Objective: This research empirically demonstrates and provides evidence that the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies is positively related to patient engagement in healthcare services. Originality/Value: In India healthcare organizations are still lacking in IoT technology adoption; this research encouraged hospitals and service providers to embrace IoT-enabled care delivery by giving a robust framework. Findings: Drawing on the SERVQUAL model, the study investigates how IoT adoption enhances information pervasiveness, which subsequently fosters empathy and assurance in physician–patient interactions and shared decision-making processes. Method / Approach: Employing structural equation modeling with data from a broad sample of healthcare consumers, the results show that IoT adoption enhances both service engagement and the quality of patient care. Main results: Enhanced empathy and assurance, as perceived by patients, mediate the relationship between IoT-driven information pervasiveness and service engagement, leading to superior care experiences, positive word of mouth, and reduced operational overheads for providers. Social/management contributions: This research enriches the literature by providing hospital managers with actionable insights into the strategic relevance of IoT adoption, emphasizing its capacity in delivering patient-centered care with high-quality without compromising efficiency.
Objective of the study: Present study examines the effect of income inequality on carbon dioxide emissions. This research also investigates how the industrial changes, innovation and energy change the pattern of CO2 emission in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries. Methodology/approach: Using balanced panel data of 51 BRI countries from 1994 to 2014, we analyze both the short-run and the long-run interactive effect of industrial changes, urbanization, innovation, and income inequality on CO2 emission. We used system GMM estimator, a robust and efficient estimates for panel data, to address potential endogeneity. Originality/Relevance: There is not consensus on the relationship between income inequality and CO2 emissions. Some studies show a positive relationship, while others indicate negative or no relationship. Most of past studies have examined the direct relationship between income inequality and carbon emission. This takes into account the role of moderators i.e. innovation to understand the relationship between income inequality and CO2 emission. Main Results: This findings suggest that, in the short-run, increased urbanization and extensive energy use upsurge the CO2 emission, particularly in the case of high income inequality. However, in the long-run, industrial changes and innovation lead to reduced CO2 emission. Theoretical Contribution: This study proposes a model that simultaneously links income inequality, CO2emissions, and innovation. Social/Management Contribution: This study helps the policy makers to devise policies about income distribution and environmental degradation by considering the conditions like innovation in the country or in a region like BRI.
Objetivo: Analisar o papel dos Institutos Científicos e Tecnológicos (ICT) no Sul Global, descrevendo suas funções, estruturas e vínculos com os ecossistemas nacionais de inovação. Metodologia: O estudo consiste em um ensaio teórico baseado na análise e sistematização da literatura sobre ICT no Sul Global. Originalidade: O artigo diferencia ICT e universidades a partir de suas missões, estruturas e formas de interação com o setor produtivo e com políticas públicas, além de discutir oportunidades e desafios relacionados a cooperação internacional, marcos legais de inovação e restrições estruturais. Resultados principais: Os ICT são situados em processos históricos de formação científica e tecnológica e analisados como instituições que produzem, adaptam e aplicam conhecimento, articulam atores públicos e privados, participam de políticas de inovação e contribuem para a formação de recursos humanos, infraestrutura tecnocientífica e redes de pesquisa. Contribuições teóricas: O estudo evidencia os ICT como elementos centrais na organização dos ecossistemas de inovação e na construção de capacidades científicas e tecnológicas no Sul Global. Contribuições gerenciais: O fortalecimento dos ICT orienta estratégias nacionais de desenvolvimento e amplia as condições para a produção e circulação do conhecimento.
Purpose-this study aimed to identify the wearable technologies applied in textiles for the military industry. Methodology/approach-systematic literature review, in which 62 articles were analyzed. Findings-As a result, the use of emerging technologies and innovations in the field of wearable textiles applied to the military industry was observed, including new materials, advanced sensors, communication systems, and functionality integration. However, the disadvantages indicated that the most vulnerable points for implementing this technology were related to data security, investment cost, system reliability, and sustainability. Research limitations/implications-The article analyzed only journal publications and not yet patent databases. Practical implications-Wearable textiles, also known as e-textiles, represent an innovative category of electronic devices integrated into fabric, offering a variety of functionalities ranging from health monitoring to communication and sensing. When applied to the military industry, such devices can enhance the operations and performance of soldiers in the field. Originality/value-Roadmapping of technologies related to wearables in the military industry, offering insights to researchers, professionals and decision-makers interested in this rapidly evolving field. Identifying existing problems and solutions encourages the development of innovations in this area, which is also related to transportation, health, textiles and security; as well as researchers and countries that are references in this area.
Objective of the study: This paper proposes an integrative framework that considers Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and the Circular Economy (CE) through Dynamic Capabilities (DCs). Initially, the proposed framework emerged from the literature, presenting seven DCs for integrating I4.0 and CE, along with their subcategories. Methodology/approach: The paper was developed in four steps: (i) a literature review was adopted to define the main constructs: I4.0, CE and DC; (2) the framework proposition; (iii) data collection adopting experts’ opinion by semi-structured interviews; and (iv) framework refinement. Originality/Relevance: The paper contributes to the literature by integrating CE principles and practices with I4.0 technologies, based on the development of DCs. Main results: The results highlighted that Big Data Analytics, and the Internet of Things are the most prevalent technologies for facilitating CE practices, specifically recycling and reduction. Regarding DCs, learning, leadership, and culture are the most relevant. From the results, a new subcategory of leadership and culture DC emerged: communication skills. Theoretical/methodological contributions: This paper is among the first attempts to relate CE to I4.0 through DCs, proposing a framework that represents a meaningful conceptual structure to illustrate the relationship between these constructs. Social/management contributions: The framework enables managers to assess strengths, weaknesses, and improvement opportunities for CE development supported by I4.0 technologies.
Objective: To verify the adoption of eco-innovation in products and processes in a company in the furniture segment to contribute to sustainable development. Methodology: Qualitative case study. Data were collected through twenty indepth interviews, document consultations and participant observation. Originality/Relevance: Eco-innovation is recognized as an important means of achieving sustainable development in organizations, driven by the growing demand for environmental protection at a global level. Main results: For the adoption of eco-innovation, the first thing to consider is the possible cost reduction that the new process practice or new product will provide for the company, so that implementation can be continued. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The research contributes to elucidating eco-innovative products and processes in the context of the furniture industry that can contribute to the objectives of sustainable development. Social/management contributions: Presentation of eco-innovation strategies and actions implemented in a furniture industry to contribute to the principles of sustainable development.
Objective: To analyze how participation and engagement drive actor mobilization in regional innovation ecosystems, focusing on the Inova RS program, a public policy in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methodology: A qualitative approach was adopted, based on content analysis (Bardin, 2016) of 42 institutional news articles published in 2023 by the State Secretariat for Innovation, Science and Technology. The Quadruple Helix model guided the identification of participation, engagement, and co-responsibility patterns. Originality/Relevance: The study applies the Quadruple Helix framework to the Brazilian context, revealing asymmetries in participation and challenges in shared governance. It highlights the distance between institutional discourse and effective collaboration. Main results: Results show fragmented participation among actors: government and academia dominate, the private sector remains market-oriented, and civil society has limited involvement. The lack of shared language around partnership underscores the need for stronger intersectoral cooperation. Contributions: The study reinforces the applicability of the Quadruple Helix to analyze engagement and provides insights for participatory governance and inclusive innovation policies.
Objective of the Study: This study aims to investigate the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing innovation management performance within organizations. Methodology/Approach: An extensive study data is obtained from 261 firms of different sectors, which are already using AI in their innovation process. The questionnaire was given to innovation managers as well as senior executives to understand the AI tool and its impacts analysis using SmartPLS. Originality/Relevance: The aim of this research is to originate up a new method of applying artificial intelligence in innovation management by examining at its multi-faceted effects. It puts stress on companies have to install technical infrastructure and carry out training for their team to adopt Artificial Intelligence tools in the best manner. Main Results: AI is quite helpful in the process of idea generation, these accelerators are quite helpful in producing products faster, and improving the one-to-one team communication among the various departments in an organization, and the ability to standardize the various learning processes have resulted in the organizations' readiness being raised. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: This research enriches theoretical framework surrounding AI's role in innovation management by establishing a clear connection between AI tool utilization and various facets of innovation performance. Social/Management Contributions: The results of research suggest to the managers the need to invest in AI technologies and to create an innovative environment. Cross-functional collaboration and communication are the main tasks that are stimulated among the companies that advances application of AI in their strategy of innovation.
Objective: To assess whether conditions inherent to Brazilian universities constitute a necessary condition for the creation of university spin-offs (USOs). Methodology/Approach: We apply the Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) approach, using data from the Entrepreneurial University Ranking 2021 report, which encompasses 126 Brazilian universities. We select nine variables that represent entrepreneurial university conditions and one variable that represents USOs. Originality/Relevance: Most studies on academic entrepreneurship rely on symmetric methods focused on average effects and facilitating factors, overlooking whether such conditions are indispensable. This study addresses this gap by identifying structural constraints that limit spin-off creation, contributing to explanations of empirical heterogeneity. Main results: The findings indicate that only a limited set of conditions operates as necessary conditions. Specifically, science and technology parks and baseline levels of scientific production emerge as non-compensatory bottlenecks. Other factors - such as entrepreneurial culture, community outreach activities, university networks, general physical infrastructure, and patent production - do not constitute necessary conditions. Theoretical/Methodological contributions: The study advances literature by distinguishing necessary condition from facilitating factors and by demonstrating the value of necessary condition analysis in academic entrepreneurship research. Social/Management contributions: The findings suggests that public policies should prioritize the removal structural bottlenecks rather than focusing exclusively on enabling environments.
Originality: Behavioral insights represent an applied framework that leverages principles of human behavior to address practical and managerial problems, emphasizing systematic experimentation as a core method. While the "nudge" approach has been widely adopted internationally, there remains limited understanding of how behavioral insights are being implemented as management innovations within Brazilian organizations. Objective: This study aims to analyze the adoption of behavioral insights as an innovation among pioneering Brazilian organizations, identifying drivers of adoption, modes of application, and the types of value generated by these practices. Methodology: A qualitative and phenomenological research design was employed with exploratory purposes. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis involving twelve organizations, complemented by a netnographic investigation in a behavioral innovation community. Main Results: The findings highlight the characteristics and networking strategies of these pioneering organizations, applications of behavioral insights to influence specific behaviors, techniques employed, and considerations of ethics and experimentation. The results also indicate that behavioral insights foster multiple dimensions of value-cognitive (decision literacy), operational (process efficiency), relational (trust and cooperation), and strategic (innovation positioning). Moreover, diffusion occurs through learning networks that legitimize and expand behavioral practices across sectors. Theoretical contribution: Theoretically, the study consolidates behavioral insights as a form of management innovation, integrating experimentation, evidence-based management, and behavioral design. Management contribution: This paper highlights existing gaps and opportunities for expanding and applying these practices, while also offering practical guidance for managers and organizations seeking to drive innovation by incorporating their stakeholders' social and cognitive-behavioral dimensions.
Objective: To analyze the role of Scientific and Technological Institutes (STIs) in the Global South, describing their functions, structures, and linkages with national innovation ecosystems. Methodology: This study is a theoretical essay based on the analysis and systematization of the literature on STIs in the Global South. Originality: The article distinguishes STIs from universities based on their missions, organizational structures, and forms of interaction with the productive sector and public policies, and discusses opportunities and challenges related to international cooperation, innovation legal frameworks, and structural constraints. Main results: STIs are situated within historical processes of scientific and technological development and are analyzed as institutions that produce, adapt, and apply knowledge, connect public and private actors, participate in innovation policies, and contribute to human resource training, technoscientific infrastructure, and research networks. Theoretical contributions: The study highlights STIs as central components in the organization of innovation ecosystems and in the construction of scientific and technological capabilities in the Global South. Managerial contributions: Strengthening STIs guides national development strategies and expands the conditions for knowledge production and circulation.
Objetivo do Estudo: Compreender as variáveis que influenciam a adoção do ChatGPT para criação de conteúdo, analisando uma base de 227 observações de usuários. Metodologia/Abordagem: A pesquisa utilizou um método quantitativo com o algoritmo Random Forest para analisar as variáveis demográficas e de uso que impactam a adoção do ChatGPT. Os dados foram coletados via pesquisa online e processados para desenvolver um modelo preditivo. Originalidade/Relevância: Este estudo aborda a adoção de IA generativa no contexto de criação de conteúdo, contribuindo para a literatura sobre transformação digital e adoção de novas tecnologias, destacando os desafios éticos e de confiabilidade. Principais Resultados: O modelo preditivo obteve 75% de acurácia, 81,82% de precisão e área de curva ROC de 0,85. A idade foi a variável mais importante, seguida pela frequência de uso e o nível de escolaridade. Contribuições Teóricas/Metodológicas: O estudo oferece uma análise preditiva inovadora sobre o uso de IA generativa em conteúdo, utilizando o algoritmo Random Forest para revelar padrões comportamentais. Contribuições Sociais/Gerenciais: Os resultados podem guiar estratégias de marketing e desenvolvimento de produtos, permitindo a personalização de interfaces para usuários propensos a adotar o ChatGPT, com foco em questões éticas na criação de conteúdo por IA.
Objetivo: Esta pesquisa visa mapear a formação e a evolução conceitual teórica da inovação nos campos da setores de hospitalidade e hotelaria, e ainda oferecer um quadro integrado sobre os estudos mais influentes nestes campos e das tendências de estudos futuros sobre a temática. Metodologia: O estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando técnicas bibliométricas. Análise de cocitação e técnicas de acoplamento bibliográfico foram utilizadas para atingir os objetivos propostos. Originalidade/Relevância: Apesar da importância da inovação na área da hotelaria e da hospitalidade, há uma carência de estudos revisionais sobre a relação entre estas temáticas, sendo assim, neste sentido este estudo é relevante porque contribui para o avanço teórico apresentando um quadro mais integrado sobre achados dispersos de pesquisas anteriores sobre inovação no campo da hotelaria e da hospitalidade. Principais resultados: O mapa de cocitação, resultou na identificação de cinco Clusters que são abordados em profundidade nesta pesquisa. Foram identificados dez Clusters no mapa de pareamento bibliográfico, sendo que o Cluster mais importante analisou a inovação social e ambiental em empresas do segmento do turismo, setores de hospitalidade e hotelaria. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: A principal contribuição teórica da pesquisa refere-se à sistematização do domínio de conhecimento sobre inovação na setores de hospitalidade e hotelaria, sobretudo na identificação das fronteiras de conhecimento sobre a temática (pareamento bibliográfico). Contribuições sociais/de gestão: Os resultados da pesquisa podem ser utilizados por gestores que atuam nos campos da setores de hospitalidade e hotelaria para a implementação de serviços inovadores, possibilitando aumento da competitividade e melhoria na performance financeira de suas empresas.
The new editorial commentary of the International Journal of Innovation (IJI) reflects on the strategic role of scientific and associate editors. The text highlights that their work goes far beyond manuscript screening: it involves ensuring fairness in the editorial process, supporting the academic development of researchers, planning special issues, and contributing to the journal’s governance. Taking on the role of scientific and associate editor at IJI means developing essential skills, expanding collaboration networks, strengthening the legitimacy of editorial decisions, and investing in future academic leadership. The future of IJI depends on an editorial body capable of combining rigor, fairness, and ambition in the publication of useful and impactful knowledge.
Objective of the study: This study identifies emerging technological trends and key advancements in AI patents related to project management (2018–2024). Using Task-Technology Fit (TTF) theory, it examines how AI innovations address challenges across the five major phases of project management: Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing. Methodology/approach: Patent data from Lenz.org was filtered for project management-related terms, yielding 1,044 patents. The study applied temporal trend analysis, jurisdiction-based analysis, technology classification, and phase-specific problem-solution mapping using TF-IDF vectorization. Patents were categorized based on PMI's five project management phases using keyword-based classification, enabling systematic assessment of innovation patterns and task-technology alignment. Originality/Relevance: While previous research explored isolated AI applications, this study provides a systematic analysis of AI’s alignment with project management tasks. Applying TTF theory, it assesses AI's role in enhancing efficiency and decision-making across project phases, pioneering the application of TTF theory to patent analysis. Main Results: AI-driven innovations strongly align with Planning and Monitoring, enhancing scheduling, resource allocation, and risk management. The Executing phase shows evolving AI adoption, while Initiating and Closing exhibit weaker alignment. The study highlights jurisdictional trends, with the U.S. leading AI patent filings. Theoretical/methodological contributions: This study applies TTF theory to AI patent analysis in project management, offering a replicable framework for examining technological advancements and assessing innovation-task alignment across project phases. Social/management contributions: Findings provide insights for project managers, organizations, and policymakers on AI adoption. The study highlights AI’s potential to improve efficiency while identifying gaps requiring further technological development, particularly in human-centric project phases.
Study purpose: To analyze how absorptive capacity metaroutines develop in the Family Health Strategy of Basic Health Units, mapping first, second, and third-order variables to understand the formation, selection, transformation, and diffusion of organizational knowledge. Relevance / originality: The study fills gaps in knowledge about metaroutines of absorptive capacities in the public health sector. It introduces a recursive conceptual model of metaroutines that overcomes linear approaches and empirically demonstrates how knowledge is constructed, transformed, and replicated in health management, thereby contributing to organizational theory and practice. Methodology / approach: Descriptive qualitative research based on phenomenology. It combines historical research and case studies. Documents, methodological pre-testing, and semi-structured interviews support it. The unit of analysis was the management of the Family Health Strategy in the Brazilian city of Curitiba, Paran & aacute;. The data were analyzed using content analysis. Main results: Eight metaroutines of absorptive capacities were identified, structured in an iterative sequence: identifying problems, facilitating ideas, selecting ideas, testing, updating, and disseminating, along with two cross-cutting metaroutines. A recursive process of knowledge construction was evidenced, yielding a dynamic model applicable to other organizations. This characteristic was not apparent in previous models, which represents an original contribution of this study. Theoretical / methodological contributions: The study advances the literature by empirically demonstrating the integrated applicability of absorptive capacity models in the public sector. It proposes a recursive conceptual model of metaroutines, highlighting their iterative sequence, overlaps, and usefulness for analyzing and structuring organizational learning processes. Social / management contributions: The proposed model offers practical tools to improve decision-making processes, strengthen collaborative practices, and enhance knowledge management in the public health sector. It promotes efficiency gains, continuous protocol updates, and greater responsiveness to population demands, contributing to more effective and sustainable public health policies.
Objetivo do estudo: Analisar como as metarrotinas de capacidades absortivas se desenvolvem na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Unidades Básicas de Saúde, mapeando variáveis de primeira, segunda e terceira ordem, para compreender a formação, seleção, transformação e difusão do conhecimento organizacional. Relevância/originalidade: O estudo preenche lacunas sobre metarrotinas de capacidades absortivas no setor de saúde pública. Introduz um modelo conceitual recursivo de metarrotinas, superando abordagens lineares, e demonstra empiricamente como conhecimento é construído, transformado e replicado na gestão da saúde, contribuindo para teoria e prática organizacional. Metodologia/abordagem: Pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, fundamentada na fenomenologia. Combina pesquisa histórica e estudo de caso. Ampara-se em documentos, pré-teste metodológico e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A unidade de análise foi a gestão da Estratégia Saúde da Família da cidade brasileira de Curitiba-PR. Os dados foram analisados por meio de Análise de Conteúdo. Principais resultados: Foram identificadas oito metarrotinas de capacidades absortivas, estruturadas em sequência iterativa: identificar problemas, facilitar ideias, selecionar ideias, testar, atualizar e difundir, além de duas metarrotinas transversais. Evidenciou-se um processo recursivo de construção do conhecimento, configurando um modelo dinâmico, também aplicável a outras organizações. Essa característica não foi evidenciada em modelos anteriores, o que representa uma contribuição original deste estudo. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: O estudo avança a literatura ao demonstrar empiricamente a aplicabilidade integrada de modelos de capacidades absortivas no setor público. Propõe um modelo conceitual recursivo de metarrotinas, evidenciando sua sequência iterativa, sobreposições e utilidade para analisar e estruturar processos de aprendizagem organizacional. Contribuições sociais/para a gestão: O modelo proposto oferece instrumentos práticos para aprimorar processos decisórios, fortalecer práticas colaborativas e qualificar a gestão do conhecimento no setor de saúde pública. Favorece ganhos de eficiência, atualização contínua de protocolos e maior responsividade às demandas da população, contribuindo para políticas públicas de saúde mais efetivas e sustentáveis.
Objetivo do estudo: Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de método para estimar o consumo de resina epóxi em reparos de fissuras em silos de concreto, utilizando tecnologias digitais de inspeção. Metodologia/abordagem: O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de um caso aplicado em um silo de concreto localizado na região Nordeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas inspeções aéreas com veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANTs), processamento fotogramétrico de imagens, vetorização digital das fissuras e cálculos volumétricos, complementados por análise estatística descritiva para estimar o consumo de material. Originalidade/Relevância: A pesquisa amplia as abordagens tradicionais de levantamento de danos em concreto, que normalmente se concentram na detecção de fissuras, ao propor um protocolo metodológico para estimativa quantitativa de consumo de resina, incorporando ferramentas digitais e princípios de mensuração volumétrica. Principais resultados: Os resultados mostraram que o consumo estimado variou entre 1.209,69 kg e 1.436,08 kg de resina epóxi, sendo o consumo real em campo de 1.350 kg, valor compatível com o intervalo de confiança. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: A pesquisa consolida um modelo replicável que integra inspeção digital, cálculo volumétrico e estatística, contribuindo para a literatura de engenharia estrutural e metodologias aplicadas. Contribuições sociais/gerenciais: O estudo fornece suporte para planejamento de suprimentos, redução de desperdícios e maior segurança em operações de manutenção industrial.
Objetivo do estudo: Investigar as práticas institucionais promovidas por universidades e IES no contexto do Empreendedorismo Sustentável, conforme evidenciado na produção científica internacional da área de Gestão e Negócios. Metodologia/abordagem: Estudo exploratório, descritivo e qualitativo, conduzido por meio de uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL), conforme o protocolo PRISMA. Utilizaram-se os descritores “Sustainable Business” OR “Sustainable Entrepreneurship” AND (University OR “Higher Education” OR Academic*), em bases internacionais, considerando publicações até abril de 2024. A seleção dos artigos foi feita com auxílio do software Start, seguida de leitura exploratória, análise de conteúdo e categorização temática. Originalidade/Relevância: A originalidade do estudo reside no enfoque institucional do Empreendedorismo Sustentável, superando a tradicional ênfase nas competências individuais. A relevância está na contribuição para o fortalecimento das IES como agentes do desenvolvimento sustentável, em consonância com os ODS. Principais resultados: As ações institucionais foram organizadas em três dimensões: acadêmica, estrutural e relacional, sistematizadas em um Framework Analítico de Práticas de Fomento ao Empreendedorismo Sustentável. Contribuições: O estudo propõe um framework aplicável em diferentes contextos institucionais, contribuindo para avanços teóricos, formulação de políticas e práticas de gestão mais eficazes nas IES.
Objective: This paper aims to present a methodological proposal for estimating epoxy resin consumption in the repair of cracks in concrete silos, using digital inspection technologies. Methodology: The study was developed based on a case applied to a concrete silo located in the Northeast region of Brazil. Aerial inspections were conducted using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), followed by photogrammetric image processing, digital vectorization of cracks, and volumetric calculations. These were complemented by descriptive statistical analysis to estimate material consumption. Originality/Relevance: The research expands traditional approaches to concrete damage assessment, which typically focus on crack detection, by proposing a methodological protocol for the quantitative estimation of resin consumption. It incorporates digital tools and volumetric measurement principles. Main results: The results showed that the estimated resin consumption ranged from 1,209.69 kg to 1,436.08 kg, while the actual field consumption was 1,350 kg, a value consistent with the confidence interval. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The study consolidates a replicable model that integrates digital inspection, volumetric calculation, and statistical analysis, contributing to the literature on structural engineering and applied methodologies. Social/management contributions: The study provides support for supply planning, waste reduction, and increased safety in industrial maintenance operations.
