycine max seeds are effective against gastroesophageal reflux disease and it protects esophageal in rats.

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Berberis asiatica root extract (BAE) against streptozotocin induced elevated blood glucose level and other liver and kidney functions changes in adult male Wistar rats.Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of six rats in each (Groups I-V). Group I and Group II served as normal control and disease control, respectively. Group III received standard anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide (5mg/kg), while Group IV and Group V received the low dose (250mg/kg) and high dose (500mg/kg) of BAE. Serum blood glucose, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, BUN, serum creatinine, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C were estimated using standard methods. After collection of samples for biochemical evaluation, the pancreas from each animal was isolated and examined for histological changes.Results: BAE and glibenclamide treated disease rats showed significant (p <0.05) decrease in blood glucose concentration. Treatment with BAE at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg in Group IV and V and standard drug glibenclamide in Group III showed significant (p <0.05) reduction in the level of liver function substances such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin as compared to disease group, as well as showed significant (p <0.05) decrease in renal panel. Liver function parameters were significantly (p <0.05) improved in groups treated with BAE. Histopathological analysis revealed the protective effect of BAE against streptozotocin induced damage to islets of Langerhans.Conclusions: This study showed the destruction of islets of Langerhans and elevation in blood glucose level as well as alteration in other biochemical parameters were ameliorated by the effect of Berberis asiatica extract.

Background: Euphorbia hirta possesses antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, galactogenic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiasthmatic, antiamebic, antifungal, and antimalarial activities. Objective: The overall objective of the current study was the investigation of the whole plant extract of E. hirta and flavonoids from E. hirta on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in rats. Materials and Methods: The whole plant extract of E. hirta was characterized by analysis of flavonoids (HPLC: HPLC, UV, IR, MS and (HNMR)-H-1). GERD model was induced surgically in Wistar rats under pentobarbitone sodium anesthesia (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and the tissue esophagus and stomach were removed. The tissues were washed with physiological saline and were examined for GERD. The whole plant extract of E. hirta in doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg were administered orally twice daily at 10: 00 and 16: 00 hours, respectively, for 5 days and kaempferol (100 mg/kg) or omeprazole (OMZ) in the dose of 30 mg/kg 1 hour prior to the induction of GERD. Control groups received suspension of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose in distilled water (10 mL/kg). Results: The levels of gastric wall mucus increased and of plasma histamine and H+, K+ ATPase significantly decreased in groups treated by both the plant extract and flavonoids. Both the plant extract and flavonoids reduced the lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase and increased the levels of catalase and reduced glutathione. Conclusions: The whole plant extract of E. hirta is attributed to its antisecretory, gastroprotective, and antioxidant potential as that of quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, and proton pump blocker (omeprazole) to treat GERD.

•Healing of stomach incisions is similar to healing of other wounds.•Postoperatively, stomach will never completely regain its original strength.•1-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-2naphthalene-carboxaldehyde (HDNC), from Aegle marmelos is used for healing the wound of stomach.•The amplification of mechanical strength and collagen content in wounds has been the outcome of HDNC treatment.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Terminalia bellerica Roxb. fruits are rich in a variety of biologically active ingredients. Tharu and Buksa tribes of Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India use grilled fruits of Terminalia bellerica as an effective cure for diarrheaAim of the study: We validated the ethnobotanical claim by comparing the antidiarrheal effect of grilled fruits (GF) with dried fruits (DF).Materials and methods: The 50% ethanolic extracts of GF and DF were successively fractionated; the antioxidant and bacterial inhibition activity were studied using DPPH free radical scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidation and broth dilution method respectively. Difference in metabolites of ethyl acetate fractions of GF and DF was analyzed using GC-MS, gallic acid content was determined through HPTLC. Further the in-vivo antidiarrheal effect of ethyl acetate fractions of DF and GF was studied on castor oil induced diarrhea model.Results: The ethyl acetate fractions showed potential DPPH free radical scavenging (IC50 11.13 mu g/ml in DF and 8.56 mu g/ml in GF), anti-lipid peroxidation and antibacterial activity. The non-targeted metabolic profiling showed higher content of tartaric acid, valeric acid, gallic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, 1,2,3 trisbenzene, uridine and 11-eicosenoic acid in GF. The HPTLC results indicated that gallic acid content was 2.8 (+/- 0.14) and 4.92 (+/- 0.28) mg/g while ellagic acid content was 4.7 (+/- 0.32) and 4.45 (+/- 0.45) mg/g thy powder in DF and GF respectively. According to in vivo antidiarrheal activity DF and GF (100 mg/kg oral) inhibited diarrhea by 41.87% and 71.72% respectively.Conclusion: Grilling significantly altered the levels of metabolites in T. bellerica fruits which could be responsible for its increased therapeutic potential.

Endometrial carcinomas (ECs) are the most common gynecologic malignancies, exceeding the incidence of ovarian and cervical cancers in elderly women (post-menopausal) in Western countries. Evidence suggests that it is a luteinizing hormone (LH) dependent disease. ECs overexpress LH/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) receptors as compared with pre and post-menopausal endometria. Activation of the LH/hCG receptors in primary and immortalized EC cells results in an increased cell proliferation and invasion, which are mediated by cyclic AMP(cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, require the presence of LH/hCG receptors, activation of β1 integrin receptors and an increase in the secretion of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in its active form. In addition to the endometrium, LH actions in the ovaries and adrenal glands results in an increased secretion of androgens, which are aromatized into estrogens in the adipose and EC tissues. LH also has direct effects in the pancreas, which results in an increase in insulin secretion, which in turn can also stimulate ovarian stromal cell proliferation, luteinization, androgens secretion and aromatization in adipose and EC tissues. LH is further elevated in post-menopausal women who develop EC as compared with post-menopausal women who do not develop the disease. These findings support complex network of LH actions that promote EC development in elderly women.

Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of ethyl acetate fraction of Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill roots against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Paracetamol-treated groups (II, III, IV and V) were administered orally single daily dose of fraction (150 and 300 mg/kg) for 14 days. The serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (SALP), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ -GT), and bilirubin were analyzed together with glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), hepatic malondialdehyde formation and glutathione content. Results and Discussion: The significantly high activity of serum enzymes, SGOT, SGPT, SALP, γ-GT, and bilirubin due to paracetamol, were regained to normal in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile the reduced activities of GST and GR were also regained to normal. Additionally, ethyl acetate fraction also extremely interrupted the increase of hepatic malondialdehyde formation and decrease of reduced glutathione content in the liver of paracetamol-intoxicated rats in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin also showed well hepatoprotective activity on post-treatment against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The biochemical observations play as supplementary component with histopathological assessment of rat liver sections. It is concluded that ethyl acetate fraction has an effective hepatoprotective action against paracetamol-induced hepatic injure in rats.