Plants have long served as vital sources of bioactive compounds for food, spice, and medicine. Cinnamomum tamala, a traditional Nepali spice and herbal remedy, has shown promising pharmacological potential, including anticancer properties. This study aimed to explore the anti-gastric cancer potential of phytoconstituents from Cinnamomum tamala using a network pharmacology-based in silico approach. The GC–MS analysis of methanolic extracts of three plant samples collected from different locations revealed thirty compounds, among which sixteen were common volatile constituents. Four major compounds, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, linalool, and caryophyllene oxide, were selected for further computational analysis. A total of 105 target proteins of the compound and 1,012 gastric cancer-associated genes were identified, revealing 48 overlapping targets. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted PTGS2, TLR4, NR3C1, RELA, and JAK2 as key hub proteins. KEGG pathway enrichment indicated significant involvement of the PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, and the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that compounds of Cinnamomum tamala may exert anti-gastric cancer effects by modulating immune checkpoints and inhibiting oncogenic signaling pathways, thereby promoting apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. This study provides molecular insights supporting the potential therapeutic application of Cinnamomum tamala in gastric cancer treatment.
We comparatively studied the spatial orientation of angular momentum alignment of 20,000 spiral galaxies selected from the SDSS DR16 i-band photometry. The sample is divided into two intermediate redshift ranges: 0.13-0.14 and 0.14-0.15. The 2D parameters were converted into 3D spin orientations using Godlowskian Transformation, where the azimuthal angle is derived from the tangential formula. A “Virtual Control” simulation of 107 random galaxies was developed in the model of the survey to predict the expected distribution. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the randomness of the distributions. The statistical results show that while localized anisotropies exist in specific slices, the overall orientation of spin vectors is consistent with isotropy. The Fourier coefficients for both samples fall within the Hierarchy model of galaxy formation.
The non-destructive, in-situ open-circuit potential mapping (OCPM) technique is used to investigate the corrosion probability conditions of rebar-embedded concretes (RECs) in urban areas of Tansen Municipality, Nepal. One hundred and three (103) REC samples of five different types are assessed in the present study. Corrosion condition of 51 building pillars (BPs), 27 reinforcement road slabs (R2Ss), 10 building roofs (BRs), 10 fencing pillars (FPs), and 5 sewage supply pipes (S2Ps) are evaluated from four surface points of each sample specimen per ASTM C876-22b standards. This assessment indicates the RECs of Tansen municipality areas are in a minimal or least corrosion risk (LCR) zone, i.e., <10% probability of corrosion. RECs with rough-cracked surfaces in high humidity show a zone of severe corrosion risk per the recorded OCP values. The REC pillars of the buildings are at a slightly higher corrosion risk than the building roof slabs. Reinforcing rebars of S2Ps and FPs are more vulnerable than BRs and R2Ss of Tansen.
Abstract Medicinal Plants have a long history and have been used as medicinal agents to cure a variety of diseases. The main aim of this study is the investigation of the phytochemical profile and biological activity of leaf extracts of Leucas lavandulifolia, using methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, DCM and hexane as solvents. This study quantifies the total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of each extract. Additionally, antioxidant activity is evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging test. The antibacterial effectiveness of various plant extracts is evaluated against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms along with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determined. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts are determined using the brine shrimp lethality test. The results show significant changes in phytochemical composition and biological activity. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts had the highest TPC and TFC values (56.95 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g and 119.83 ± 0.12 mg QE/g, respectively), indicating a high abundance of polyphenolic compounds. The methanolic extract had high antioxidant activity (221.0 ± 0.15 µg/mL), whereas the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts showed weak antioxidant potential. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate extract against S. aureus and S. sonnei were found to be 11 mm for both extracts. Which was slightly near to that of positive control neomycin (22 mm and 23 mm). Ethyl acetate and DCM extracts had equal MIC and MBC value against S. sonnei (MIC 1.56 mg/mL & MBC). The LC50 for DCM extract was found as 731.31 µg/mL. This extensive comparative analysis provides insight on the solvent-dependent extraction efficiency and biological activities of Leucas lavandulifolia extracts, laying the groundwork for future research and possible uses in medicines, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.
Nepal is a landlocked country with high topographical variation having lowest point 59m and the highest point 8848.86m from the sea level that leads to the high variation in the temperature, climatic condition, and environment that generally leads Nepal to suffer from different natural disaster. Lightning is considered to be the major natural disaster that cannot be controlled. It affects the infrastructures, heritages, national monuments, tall towers of telecommunications and electricity as well as people. This study aims to investigate the effects of Lightning on people. The data are extracted from Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) portal which includes the number of the people’s death and injured in last thirteen years due to Lightning, annually and monthly. The number of injured individuals exceeded the number of the fatalities by nearly three-fold and no instances of Lightning were observed throughout the month of November.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has become a key target for most researchers involved in the field of anticancer drug discovery due to its role in tumor growth and progression. A series of previously reported Schiff bases of 1,2,4-triazole (T1-T8), in this study, were chosen to evaluate their potential to inhibit EGFR by applying a number of in silico techniques. To perform molecular docking experiment, Kinase domain of EGFR (PDB ID 1M17) was used. Among the selected compounds, T2 and T5 were found to possess the most favorable binding potential with strong binding affinity of -7.236 and -7.213 Kcal/mol, respectively. They formed stable hydrogen bond and π-type interaction with important residues including MET769, GLN767, THR830, and LYS721. The validation of docking procedure confirmed the reliability of the adopted computational methodology. Quantum chemical (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the electronic properties and behaviors of the compounds. The analysis reported the balanced reactivity and stability of the studied compounds that could be responsible for the interaction with the receptor. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps also confirmed the results obtained by supporting the presence of electron-rich and electron-deficient regions. In addition, in silico ADMET studies showed that the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds are favorable. Predicted oral absorption and drug-likeness were favorable, while blood–brain barrier penetration was limited for the majority of the derivatives. Toxicity predictions indicated a generally manageable safety profile, with compounds T5–T7 showing particularly promising characteristics. Collectively, these findings suggest that the selected 1,2,4-triazole Schiff bases represent promising scaffolds for further optimization as EGFR-targeted anticancer agents.
The deposition of fatty particles leading to atherosclerosis may occur in arteries, which alters hemodynamics. This effect becomes more pronounced when a stenosis thickness increases continuously over time. Since atherosclerotic plaque formation is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, understanding its influence on blood flow characteristics is of significant clinical importance. In this study, hemodynamic behaviors due to increasing stenosis is analyzed. A proper increasing rate can estimate the time for complete occlusion and the cardiovascular disease can be cured previously without reaching to the alarming situation. A new mathematical model is developed by incorporating a non-dimensional temporal term in the geometry of the symmetric shaped stenosis and used it in the Navier–Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates system. The equation is then solved for analytical solution under certain boundary conditions. Analytical expressions for velocity distribution, volumetric flow rate, pressure drop, pressure drop ratio, shear stress and shear stress ratio are derived and evaluated using computational tools. The results indicate that velocity and volumetric flow rate decrease with increasing time and stenotic thickness, while pressure drop and pressure drop ratio increase. The study further demonstrates that the shear stress ratio decreases as stenosis thickness progresses over time. By comparing these theoretical predictions with clinical measurements of plaque growth rates, the approximate time to complete arterial occlusion can be estimated. This modeling framework overcomes limitations associated with symmetric stenosis assumptions and provides a more realistic description of progressive arterial narrowing. The findings offer valuable insights for early diagnosis, prediction of disease progression, and timely clinical intervention in cardiovascular disorders.
The present investigation employs an aqueous extract of Lantana camara for the eco-sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Because of their nanoscale dimensions, they exhibit distinctive physicochemical properties compared to bulk materials. Green synthesis is an approach for nanoparticle production that utilizes biological materials as reducing and stabilizing agents. This method is economical as well as eco-friendly. Lantana camara is one of the popular medicinal plants. The present research focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an aqueous root extract of Lantana camara, along with their characterization and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. This study involved characterizing silver nanoparticles using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDX techniques, along with evaluating their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited a maximum absorption peak at 408 nm and were spherical in shape with an average size of 5.98 nm. The IC50 of AgNPs is 32.49 ± 1.84 µg/mL, which shows the highest potential of the antioxidant activity of AgNPs than the plant aqueous extract. The ZOI value of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles is 8 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 9 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae where the root extract has a ZOI of 6 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 5 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by plant extracts has strong antioxidant potential that lessens oxidative stress in human cells and eventually may help to prevent cancer and for the development of new medications.
Machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool for discovering new materials, offering significantly lower computational demands compared to traditional density functional theory calculations and experimental approaches. In this work, we apply machine learning to predict formation energies of AxMyM′zO6 oxides using a dataset of 350 compounds with 28 structural, elemental, and electronic descriptors. Four regression models such as Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Regression, and CatBoost were trained and compared to obtain the accurate values. Among them, CatBoost achieved the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.83 and RMSE = 0.41 eV/atom), outperforming the other approaches. Feature analysis further revealed that electronegativity, ionization energy, and band gap are the dominant factors influencing the stability of AxMyM′zO6 oxides. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning for fast and reliable prediction of formation energies and provide valuable guidance for the design of stable oxide materials suitable for energy devices.
HDACs inhibitors, Belinostat inhibits class I HDACs, class II HDACs and class IV HDAC proteins activities. Antitumor activity of Belinostat is attributed to epi- genetic control of gene expression and inhibition of protein repression. In this study, we have performed molecular dynamics simulation of Belinostat in water at 310 K temperature to investigate structural, thermodynamic and tranport properties. For the structural analysis, we have studied the radial distribution function (RDF). Thermodynamic integration (TI) and free energy perturbation (FEP) based meth- ods: TI, TI-CUBIC, BAR and MBAR have been used to estimate solvation free energy. Our calculations show that Coulomb interactions has major contribution to the solvation free energy of Belinostat in water although both coulomb as well as vdW interaction contribute. Furthermore, we have estimated the sef-diffusion co- efficient of both solute and solvent molecules with their binary diffusion coefficient from the slope of Mean Squared Displacement (MSD) versus time plot using Ein- stein’s and Darken’s relations respectively. Hydrogen bond and Solvent accessible surface area (SASA) analyses further support the strong hydration and structural stability of Belinostat in aqueous enviroment.
This research work aimed to investigate the seismo-ionospheric coupling during two 6.4 magnitude (M6.4) earthquakes occurred in Indonesia in 2024; one on March 22, near Paciran, Indonesia (latitude, longitude: 5.87° S, 112.36° E), and another on April 9, near Tobelo, Indonesia (at latitude, longitude: 2.698° N,127.06° E). We use the data from GNSS permanent ground stations BNOA and BTNG, available on the website of UNAVCO, to study the temporal variation of the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) before and after the earthquake. Moreover, the spatiotemporal variation of the TEC is studied using the GIM-TEC map. We used a running-quartile-based method to estimate the upper bound (UB) and lower bound (LB) on TEC in order to identify the anomalies in the ionospheric TEC. The space weather condition during the time frame of both earthquakes is also examined in order to segregate the anomalies associated with geomagnetic disturbed and quiet days. Since the epicenter of both earthquakes belongs to the low-latitude region, the TEC anomalies could be observed over region including both crests of the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA). The difference of TEC (dTEC) with monthly running-median is estimated to study spatiotemporal variation of anomaly. The dTEC map shows the simultaneous negative and positive anomalies in magnetically conjugate regions in the crest of the EIA region from 6 days before the Paciran and from 11 days before the Tobelo earthquake. The negative anomaly on TEC is also observed to be associated with the morphological changes in the EIA curve. The physical mechanism behind the observed positive and negative anomalies is explained on the basis of the theory of radioactive radon emanation before the earthquake.
The behavior of superconductors and Josephson junctions with respect to temperature and current is discussed in this article. The damping nature of superconductors decreases with increase of temperature which increases the conductivity of superconductors and the current across the junction is dependent on superconducting properties of materials. The Cooper pairs that move through a superconductor without resistance across the Josephson junction determines the current through it and its dynamic properties can be affected by the vibrational energy of the atoms in the junction, leading to the creation of phonons which can interact with the Cooper pairs which reduces the current. The behavior of Cooper pairs across the junctions which describes the collective properties and temperature of superconductor can be investigated using RCSJ model. Finally, the entropy of Cooper pair can affect the temperature dependence of Josephson current, with an increase in entropy leading to a decrease in current. Through studying these properties and their interactions can help in the development of better superconducting materials for use in various applications.
Abstract Yashad Bhasma (YB) and Vanga Bhasma (VB) are traditional Ayurvedic zinc-based and tin-based formulations, respectively, enriched with therapeutic values. Despite their long history, their scientific validation, physicochemical features, and antimicrobial activity are, however, less explored. This study aims to prepare these Bhasmas by following the traditional method described in the Ayurvedic text “Rasashastra” and evaluating their physicochemical and antimicrobial features. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the physicochemical and morphological features. The analyses confirmed the crystalline wurtzite zinc oxide structures of YB agglomerated in a circular fashion with an average particle size distribution of 21.3 nm and rutile tin oxide structures of VB agglomerated in flower-like fashion with an average particle size distribution of 38.5 nm. The antimicrobial activity of both Bhasmas was evaluated against wound pathogens B. subtilis and S. epidermidis using the agar well diffusion method. The macro-broth dilution method was used to assess their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). YB showed 11.00 mm and 11.34 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) against B. subtilis and S. epidermidis, respectively and MBC of 12.5 – 2.5 mg.mL-1 against both pathogens. The findings provide evidence for the nanoscale features and antimicrobial potential of Ayurvedic Bhasmas, supporting their therapeutic values.
We study the static Coulomb stress change (ΔCFS) produced by 2015 Gorkha earthquake using a rectangular fault model and the Okada (1992) elastic dislocation solution in a homogeneous, isotropic half-space. We tested five slip scenarios (S1–S5: 2.0–6.5 m) with a shear modulus of 30 × 10⁹ Pa and friction coefficient of 0.4. Stress fields were first computed along 1D profiles extending ±200 km from the rupture center and subsequently used to construct 2D stress maps. The results show that peak ΔCFS increases linearly with slip amplitude, with the highest-slip case (6.5 m) producing ~13 MPa at the epicenter. Regression analysis confirms a strong linear scaling (ΔCFS ≈ 2.13 × Slip, R² ≈ 0.92), indicating that each meter of slip enhances peak stress by ~2.13 MPa. The 2D stress maps reveal symmetric positive and negative lobes around the rupture, with stress decaying rapidly with distance. The longitudinal stress profiles along longitudinal demonstrate a sharp concentration of stress at the epicenter (28.147°N, 84.708°E) with symmetric decay to zero levels within about ±1.3° longitude. These findings indicate that slip amplitude primarily governs local stress concentration with short-range triggering potential, while far-field stress patterns are comparatively insensitive to variations in slip magnitude.
This study presents an analysis of the spatial orientations of 492,268 SDSS galaxies with redshifts ranging from 0.010 to 0.150, utilizing data from the 19th data release (DR19). The primary objective of this research is to investigate the nonrandom effects associated with the orientations of angular momentum in galaxies within the specified redshift range, evaluated through three distinct scenarios: the Hierarchy model, the Pancake model, and the Primordial Vorticity model. The analysis involves transforming the two-dimensional observational data—including positions, position angles, and inclination angles—into three-dimensional rotation axes characterized by polar and azimuthal angles. This transformation is accomplished using the position angle-inclination method. Our principal aim is to explore the relationship between spatial orientation and the z-magnitude in low-redshift galaxies. Expected isotropic distribution curves are generated by accounting for selection effects and conducting a random simulation that produces 107 virtual galaxies. To compare the observed and expected distributions, we employ four statistical tests: Chi-square analysis, Autocorrelation, First order Fourier Coefficient and first order Fourier Probability. An equatorial coordinate system has been selected as our reference; however, it is noteworthy that the observed preferred alignments are consistent regardless of the coordinate system employed. Despite this, localized anisotropies are evident in several samples, suggesting the potential influence of gravitational tidal interactions among neighboring galaxies and an early merging process that may alter the initial alignment of nearby galaxies. Specifically, samples z01, z02, z03, z04, z05, z06, z07, z10, z11, and z17 exhibit isotropy and remaining samples exhibit anisotropy in the polar angle (θ) distribution, while samples z01, z02, z03, z04, and z12, to z19 exhibit isotropy and remaining samples exhibit anisotropy in the azimuthal angle (φ) distribution. Some of the identified local anisotropies may be attributed to tidal interactions between galaxies or gravitational shearing effects, as indicated by previous studies. A follow-up multi-wavelength investigation is recommended to gain further insights into these phenomena.
Half-metallic (HM) ferromagnetic materials have garnered significant attention due to their potential applications in solid-state electronic devices. Strain manipulation offers a promising avenue for tuning the physical properties of such materials. In this regard, the structural, elas- tic, and strain effect on electronic and magnetic properties of half-HeuslerMnSnX (X = Ni, Cu, and Pd) alloys have been studied in this work. Our findings revealed that these compounds exhibit negative formation and cohesive energies, indicative of their chemical stability and po- tential for experimental synthesis, with the exception of MnSnCu. Elastic property analysis further demonstrated the mechanical stability of all compounds, yet their inherent brittleness. We observed HM behaviour under uniform compressive strain ranging from -5% to -14% in MnSnNi and MnSnPd, with band gaps between 0.499 and 0.822 eV calculated using the GGA method whereas MnSnCu does not exhibit HM character. This is a noteworthy departure from the unstrained system (0%). The mBJ method further validated HM characteristics, except for MnSnCu under compressive strain thresholds of ≤ −6% and ≤ −12% for MnSnNi and MnSnPd, respectively. The magnetic properties under uniform compressive strains, where HM nature is achieved, conform to the Slater-Pauling 18-electron rule, boasting 100% spin polarization near the Fermi level. This polarization primarily stems from the transition metal Mn, with minor contributions from Ni, Pd, and Sn. In light of our findings, we propose that the electronic and magnetic attributes of these materials can be enhanced through the application of strains, potentially making them attractive for spintronic applications.
Aberrant regulation of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), a key epigenetic modulator, is strongly linked to oncogenesis, making it a therapeutic target for epigenetic interventions. Among inhibition strategies, selectively interfering with Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED), a core PRC2 subunit, has shown greater specificity and efficacy than direct EZH2 inhibition. In this context, two phytochemicals, Allicin and Trigonelline, previously reported for anticancer activities, were investigated for potential interaction with EED. Density Functional Theory (DFT)-based quantum chemical analyses, including HOMO-LUMO energy levels, energy gaps, and global reactivity descriptors, were employed to assess chemical reactivity. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces and Mulliken charge distributions further elucidated electronic behavior and charge localization. Molecular docking simulations revealed that Allicin and Trigonelline bind effectively to EED, with binding affinities of –3.82 and –3.89 kcal/mol, respectively. Taken together, these findings highlight their potential as lead probes for PRC2-targeted therapy, supported by favorable ADMET profiles.
These days, atmospheric pressure plasma jet technology is regarded as one of the most practical instruments in a number of domains, such as agriculture, plasma medicine, and surface modification. A quartz glass tube with an internal diameter of 3 mm and an exterior diameter of 5 mm is used to create the plasma jet. The electrodes are 8 cm apart and have a width of 1.0 cm. They are composed of aluminum foil which wraps the glass tubes. As a working gas, argon is utilized. The power supply has a frequency of 27 kHz and a voltage of 20 kV. Electron density and electron temperature have been established in order to describe plasma. The stark broadening method and power balance are used to determine the electron density. The line intensity ratio method is used to determine the electron temperature. It is revealed that applied voltage and gas flow rate affect both electron density and temperature.
In this paper we examined the distribution and morphology of 518 cosmic voids from the SDSS DR7 REVOLVER catalog using a combination of deep learning and conventional statistics. Using ellipticity, prolateness, and radial alignment metrics, we describe the shapes of voids and find that larger voids have increasing anisotropy but decreasing ellipticity (r=-0.526). There is no discernible change in void size or alignment with redshift according to statistical tests. We processed six void properties by a deep autoencoder, which retained 86.62% of the variance. Our combined method offers fresh insights into the dynamics of the cosmic web by confirming that void shapes are shaped by boundary confinement and tidal forces.
