This study aimed to assess the influence of mycorrhiza and variety on the growth and yield of chili pepper plants, along with the interaction between these two factors. The research employed a 3 × 4 Factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK), leading to 12 treatment combinations. Each combination was conducted three times, resulting in a total of 36 experimental units. The initial factor was the mycorrhiza amount, which included control, 10, 20, and 30 g for each plant. The second factor was chili variety, which included Panca, Rajo, and Ramos. The monitored parameters included increases in plant height, stem diameter, leaf count, flower count, fruit count per plant, fruit weight per plant, fresh stem weight, fresh root weight, root length, and percentage of roots infected with mycorrhiza. Inoculation with mycorrhiza significantly influenced plant height at 45 days after transplanting (DAT), but did not have a meaningful effect on plant height at 15 and 30 DAT, stem diameter at 15 and 30 DAT, number of leaves, number of flowers, number of fruits per plant, fresh stem weight, fresh root weight, and root length. The effect of varieties on the parameters observed showed no significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of flowers, number of fruits per plant, fresh weight of the stem, fresh weight of the roots, and root length. Keywords: root length, mycorrhiza, varieties
The essential oil industry produces large amounts of underutilized solid waste containing lignocellulosic compounds that can potentially support the growth of edible mushrooms. This research was conducted to evaluate the potential utilization of solid waste from citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.) as alternative substrates for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) cultivation. The experimental design employed a completely randomized factorial design incorporating two treatment factors: oyster mushroom varieties (white and brown strains) and eight substrate composition variations, with one control treatment serving as a baseline comparison. Substrate formulations were developed using various combinations of citronella and patchouli waste mixed with conventional materials. The results demonstrated that aromatic waste-based substrates with balanced formulations, specifically M1, M2, and M5, produced significantly higher fresh weights and fruiting body counts, closely approaching the performance of the control treatment (M0B1), which recorded the highest biological efficiency of 42.37% within a cultivation period of approximately 56 days. Conversely, single dominant waste substrates, such as M3 and M6, yielded smaller fruiting bodies and lower total biomass production. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between fruiting body quantity and fresh weight, supporting the use of morphological traits as reliable indicators of cultivation productivity. These findings highlight the significant potential of essential oil industry waste as a sustainable and economically viable alternative cultivation medium for oyster mushroom production, provided that substrates are formulated with appropriate proportional compositions and are properly adapted to their specific chemical characteristics and nutritional properties. Keywords: biological efficiency, citronella, growth media, patchouli, Pleurotus spp.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nutrient concentration, bucket size, and pruning on the growth and yield of melon plants (Cucumis melo L.). The experiment was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial design consisting of three factors: nutrient concentration (1500 and 2000 ppm), bucket size (large and small), and pruning (pruned and unpruned). The research stages included greenhouse sterilization, installation of a modified Dutch bucket system with four nutrient outlet holes, seedling, planting, maintenance, and harvesting. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s post hoc test at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the modified Dutch bucket system functioned effectively, with efficient nutrient circulation. The environmental conditions in the greenhouse ranged from 31.3°C to 39.7°C, relative humidity from 30% to 59.3%, and light intensity from 2445.7 to 23651.7 lux. Nutrient concentration significantly affected plant height, leaf width, root fresh weight, fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit sweetness, whereas bucket size significantly influenced fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit sweetness. Pruning significantly affected only the plant height. The best treatment was 1500 ppm nutrient concentration using a large bucket without pruning, producing the highest values for leaf width (27.2 cm), root fresh weight (112.44 g), fruit weight (1517 g), fruit diameter (47 cm), and fruit sweetness (10.67 °Brix). These findings indicate that optimal nutrient concentration and bucket size are key factors for improving melon productivity under hydroponic conditions. Keywords: Cucumis melo L, Dutch bucket, greenhouse, hydroponics, nutrients
Oil palms have significant growth potential owing to their favorable prospects in domestic and international markets, serving as a primary source of income for local communities. As oil palm farming serves as the main source of income for local communities, its sustainability must be ensured. However, there are challenges, notably the declining production of oil palm crops as plantations reach a certain age. To address this, the government launched the People’s Oil Palm Replanting Program (PSR), aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of managing oil palm farming activities. However, the high costs associated with replanting often impose financial burdens on farmers. This study proposes an income set-aside system for smallholder farmers during the productive life of their plantations to alleviate the financial burden of replanting the palms. This article discusses the calculation of farmers’ remaining household income and the amount of savings they need to accumulate funds for oil palm replanting activities. The data were quantitatively processed, including calculations of household income, expenditures, and remaining household income, and the value of savings for oil palm replanting preparation using the Sinking Fund Factor method. The study results revealed that most oil palm farmers (72%) have a sufficient amount of remaining household income that can be set aside as savings to prepare funds for oil palm replanting. Farmers need to allocate only 6.07% of their total household income, equivalent to IDR 678,165 per plantation area per month, to save for replanting oil palms. Keywords: farmers’ savings, oil palm farming, replanting fund
This study evaluates the impact of social inequality, measured by gini index and poverty rate, on food security across Indonesian provinces during the 2019–2023 period, incorporating the mean years of schooling as a moderating variable. Utilizing panel data from 34 provinces and a fixed effects model, the findings reveal that poverty has a significant negative effect on food security, while the gini index representing income inequality shows no effect. However, when moderated by education, the gini index becomes significant, highlighting the role of education in amplifying the effects of social inequality. Provinces with higher education levels display greater sensitivity to poverty and inequality because of increased expectations for food quality and living standards. Education functions as a direct determinant and as a social mechanism that enhances nutritional literacy, awareness of equitable food distribution, and community adaptive capacity during food crises. These results underscore the need for effective food security policies that integrate human capital development strategies, particularly in education. Practical implications include the promotion of agricultural education, food literacy training, and community empowerment programs in vulnerable regions. This study recommends a multidimensional approach to food security policies that extends beyond production and distribution to emphasize social equity, poverty reduction, and educational strengthening. Keywords: food security, gini index, mean years of schooling, poverty rate, social inequality
Paper sludge is waste that has the potential to be used as a soil ameliorant to improve soils with low fertility levels, such as Ultisols. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of applying composted paper sludge and NPK fertilizer on selected chemical properties of Ultisols, including pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium, as well as on the yield of purple eggplant. The study used seven treatments consisting of sludge doses of 10, 20, and 30 tons/ha in combination with NPK fertilizer doses of 150 and 300 kg/ha. The results showed that the application of composted paper sludge and NPK fertilizer improved the chemical properties of Ultisols, with total-N (0.47%), total-P (0.16%), and total-K (0.03%) increasing, as well as producing the best results in terms of number of fruits (6), fruit length (31.00 cm), and fruit weight (268.20 g). The best combination for improving soil chemical properties was obtained from the treatment of 30 tons/ha of composted paper sludge with 300 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer, while the best combination for increasing purple eggplant yields was obtained from the treatment of 30 tons/ha of composted paper sludge with 150 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer. The application of composted paper sludge as a soil ameliorant promoted fertility in Ultisols. In addition, the more composted paper sludge applied, the more positive the effect on soil fertility and purple eggplant yield was. Keywords: fertilizer, paper sludge, purple eggplant, ultisols, waste
The increasing demand for environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides has driven the exploration of rhizosphere bacteria as biocontrol agents. The rhizosphere is recognized as a hotspot for functionally diverse bacteria with biocontrol potential owing to intense plant-microbe interactions and selective ecological pressures. This study successfully isolated and characterized thermotolerant bacteria from acidic long bean and soybean soils to control the armyworm pest Spodoptera litura. Sixteen bacterial isolates were obtained through serial dilution and temperature selection (28°C to 90°C), two of which, KP284 and K504a, demonstrated potent entomopathogenic activity. These isolates induce rapid larval mortality (wet-lysis type) within 2–5 days after ingestion, which is a distinct and effective mode of action. Biochemical profiling revealed that both isolates were gram-negative, obligate aerobes, catalase- and oxidase-positive, with strong acid production during carbohydrate fermentation, and capable of growing under acidic to neutral pH conditions. Importantly, both isolates were non-pathogenic to plants and animals, ensuring their safety. Furthermore, the bacteria maintained viability in low-cost organic carrier media (molasses and rice washing water), supporting the formulation of a practical biopesticide. These findings highlight KP284 and K504a as promising candidates for sustainable pest management in tropical agriculture, representing a novel contribution to rhizobacterial biocontrol research. Keywords: biochemical test, biopesticides, KP284, organic carrier formulation, thermotolerant rhizobacteria
Improving farmers' entrepreneurial orientation and strengthening informal social networks are crucial for increasing the adoption rate of certification schemes in the future. Simultaneously, targeted interventions for older and higher-income farmers are necessary to address the specific barriers to adoption. Furthermore, certification programs must be carefully evaluated to ensure maximum economic and environmental benefits. This study aims to examine the determinants of sustainable certification adoption in Gayo coffee farming and its economic value. A sample of 305 Gayo coffee farmers was analyzed using logistic regression and an economic value assessment. The findings indicate that age and participation in cooperatives negatively affect certification adoption, whereas income, number of employees, land size, total production, and engagement with informal communities have positive and significant effects. From an economic perspective, certified farmers perform better in terms of production, income, and profit and demonstrate a higher willingness to invest in inputs and labor, suggesting that certification contributes to improved farm efficiency despite higher production costs. However, the presence of high-performing non-certified farmers indicates that certification is not the only pathway to success in this field. This study provides new empirical evidence on how sustainable certification influences the economic performance of coffee farmers, highlighting its important role in promoting inclusive and sustainable rural development in Colombia. Moreover, these results imply that public policy should design targeted support mechanisms, such as training subsidies, extension services, and financial incentives. Keywords: Economic value, gayo coffee, green entrepreneurial, sustainable certification
Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are widely consumed, but their productivity remains inconsistent due to various factors, including the long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers, which negatively impact soil and water quality. Therefore, sustainable cultivation strategies, including the application of liquid organic fertilizers (LOF) and plastic mulch, are needed. This study aimed to evaluate the interactive effects of different LOF concentrations (10–20 mL/-1) and black silver plastic mulch on the growth and yield of shallot plants. The research was conducted from November to January 2024 in the dryland of Dusun Kasin, Ampeldento Village, Karangploso Subdistrict, Malang Regency. This study employed a factorial randomized block design RBD method. In terms of growth parameters, mulch treatment (M1) at the LOF P20 concentration can increase 33.33% of root fresh weight, 12% of plant dry weight, 6.73% of leaf area and 6.86% of plant height compared to that without mulch. The results showed that mulch treatment at the LOF P20 concentration increased tuber fresh weight, 30.85% of tuber dry weight per clump, 14.16% of tuber shrinkage weight, and harvest yield by 24.13, 30.85, 14.16, and 19.44%, respectively. LOF P20 provided significantly higher yields than P0 in all treatments. Keywords: Black silver plastic mulch, liquid organic fertilizer, shallots
The traditional wedding rituals of the Dayak Kanayatn use plants to reflect their spiritual bond with nature and contribute to biodiversity conservation through local knowledge. This study aimed to explore the variety of plant species utilized in traditional wedding rituals and interpret their cultural significance in supporting biodiversity conservation through culturally embedded practices in Dayak Kanayatn ceremonies in Ambawang Village, Kubu District, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The study took place from March to July 2023 across four hamlets—Tanah Kuning, Parit Sembilan, Kuala Ambawang, and Medan Sri. This ethnobotanical study employed methodological triangulation, incorporating interviews, observations and documentation. Informants were selected using the snowball sampling technique, beginning with key informants and continuing until data saturation was reached, indicated by the absence of new or relevant information. Traditional weddings begin with a series of rituals, including makan pulut tunang, makan pulut rakeh, ngelulus adat, pembagian pirikng panganten, and pituah. Thirteen plant species are used in three of the five wedding rituals. These plants are used symbolically, either as offerings to ancestral spirits or as ritual elements intended to summon them. The ritual use of these plants affirms their sacred role, stressing the need to conserve them as ecological and cultural assets in the future. Keywords: cultural-ecological aspect, Dayak Kanayatn, ethnobotany, plants utilization, traditional wedding
Red-fleshed dragon fruit is recognized as a superfruit because of its betacyanin content, a natural pigment with antioxidant properties. However, the fruit is highly perishable after harvest, requiring effective postharvest handling, such as Hot Water Treatment (HWT). This study aimed to determine the optimum combination of temperature, immersion time, and maturity index using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken Design. The optimized quality parameters included lightness value (L*), total soluble solids (TSS), betacyanin content, and vitamin C content. The optimum conditions were found to be 50°C for 15 min at maturity index IV, achieving a desirability of 0.885. The predicted model values were 28.40 (L*), 13.5 °Brix (TSS), 56.44 mg/L (betacyanin), and 3.53 mg/100 g (vitamin C). Validation of the optimal treatment revealed that only the quality attributes of total soluble solids (13.1 °Brix) and vitamin C (3.36 mg/100 g) were in close agreement with the predicted model values. In contrast, the model demonstrated lower predictive accuracy for lightness (L*) and betacyanin content. Keywords: Box-Behnken Design, dragon fruit, hot water treatment, response surface methodology
The presence and diversity of these insects are influenced by insect activity. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and dominance of insect species in the generative phase of maize fields in Caturharjo Village, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The research was conducted from March to August 2025, on a 1000 m2 maize field. The maize field was then divided into three plots, each measuring 10 × 15 m. One light trap was set at the center of each plot. Insects were collected every three days. Insect species diversity was calculated using the Shannon–Wiener Index, and species dominance was calculated using the Simpson Index. Data on the abundance of individuals and abiotic factors were then analyzed using a correlation test. The results obtained 60 species of insects in the maize generative phase in Caturharjo Village. The highest number of insect individuals found was Paederus fuscipes (1272 individuals), which had the highest role of insects as predators (31.67%). The index value of species diversity obtained in this study fell into the medium category (H' = 1.1484), and there were no dominant species of insects at the research site (D = 0.1093). The conclusion of this study is that there are 60 species of insects at the study site, with a moderate level of diversity and no dominant species in the study site. Keywords: Anoplolepis gracillipes, insect, maize, Paederus fuscipes, predator
Floating agriculture, which utilizes local vegetation as a growing medium, is an adaptive innovation that enables year-round crop cultivation in the waterlogged conditions of lowland swamp ecosystems. However, the long-term capacity of these organic media to supply phosphorus (P), a critical nutrient, remains inadequately quantified. This study evaluated the phosphorus-supplying capacity of growing media of different ages (1 and 4 years) derived from identical vegetation sources. Media samples were collected from a 0–20 cm depth in two distinct cultivation systems: one year old media used for mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.) and four year old media used for eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Analysis of chemical parameters (pH, available P, total P, and organic C) revealed that although the one year old media exhibited a higher pH (4.73–6.84) than the four year old media (4.34–6.05), available phosphorus showed no significant difference between them (1-year: 5.62–28.90 mg kg⁻¹; 4-year: 6.00–24.46 mg kg⁻¹). This indicates that the availability of phosphorus in these organic substrates is less strongly governed by pH than in mineral soils, which is in contrast to established mechanisms. Furthermore, the four year old media contained significantly higher levels of total P (158–1451 mg kg⁻¹) and organic C (29.7-–5.6 g kg⁻¹) than the one year old media (total P: 137–703 mg kg⁻¹; organic C: 4.7–29.7 g kg⁻¹). These findings demonstrate that local vegetation-based growing media in floating agriculture systems possess a sustainable capacity for phosphorus supply, supporting the long-term viability of this cultivation approach in lowland swamp environments. Keywords: floating farming system, lowland swamp, microbial decomposition, phosphatase, planting media age
Biosurfactants-producing bacteria are bacteria with the ability to produce natural surfactants that can degrade oil both in soil and water. Most of these biosurfactant-producing bacteria are often found in area polluted by grease or oil like palm oil mill effluent. The purpose of this research was to isolate, characterize, and identify biosurfactant-producing bacteria from palm oil mill effluent. This research was conducted using descriptive and identification methods through a general screening using oil displacement, drop collapse, and hemolysis assay, morphological characterization, emulsification tests and molecular identification for the bacteria with the highest emulsification index. Bacteria were isolated from palm oil wastewater by dilution method. In this study, 17 isolates were obtained with 2 isolates having the highest oil spreading results (SLP2.2 and SLP1.5). Both isolates showed negative hemolysis activity and were both identified as Gram-positive bacilli. Both isolates were cultivated for biosurfactant production and subsequent extraction. Crude biosurfactant extract was successfully obtained from isolate SLP2.2 with a yield of approximately 0.08 g/L. Emulsification index value of SLP2.2 extract was 36.93 ± 0.57%. SLP2.2 was identified as Cytobacillus kochii. This research provides microbial resources for microbial enhanced oil recovery and lays a foundation for practical application, such as sustainable bio-based products development.
Land degradation has created an urgent need for innovative restoration strategies based on microbial applications. The microbiological approach using cellulase enzymes produced by cellulolytic bacteria is a prospective step to address problems related to land restoration and biodegradation of complex organic matter in the environment. This study aimed to isolate and characterize cellulolytic bacteria from post-mining soil collected at the Martabe gold mine site in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Isolation and selection of cellulolytic bacteria was performed on 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) medium, resulting of two non-pathogenic Gram-positive isolates, TSUS3.4.1 and TSUS3.4.2, with cellulolytic index of 2.51 and 2.26, respectively. Hemolysis tests on blood agar confirmed the semi- and non-pathogenic activity of both isolates. The growth curve and enzyme-specific activity was tested and measured in minimal nutrition broth with addition of 1% CMC with the highest activity values of 0.37 U/mg for TSUS3.4.1 and 0.17 U/mg for TSUS3.4.2 at the 27th hour after incubation. TSUS3.4.1 isolate has optimum cellulase activity at pH 6 and 30°C. TSUS3.4.2 isolate has optimum cellulase activity at pH 7 and temperature 30°C. These findings highlight the isolates potential positioning them as promising candidates for biotechnological applications in post-mining land rehabilitation and organic waste degradation. Keywords: biodegradation, cellulolytic bacteria, cellulose, organic matters, post-mining
Egg sugarcane plants, also known as terubuk or wax vegetables, are a type of flowering vegetable. In Sanggau Regency, egg sugarcane is only processed as a vegetable. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate processed healthy and nutrient-rich snack options with relatively easy processing, one of which is sugarcane crispy eggs. To determine the nutritional content of processed crispy egg sugarcane snacks, a proxy analysis was conducted to determine the nutritional value of sugarcane crispy eggs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional value of crispy egg sugarcane. The method used in this study had 3 treatment variations, and the tests carried out were proximate analysis, including moisture content tests, ash, protein, fat, and total carbohydrate. The results of the crispy egg sugarcane test showed the highest moisture content in the A3 treatment of 34.885% ± 0.85, the highest ash in the A1 treatment of 4.45% ± 0.77, the highest fat in the A2 treatment of 42.06% ± 6.55, the highest protein in the A3 treatment of 6.46% ± 3.63, and the highest carbohydrate in the A3 treatment of 29.48% ± 14.79. Based on the data of the proximate analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that crispy egg sugarcane can be one of the healthy snack options because of the high nutritional value content of this product. Keywords: crispy egg sugarcane, proximate analysis
Paphiopedilum is a protected orchid (Orchidaceae) genus with the most endangered species due to its unique aesthetic qualities, totaling 15 species. The excessive exploitation of orchids has led to a decline in their natural populations. This has prompted comprehensive conservation efforts to preserve these species. However, it is quite challenging to identify orchids that have not yet bloomed because of the similar morphology of their vegetation among closely related species, necessitating alternative identification approaches that are both rapid and accurate, especially for endangered orchids. DNA barcoding is a rapid and accurate molecular method for species identification. In this study, the selected rare orchid was Paphiopedilum supardii Braem & Loeb. The research procedure included DNA sample isolation using a NEXprepTM Plant DNA Mini Kit, DNA amplification using rbcL and ITS primers, PCR product purification, and sequencing. Based on the research results, DNA samples were amplified using rbcL and ITS primers. The DNA band resulting from rbcL primer amplification was 600 bp in size, whereas the ITS amplification result was 900 bp. The PCR products were then purified directly using a Purification Kit (Jena Bioscience). The PCR and purification results were separated on a 1.25% agarose gel. Based on data analysis, BLAST results from NCBI and sequence alignment using MEGA11, Clustal X2, and GeneDoc showed that the rbcL sequence had a higher homology level than ITS. Therefore, the ITS sequence is more specific for use as a molecular marker in DNA barcoding research on P. supardii. Keywords: ITS, Molecular identification, P. supardii, rbcL
The increasing demand for organic rice has encouraged the adoption of environmentally friendly rice cultivation systems. This study aimed to analyze arthropod diversity in rice fields managed under organic SRI and non-organic systems in Lamedai Village, Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency, Indonesia. Arthropods were sampled using pitfall traps, yellow sticky traps, and sweep nets. The results showed that the organic SRI system supported higher arthropod abundance and diversity than the nonorganic system. A total of 1,065 arthropod individuals, representing 8 orders and 32 families, were recorded in organic SRI rice fields, whereas only 240 individuals were found in non-organic fields. These findings indicate that the organic SRI system enhances arthropod diversity and contributes to maintaining the balance of agroecosystems. Therefore, organic SRI rice cultivation has the potential to support sustainable agriculture through biodiversity conservation and improved ecosystem management in the Philippines. Keywords: Arthropod diversity in rice fields, system of rice intensification, biodiversity conservation in agriculture
This study investigates the effect of geometric and adhesive variables on the physical and mechanical properties of I-joist beams using Siam bamboo (Thyrsostachys siamensis) as the web and Acacia mangium as the flange. The research combines two experimental studies focusing on (1) the influence of web diameter (3 cm and 4 cm) and flange thickness (2, 2,5, and 3 cm), and (2) the effect of adhesive type (epoxy and polyurethane) and penetration depth (½, ¾, and full thickness of flange). All materials were conditioned to 12–14% moisture content before fabrication. Physical testing included moisture content and density, while mechanical testing consisted of flexural strength (MOE and MOR), tensile withdrawal strength, and failure mode analysis. Results showed that increasing web diameter and flange thickness contributed to higher density, MOE, and MOR values, with the best performance observed at 3 cm diameter and 3 cm flange thickness. Meanwhile, using epoxy adhesive with ¾ penetration depth significantly improved bonding strength and stiffness, achieving MOE values up to 22,361 kgf/cm² and MOR up to 132 kgf/cm². The most common failure modes were flange cracking and web detachment, particularly in beams with shallow penetration and larger diameters. This combined investigation confirms that optimizing geometric configuration and joint adhesion can significantly enhance the structural performance of bamboo-based I-joists, offering a viable solution for eco-friendly construction. Keywords: bamboo I-joist, web dimension, adhesive, mechanical performance, sustainable construction
The handling of demersal fish in the Seribu Islands faces major challenges related to quality degradation due to limited cold chain facilities and a lack of knowledge of sanitation among fishermen. This study aimed to analyze the sanitation conditions, handling practices, and fish storage procedures, as well as fish quality, transfer processes, and critical points of quality deterioration. Developing improvement strategies for the cold chain process in handling demersal fish. The organoleptic assessment results showed values in the range of 6.78–7.02, which showed that some fish did not meet the SNI standard (≥7.0). The main factors contributing to the decline in quality include limited ice, inadequate fish storage containers, poor sanitation, and prolonged distribution time. The identification of critical points showed that the aspects with the lowest scores were the temperature of the fish when it was unloaded from the ship (1.00), cleanliness of the fish storage area (1.14), and feasibility of the fish transport container (1.29). The SWOT analysis used to formulate a cold chain process improvement strategy resulted in an IFAS score of +1,14 and an EFAS of +0.69, which placed the strategy in Quadrant I (SO-Aggressive Strategy). The development strategy is directed towards optimizing internal strengths to take advantage of external opportunities. Recommendations include improving the efficiency and quality of the cold chain through government support, improving storage facilities, and enhancing the competence of fishermen in quality management and product diversification. Keywords: demersal fish handling, fish sanitation, critical point analysis, SWOT
