MUSTAQIM, W. A., HUTABARAT, P. W. K., PUTERA, A. K. S., BANDJOLU, K. P., AHMAD, R. P. P. & YUDISTIRA, Y. R. 2026. Bulbophyllum alsiosum (Orchidaceae): a new record from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 25(1): 41‒47. — Bulbophyllum alsiosum Ames, a previously Philippines endemic, is reported for the first time in Sulawesi and also represents the first country record for Indonesia. The species was collected from three localities in the montane forest of central and the upper montane forest of the southwestern part of the island. The finding increases the number of Bulbophyllum sect. Beccariana in Sulawesi to nine species. Description, note, preliminary conservation status, and photographs are given.
REZEKIAH, A. A., FITHRIA, A., YAMANI, A., ROSIDAH, RUDY, G. S., ALI, S. D. & SHIBA, Y. N. 2026. Carbon stock and carbon economic value of forest ecosystem in the Suwangi Island Nature Park, Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 25(1): 1‒11. — The forests on Suwangi Island are currently facing significant challenges arising from human activities, land degradation, and potential land-use conflicts, all of which critically undermine their capacity to absorb and store carbon. The purpose of this study was to analyze the carbon stock value and economic value of carbon stored in Suwangi Island Nature Park. The allometric method was employed to calculate carbon stocks, with sampling locations determined using purposive sampling. The carbon stock results were subsequently converted to estimate the economic value of carbon. The land cover types identified in Suwangi Island Nature Park include primary forest, secondary forest, plantation, medium-density mangrove forest, and high-density mangrove forest. The analysis revealed that the highest biomass was stored in the primary forest and the lowest in the medium-density mangrove forest. The total carbon that can be stored at the research site is 80,45554667 tons/ha, and the resulting carbon economic value is IDR 2,851,347,872.68. These findings highlight the significant variation in carbon storage across different land cover types and underscore the critical role of primary forests as major carbon sinks. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of spatial (ArcGIS), ecological (allometric), and economic approaches within a single analytical framework, which remains rarely applied. The practical implications of this research emphasize the importance of management strategies based on carbon economic valuation and the potential utilization of carbon trading schemes, such as REDD+, to enhance conservation incentives and ensure the sustainability of Suwangi Island Nature Park management.
SUSANTI, R., GIRMANSYAH, D., PRATAMA, B. A. & JAKALELANA, S. 2026. Tree species composition of the lowland forest in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 25(1): 31‒40. — Tree species diversity and structural characteristics in the lowland forest of Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park (TNBBBR) were examined to assess the overall floristic diversity of this conservation area. A survey was conducted at the national park boundary with PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, a forest company concession in East Kalimantan. Data were collected using transect plots of 50 × 10 m at 100 m elevation intervals across three locations (Km. 37, Km. 39a, and Km. 39b), for a total of eight plots. All trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured and identified. We recorded 352 trees inside the plots, representing 138 species and 35 families, with a total basal area of 24.7 m2/0.4ha. The dominant families in terms of basal area are Dipterocarpaceae and Myrtaceae. We found 79 Dipterocarpaceae trees, representing 22.4% of individuals, in the surveyed area. In terms of species richness, Dipterocarpaceae composed 21% of the species. There were seven genera (Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Shorea, Rubroshorea, Richetia, and Anthoshorea) and 29 species. Shorea was the richest genus among them. Shorea laevis, Rubroshorea leprosula, and R. dasyphylla were the most common species found in Dipterocarpaceae.
AULIA, S. A. Z., MULYANTO, D., ISKANDAR, B. S. & ISKANDAR, J. 2026. Exotic wild plants, cultural adaptation, and local food diversity in tea estate’s buffer-village (West Java, Indonesia): an ethnobotanical analysis. Reinwardtia 25(1): 13‒29. — This research examines the ethnobotanical knowledge of exotic wild plants utilized as complementary food in Tegallega hamlet, a part of the buffer village adjacent to a historic tea estate in West Java, Indonesia. Through semi-structured interviews and field surveys with 22 local informants, 42 exotic wild plants from 22 families were recorded, primarily from Asteraceae and Solanaceae. Predominant species were herbaceous neophytes introduced during or after European colonization, illustrating the historical impact of the Columbian Exchange and plantation practices. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, frequently consumed as lalapan, an essential ingredient of Sunda cuisine. The community emphasizes readily accessible resources that require the least effort, consistent with optimal foraging theory, whereas gender roles markedly affect foraging practices—women generally collect plants near villages, whereas men tend to explore farther into the forest. The incorporation of these exotic wild plants into local diets underscores cultural adaptation and the enhancement of local knowledge. Using exotic wild plants sparingly can enhance conservation of native and endemic species, lessen the negative effects of invasive species, and create opportunities for ecotourism growth. This study highlights the interaction of historical, ecological, and cultural factors that influence local plant utilization practices.
Version 2 Note: This article was updated on 29 June 2026 to correct an omission where Angga Irfandi Yudistira as a co-author was left out of the Indonesian abstract. The author has now been added to the official author list following approval from all original authors and the editorial board. Check the updated Galley PDF RISNA, R. A., LUGHADHA, E. N., PRASETYO, L. B., SUTOMO, AIDI, M. N., BUCHORI, D., PLUMMER, J., LATIFAH, D., YUSWANDI, A. Y. & YUDISTIRA, A. I. 2026. Climate-driven range shifts threaten keystone endemic figs of Java: complementing IUCN Red List assessment with species distribution modelling to guide conservation priorities. Reinwardtia 25(1): 49‒63. — This study evaluates the extinction risk and climate-driven habitat dynamics of two endemic figs of Java, Ficus trachycoma Miq. and F. miqueliana C.C.Berg. Both species are poorly known, with no confirmed field records for more than six decades. Conservation status was assessed under IUCN Red List criteria, with extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) calculated using validated herbarium records. Ficus trachycoma is restricted to a single 19th-century locality, with an EOO and AOO of 4 km², a single known location, and continuing decline in habitat, qualifying it as Critically Endangered. Ficus miqueliana has been more widely recorded, with an AOO of 20 km² and an EOO of about 600 km², ≤5 locations, and continuing decline in habitat, meeting the thresholds for Endangered. Species distribution modelling using MaxEnt and CMIP6 climate projections (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) was applied to predict current and future habitat suitability. The models performed with high accuracy (AUC = 0.912‒0.935, TSS = 1.0) and identified slope (52–73% contribution), temperature seasonality, and precipitation in the wettest, warmest, and coldest quarters as key predictors of occurrence. Ficus miqueliana’s current suitable habitat is 16,233 km² (12.4% of Java) in fragmented lowland and foothill forests. CMIP6 projections (MIROC6, SSP2-4.5/SSP5-8.5 for 2050s and 2090s) forecast net contractions with upslope shifts: mid-century losses of 9–11% in Java, late-century persistence in montane refugia under moderate emissions but severe fragmentation under high emissions. These findings demonstrate that both endemic figs are highly vulnerable to environmental change. Applying IUCN Red List assessments alongside species distribution modelling provides a replicable framework for evaluating extinction risk in data-limited species and identifies priority areas for climate-adaptive conservation planning on Java.
SULEIMAN, M., ANTHONY, F., REPIN, R. & ANWAR, I. 2025. Mosses of Mantailang with new species records for Crocker Range Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Reinwardtia 24(2): 145‒159. — A two-day bryological survey was conducted in Mantailang of the Crocker Range Park (CRP), Sabah, East Malaysia, during the 2018 Mantailang scientific exploration. The survey aimed to carry out an inventory of mosses in the study area. A total of 89 species from 49 genera and 23 families were identified, with the family Calymperaceae being the most represented. Notably, 11 species were newly recorded for the CRP. Mantailang harbours rare and Bornean endemic species, highlighting the park’s significance as a moss biodiversity hotspot and its importance for bryophyte conservation in Borneo.
TRIAS-BLASI, A., DAMIT, A., WAMBRAUW, H. L., AHMAD, R. P. P., WARSENO, T. & HUSSIN, Z. 2025. The revision of the genus Pterisanthes (Vitaceae) in Sumatra. Reinwardtia 24(2): 161‒184. — The genus Pterisanthes consists of 16 accepted species, with nine species being native to Sumatra, two of which are endemic to the island. Here we provide synonymy, typifications, an identification key, descriptions, distribution maps, type images, and con-servation assessments.
ALFIAN, R. L., HARAHAP, J., ISKANDAR, B. S. & HYUNG-JUN, K. 2025. Ethnobotany of flower trading in traditional markets of Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 24(2): 219‒236. —Flower trading has long been present in society. Particularly in Javanese society, flowers hold significant biological importance in social and cultural life. Flowers are imbued with various symbolic meanings and are used in various life events and religious rituals. This study aims to explore the existence of flower trading within the community, especially in the Banyumas region. In addition to delving into the trade itself, this research also investigates the types of flowers being traded, how they are sourced for sale, the meanings attached to these flowers, how each type of flower and plant is sold, and how the classification of flower types according to the community is divided. This study employs a qualitative ethnographic method to gather research data. The findings of this research indicate that the existence of Rampe flower traders must be distinct from the community's cultural traditions, particularly in Banyumas. Rampe flower traders typically sell several flowers used as essential components in religious and cultural ceremonies. These flowers include roses (Rosa hybrida), ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), white magnolia (Magnolia), and several other flowers. Most Banyumas people use these flowers for the tradition of grave pilgrimage. White and yellow magnolia flowers have a higher economic value as traders sell them in seed form. Rampe flower traders classify plants into those with high economic value and those with regular value. The high economic value of a flower is usually influenced by its availability (rarity) and the specific functions of certain types of flowers. Meanwhile, plants with regular economic value are typically complementary plants (not core plants) in the community's cultural and religious traditions.
PRASAJA, D., CHIKMAWATI, T., SULISTIJORINI, S., PURWANTO, Y. & DJUITA, N. R. 2025. The ethnoecology of the Malay community to support the management of functional food source areas in Belitung Regency, Indone-sia. Reinwardtia 24(2): 199‒217. — The Malay community in Belitung Regency is rich in local knowledge about the management of the Belitung community landscape, which has been passed down from generation to generation. This local knowledge enables food production from its sources, but there is no information on the diversity and composi-tion of plants in the Belitung community's landscapes. This study aimed to analyze the diversity, composition, and conservation strategies of food plants in the Belitung community landscape. The study was conducted using the vege-tation analysis method, which created tiered square plots of various sizes. Plant conservation status is determined based on the ICS and the Important Value Index (IVI). The most common family found in all landscapes (rimba, bebak, kerangas bebak, kelekak, garden, homegarden) is Myrtaceae (21 species), except in rice fields, it is Poaceae, and in ume is Euphorbiaceae. Food plants are most found in homegarden landscapes (136 species included in 57 fami-lies). The cultivation and development of other potentials process must be carried out for plants with low/moderate IVI and high ICS, such as Ananas comosus, Arenga pinnata, and Cocos nucifera. Information from this research can sup-port efforts to diversify and provide food availability to realize food security based on local wisdom and local knowledge regarding the species diversity and the potential of local food plants in the Belitung Malay community. Traditional landscapes have an important role in providing sustainable food sources, as well as being a strong local identity, and providing economic contributions to the Belitung Malay community.
YUZAMMI, ERLINAWATI, I., ASIH, N. P. S., DAMAYANTO, I. P. G. P., SUMADIJAYA, A., SULISTYANING-SIH, L. D., ARDIYANI, M., RUSTIAMI, H., WITONO, J. R., KEIM, A. P. & RAYHANNISA. 2025. Synthesis of Bucephalandra Schott (Araceae: Schismatoglottideae) studies in Kalimantan, Indonesia: checklist, key, and updated distribution maps. Reinwardtia 24(2): 185‒198. — Bucephalandra, a member of the Araceae family, is an endemic rheophyte genus of Borneo. The majority (26 out of the 32 species) of this genus, are found in Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan). Bucephalandra oblanceolata (M.Hotta) S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce, previously known from Brunei and Sarawak, has been identified in Kalimantan. This study presents a comprehensive overview of Bucephalandra in Kali-mantan, accompanied by a detailed map and an identification key.
BAGATHSINGH, C. & BENNIAMIN, A. 2025. Rediscovery of Leptochilus hemionitideus (C.Presl) Noot.(Polypodiaceeae): first collection in 140 years from the Western Ghats of Karnataka. Reinwardtia 24(1): 27‒31. —This study presents the recollection of Leptochilus hemionitideus (C.Presl.) Noot. (Polypodiaceae), a species presumed to have an extremely small population, which has not been observed since the collections made by R.H. Beddome (1883) in the Western Ghats of Karnataka. The paper provides detailed notes on its taxonomic uncertainty, aprecise description, and photographs of its micromorphology to aid in its identification.
IDERIS, N. K. H, JAAFAR, S. MD. & SUKRI, R. S. 2025. Impact of road construction on tree diversity and forest structure in an intact Bornean mixed dipterocarp forest. Reinwardtia 24(1): 1–15. — Road construction has previously been shown to negatively impact biodiversity and is an urgent threat to Bornean tropical forests. We investigated changes in tree species diversity and forest structure of the Andulau Forest Reserve in Brunei Darussalam, following the construction of the Telisai-Lumut Highway. Within nine 20 × 20 m plots set up at varying distances from the forest edge where the road was located, we measured all trees ≥ 1 cm in diameter at breast height for their stem diameter, height and crown characteristics, and identified all trees ≥ 5 cm dbh. Although mean tree abundance and diversity between plots were similar, we detected significant differences in forest structure, particularly stem diameter, basal area, and crown characteristics. Plots closest to the road recorded the highest total tree species richness, although not significant, and contained a mixture of pioneer tree species and remnant interior forest species, while no pioneers were recorded in the interior forest plots. We documented the presence of high conservation value species, including three critically endangered species (Gonystylus bancanus, Hopea micrantha, and Vatica venulosa). Our work illustrates the potential impacts on forest structure from road construction and highlights the need for further studies to assess the long-term impacts on tree diversity and forest dynamics.
IRSYAM, A. S. D., GALINGGING, A., WIJAYA, K., DEWI, A. P., PENIWIDIYANTI, AL ANSHORI, Z., HARIRI, M. R., ROSLEINE, D. & LEONG-ŠKORNIČKOVÁ, J. 2025. Hanguana rubinea Škorničk. & P.C.Boyce (Hanguanaceae), a new record for Indonesia. Reinwardtia 24(1): 33‒39. — Hanguana rubinea Škorničk. & P.C.Boyce, originally described from and reported to be endemic to Singapore, has been discovered on Batam, Riau Islands, Sumatra and is reported here as a new record for Indonesia. The distinguishing features of H. rubinea include the silky indumentum on the abaxial surface of its leaves, the striking ruby-red hue of fruits, and the unique bowl-shaped seeds. Description and colour plates prepared from the ripe fruiting material in Batam are included together with additional notes and a map reflecting the current distribution of this species
The current study aims to see if a dispersal pathway existed between northern/ northwestern Australia and the Lesser Sunda Islands and Southern Moluccas by using distributional data of plants, dated phylogenies and historical biogeography. Dispersal between Asia and Australia has already been shown to exist, especially through Northern Queensland and New Guinea into the Malay Archipelago (Malesia). Taxa occurring in the Northern Territory and Western Australia were compared to taxa present in the Lesser Sunda Islands and Southern Moluccas as a means to explain the origin of part of the Malesian flora. Distribution data of taxa were collected from the Global Biodiversity Information Centre and the database of Naturalis Biodiversity Center, reviewed for accepted names and distribution data via Kew Gardens’ Plants of The World Online and dated phylogenies were traced via Google Scholar. The resemblance in genus and species lists between Western Australia/Northern Territory and the Lesser Sunda Islands/southern Moluccas indicates a floral exchange, likely, mainly from Australia to Malesia. Historical biogeographic data were found in only two instances, showing a dispersal to the Lesser Sunda Islands/southern Moluccas around 5 Ma. The conclusion is that this pathway did not result in a major influx of flora into the Malesian area.
WIDJAJA, E. A., LARASATI, I. & SUKAESIH, Y. Y. 2025. Critical notes on bamboos from Flores Island. Reinwardtia 24(1): 41‒50. — Based on the results of extended field exploration, including the taxonomic study of bamboo growing in Flores, two new species, namely Dinochloa nigroviolacea and Gigantochloa kelimutuense will be described and illustrated. It was also observed that the Timorese black bamboo Gigantochloa lako, which has not been reported before from Flores, was found growing wild in the interior of Ende Regency. Furthermore, our studies indicated that Chloothamnus schmutzii should be reduced to synonymy of Chloothamnus reholttumianus, which grows wild and has spread from Ngada Regency to West Manggarai Regency; this species is also found in East Sumba and Sumbawa. The results of our observations indicate that at present there are 17 species of bamboo growing in Flores, belonging to Bambusa (4 species), Chloothamnus (1 species), Dendrocalamus (1 species), Dinochloa (2 species), Fimbribambusa (1 species), Gigantochloa (4 species), Phyllostachys (1 species), Schizostachyum (2 species), and Thyrsostachys (1 species). They can be distinguished using the key provided
YUSOFF, N. S. S. M., KALU, M., & SIAM, N. A. 2025. The application of leaf anatomy identifying species of Orchidantha N.E.Br. (Lowiaceae Ridl.) in Malaysia. Reinwardtia 24(1): 17‒25. — Lowiaceae only consists of one genus, Orchidantha, which with thirty-four species has the lowest number of species among the eight families within order Zingiberales. Recently, Orchidantha has garnered attention for its potential medicinal value in treating fever, cough, chest, and back pain. The species are often only found in a small area. The morphology of the flower of Orchidantha is essential to identification but often the flowers are rarely found. As a result, this study aims to investigate vegetative anatomical characteristics of the petiole, midrib, and lamina, which could be used for species identification independent of availability of flowers; by identifying shapes and special characteristic of labellum, stigma, and viscidium. The results of this study shown a marked difference in shape and depth of the petiole grooves, petiole margin, and the number of vascular systems. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the anatomical‒petiole grooves, petiole margin and number of vascular systems, are useful for identifying species.
SUMADIJAYA, A., AGUSTIANI, E. L., SENJAYA, S. K. & WULANSARI, T. Y. I. 2025. Reinwardtia, 75 years ofendeavour investigating Indonesia’s botany and beyond. Reinwardtia 24(1): 137‒144. — Decades of publications in Reinwardtia reveal the dynamics and transition of botanical research in Indonesia. This synthesis delivers snapshots across third-quarter-century accumulation of plant and fungi knowledge, mostly in taxonomy, with a glimpse into ecology, ethnobotany, and others. Disparity of studies is prevalent for Angiosperms and taxa in Indonesia, particularly Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi. Across decades, the transition of editors and authors delivers strong evidence of a scientific void and prolonged time to recover the vacuum. It also provides a sweet spot between decolonization while maintaining global participation.
A new species, Begonia tanggamusensis Girm. & M.Hughes (§ Platycentrum), is described from Gunung Tanggamus in southern Sumatra, where it is endemic. It grows on moss covered rocks and at the base of large trees in montane forests at an elevation of 1,700–2,000 m. A provisional conservation assessment places the species in the Near Threatened category.
The study aimed to assess the diversity status of mangroves and associates. Four transect lines were established perpendicular to the shoreline, ranging from 20 to 100 meters based on mangrove stand size. Along these transects, three 10 m × 10 m quadrat plots were set up to evaluate mangrove trees, and within each quadrat, a 2 m × 2 m regeneration plot was established. The study calculated the di-versity indices, such as relative frequency, relative density, and relative dominance to determine the species im-portance value. A total of four mangrove species and two associated plants were identified, representing three mangrove families and three genera, as well as three plant families and three genera for associated plants. The record-ed species included Avicennia marina, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Acanthus ebrac-teatus, and Acrostichum speciosum. The overall diversity value of the mangroves and associated plants was 0.87, indi-cating relatively low species richness. The true mangroves, Rhizophora mucronata exhibited the highest values for relative density (68.07%), while Nypa fruticans is the highest in terms of relative dominance (42.20%). Both have the same highest value in relative frequency (32.43%). All in all, the highest species importance value for true mangroves is Rhizophora mucronata with 126.23%. In associated plants, highest value of relative density and relative frequency belongs to Acanthus ebracteatus with 58% and 60%, respectively. Subsequently, the highest species importance value for associated plants is 118% for Acanthus ebracteatus. The study concluded that the Mandangisiao Estuary in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental has a limited species diversity, contrary to the initial hypothesis. Furthermore, the mangrove forest in the estuary faces potential threats from garbage dumping, tree cutting, boat mooring, and human encroachment, despite all the recorded species having a Least Concern conservation status.
A new species of Sida from Penambangan Village, Sidoarjo, East Java related to Sida acuta is described as Sida penambangensis Felayati, Rustiami & Susandarini. It is distinguished from Sida acuta Burm.f. with at least six characters such as stem covered with obvious long trichomes, reddish-purple at upper leaf margin, stipule subulate-falcate, pedicels not articulated, mericarps 9–11 with pair linear awns 0.8 mm long with simple and stellate pubescence. It is described and illustrated here as a species new to science.
