The Icing Wind Tunnel (IWT) of the Italian Aerospace Research Center (CIRA) is one of the largest refrigerated wind tunnels in service worldwide, capable of reproducing realistic altitude, temperature, pressure and icing conditions in a controlled environment for compliance with aviation regulations. It has been extensively used in national and international research and industrial programs, supporting aircraft and rotorcraft icing certification, aerodynamics research, and system testing. The IWT is designed to simulate atmospheric icing effects up to an altitude of 7000 m, with static temperatures down to about –40 °C and static pressures between 0.39 and 1.45 bar; different multiple interchangeable test sections and an open-jet configuration are available, in order to accommodate a wide range of test models and conditions. The facility can also support aerodynamic investigations in low and high subsonic regimes by varying flow temperature, pressure, and Reynolds number. Within the EU-funded AMBER project (European Commission, 2022), coordinated by Avio Aero, the facility is currently being upgraded to support the integration and performance assessment of full-scale TMS components under realistic flow conditions relevant to hybrid aircraft applications. In this framework, the main emphasis has been placed on exploiting the large test-section dimensions and the capability to combine altitude and temperature simulation with a wide operating mass-flow-rate range, from 1.5 to 55 kg/s. These features allow testing full-scale TMS configurations with power levels up to the order of 500 kW, under conditions representative of real flight in terms of freestream temperature and mass flow rate.
The Cryogenic Ludwieg-Tube Göttingen (KRG) of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR) is a Ludwieg-tube type of wind tunnel designed for high Reynolds number research in transonic flow. Temperatures down to 120 K and stagnation pressures up to 1 MPa are realised to achieve Reynolds numbers of up to Re = 60 x 106 (2-D) based on a model chord of 150 mm while providing an exceptionally low turbulence level due to its design. The Cryogenic Ludwieg-Tube Göttingen (KRG), in conjunction with the European Transonic Windtunnel (ETW), constitutes the exclusive aerodynamic infrastructure in Europe capable of achieving transonic flow at Reynolds numbers representative of full-scale flight conditions for modern transport aircraft. The KRG serves as a cornerstone of contemporary and future aeronautical research into high-Reynolds-number transport aircraft aerodynamics. It provides an economically efficient platform for the maturation of measurement techniques tailored to the rigorous demands of cryogenic test environments. Major research topics focus on drag reduction by laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition control and cavity flows for future aircrafts. The present paper provides an overview over the Ludwieg-Tube concept and describes the design and operation of the facility as well as the main components with special emphasis on the 2-D adaptive wall test section and the adaptation method. Furthermore, an overview on typical measurement techniques and selected research topics is provided.
A new pre-exascale computer cluster has been designed to foster scientific progress and competitive innovation across European research systems, it is called LEONARDO. This paper describes thegeneral architecture of the system and focuses on the technologies adopted for its GPU-accelerated partition. High density processing elements, fast data movement capabilities and mature software stack collections allow the machine to run intensive workloads in a flexible and scalable way. Scientific applications from traditional High Performance Computing (HPC) as well as emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI) domains can benefit from this large apparatus in terms of time and energy to solution.
Noctua 2 is a supercomputer operated at the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing (PC2) at Paderborn University in Germany. Noctua 2 was inaugurated in 2022 and is an Atos BullSequana XH2000 system. It consists mainly of three node types: 1) CPU Compute nodes with AMD EPYC processors in different main memory configurations, 2) GPU nodes with NVIDIA A100 GPUs, and 3) FPGA nodes with Xilinx Alveo U280 and Intel Stratix 10 FPGA cards. While CPUs and GPUs are known off-the-shelf components in HPC systems, the operation of a large number of FPGA cards from different vendors and a dedicated FPGA-to-FPGA network are unique characteristics of Noctua 2. This paper describes in detail the overall setup of Noctua 2 and gives insights into the operation of the cluster from a hardware, software and facility perspective.
The Marine Stations Helgoland and Sylt are permanent coastal stations in the German Bight operated as one joint research infrastructure by the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Using both stations, the south-west region of the North Sea and its ecosystem features are tightly monitored via ecological time series, which are recorded and made available to government offices, professional associations, and research institutes world-wide. The stations are a hub for national and transnational access for guest researchers and visiting scientists in the German Bight. For over fifty years, the stations have served as centres of student education by providing facilities for university courses. The stations operate the coastal research vessels Mya II, Uthörn and Aade. The Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (BAH) is home to the AWI Centre for Scientific Diving, which conducts, promotes, and supports diver-related underwater science within the framework of all AWI research themes. The BAH is also home to the school laboratory OPENSEA, which offers high school students a scientific environment to explore marine science. The Wadden Sea Station on the island of Sylt offers 24 seawater mesocosms for ecological studies of future climate scenarios. Public outreach centres are associated with both locations (BLUEHOUSE and Erlebniszentrum Naturgewalten).
PEAXIS (Photo Electron Analysis and resonant X-ray Inelastic Spectroscopy) is a dedicated endstation installed at the beamline U41-PEAXIS that offers high resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy measurements with incident photon energies ranging from 180 – 1600 eV. The endstation combines two X-ray spectroscopic techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS), which are important for probing the electronic structure and local and collective excitations of solid-state materials. It features a continuous variation of scattering angle under UHV conditions for wave vector-resolved studies and a modular sample environment that allows investigation in the temperature range between 10 K and 1000 K.
JUSUF is a petaflop supercomputer operated by Jülich Supercomputing Centre at Forschungszentrum Jülich as a European supercomputing and cloud resource. JUSUF was funded via the ICEI project and especially serves the Human Brain Project and PRACE via ICEI and the Fenix Research Infrastructure. The system consists of two parts, an HPC cluster partition and an Infrastructure-as-a-Service cloud partition. The system entered production phase in spring 2020. It is based on the Bull X400 product family with AMD Rome processors, partially accelerated by Nvidia V100 GPUs, and Nvidia Mellanox HDR InfiniBand.
JUWELS is a multi-petaflop modular supercomputer operated by Juelich Supercomputing Centre at Forschungszentrum Juelich as a European and national supercomputing resource for the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing. In addition, JUWELS serves the Earth system modeling community and the AI community within the Helmholtz Association as well. JUWELS currently consists of two modules. The first module deployed in 2018 is the so-called Cluster module. The Cluster is a BullSequana X1000 system with Intel Xeon Skylake-SP processors and Mellanox EDR InfiniBand. The second module deployed in 2020 is the so-called Booster module. The Booster is a BullSequana XH2000 system with 2nd generation AMD EPYC processors, NVIDIA Ampere GPUs and NVIDIA/Mellanox HDR Infiniband. This paper describes in detail the architecture of the system from a users perspective, and additionally provides further insights into the administrative infrastructure used to operate the supercomputer.
JuSPARC, the Jülich Short-Pulsed Particle and Radiation Center, is a laser-driven facility to enable research with short-pulsed photon and particle beams to be performed at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. The conceptual design of JuSPARC is determined by a set of state-of-the-art time-resolved instruments, which are designed to address the electronic, spin, and structural states of matter and their dynamic behaviour. From these instruments and experiments JuSPARC derives the need of operating several dedicated high pulse-power laser systems at highest possible repetition rates. They serve as core units for optimized photon up-conversion techniques generating the light pulses for the respective experiments. The applications also include experiments with spin polarized particle beams, which require the use of laser-based polarized gas targets. Thus, in its rst stage JuSPARC comprises four driving laser systems, called JuSPARC_VEGA, JuSPARC_DENEB, JuSPARC_SIRIUS and JuSPARC_MIRA, which are outlined in this article.
The Cryo-EXAFS experimental station at beamline KMC-3 is a dedicated experiment to investigate the short-range environment around selected atomic species and redox behavior in condensed matter by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy with cryogenic or in-beam, operando electrochemistry sample conditions
The HDF Cloud is an OpenStack based infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environment operated by Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) at Forschungszentrum Jülich. It has been installed predominantly to support challenging data use cases within the Helmholtz Association’s strategic initiative Helmholtz Data Federation (HDF). To this end, it has been connected to one of the central storage resources of JSC, the DATA file system that is also available on the high-performance computing systems.
JUST is a versatile storage infrastructure operated by the Jülich Supercomputing Centre at Forschungszentrum Jülich. The system provides high-performance and high-capacity storage resources for the supercomputer facility. Recently, additional storage and management services, addressing demands beyond the high-performance computing area, have been added. In support of its mission, JUST consists of multiple storage tiers with different performance and functional characteristics to cover the entire data lifecycle.
JUWELS is a multi-petaflop modular supercomputer operated by Jülich Supercomputing Centre at Forschungszentrum Jülich as a European and national supercomputing resource for the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing. In addition, JUWELS serves the Earth system modeling community within the Helmholtz Association. The first module deployed in 2018, is a Cluster module based on the BullSequana X1000 architecture with Intel Xeon Skylake-SP processors and Mellanox EDR InfiniBand. An extension by a second Booster module is scheduled for deployment in 2020.
Article addresses overall performance, technical features and sample preparation facilities of movable endstation PHOENEXS at BESSY II which is used for spin- and angle-resolved photoemission.
The flat-cone diffractometer E2 at the research reactor BER II is a thermal neutron single-crystal diffractometer for 3D reciprocal space mapping by using four delay-line area detectors (300 × 300 mm2). Alternatively it is suitable for powder measurements with medium resolution and broad 2-theta scattering range.
A brief description of the main equipment at the Low Dose PhotoElectron Spectroscopy end-station is given, and a few possible applications highlighted.
Article describes instrumental features of the 12-ARPES endstation and beamline at BESSY-II which are relevant for planning and preparation of experiments.
The UE46 PGM-1 undulator beamline at the BESSY II storage ring provides soft x-rays of tunable polarization, linear and circular. With two permanent endstations, a versatile XUV diffractometer and a 7-Tesla High-Field diffractometer, the setup is dedicated to both, resonant spectroscopy and scattering/diffraction.
The High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel Göttingen (HEG) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is one of the major European hypersonic test facilities. It was commissioned for use in 1991 and was utilized since then extensively in a large number of national and international space and hypersonic flight projects. Originally, the facility was designed for the investigation of the influence of high temperature effects such as chemical and thermal relaxation on the aerothermodynamics of entry or re-entry space vehicles. Over the last years its range of operating conditions was subsequently extended. In this framework the main emphasis was to generate test conditions which allow investigating the flow past hypersonic flight configuration from low altitude Mach 6 up to Mach 10 in approximately 33 km altitude. The studies performed in HEG focused on the external as well as internal aerodynamics including combustion of hydrogen in supersonic combustion and the investigation of transition from laminar to turbulent hypersonic flow.
JURECA is a Pre-Exascale Modular Supercomputer operated by Jülich Supercomputing Centre at Forschungszentrum Jülich. The system combines a flexible Data Centric (DC) module, based on the Atos BullSequana XH2000 with a selection of best-of-its-kind components, and a scalability-focused Booster module, delivered by Intel and Dell Technologies based on the Xeon Phi many-core processor. With its novel architecture, it supports a wide variety of high-performance computing and data analytics workloads.
