This research describes the phenotypic variation of Oreochromis niloticus in the F1 generations and backcrossing with YY parent males, focusing on body color and the percentage of natural sexual reversal. The F1 generation derives from red YY males and XX grey females, while backcrossing involves XY neofemales from F1 with red YY males. To evaluate the color of the body, ranges of percentage of gray spots were established: 0-5%, 6-30%, 31-50% and 51-100%. Sex reversal was estimated by observing phenotypic sex and using SCAR-PCR markers linked to the Y and X sex chromosomes for confirmation of chromosomal sex. The body colour was red in both generations, with fewer grey spots in the backcross compared to F1. Neofemales were identified in F1 and backcrossing due to natural sexual reversal, with percentages of 5.33 ± 2.31% in F1 and 9.33 ± 1.15% in backcrossing. The identification of XY and YY neofemales, confirmed with SCAR-PCR, allows an effective strategy to increase the production of YY males, of importance in the improvement of the genetics of the O. niloticus broodstock stock.
The effect of the essential oil of Mentha spicata leaves on the growth of Microsporum gypseum in vitro was evaluated. We worked with the vegetable from the agricultural crops of Pedregal, Simbal District, Trujillo Province, La Libertad; obtainingthe essential oil was carried out using the hydrodistillation method in Clevenger equipment. To evaluate its effect, the technique of incorporating the essential oilinto the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar culture medium was used, adding the appropriate amount until obtaining concentrations of 400, 500, 600 and 700 μg/mL and the culture medium as a negative control. A fragment of M. gypseum mycelium was planted by central puncture and incubated at 25°C for a week; readings of radial growth weremade in millimeters of diameter. The average radial growth of the treatment and the negative control obtained on the seventh day of incubation were 4.36 and 2.45 mm for 400 and 500 μg/mL, respectively; at 600 and 700 μg/mL there was no growth andfor the negative control it was 26.65 mm. It is concluded that the essential oil at the concentrations evaluated inhibits the growth of M. gypseum, in direct proportion tothe concentration, that is, the higher the concentration, the greater the inhibition of radial growth; from 600 μg/mL, fungal growth is completely inhibited. Resulting in a promising alternative for the treatment against these pathogens due to its bioactive components.
Palm trees (Arecaceae) originate from the world’s tropical rainforests and through diversification at least 10% have adapted to ecosystems characterized by some degree of water limitation. In this sense, palm trees that have adapted toSeasonally Dry Tropical Forests (BTES) and Tropical Limestone Karst Rock Forests (BTRCK) in Peru are announced. A review of both the literature and physical and virtual herbarium specimens was carried out and field trips were carried out in wet and dry seasons. 19 species of palm trees were recorded in 11 genera; 15 species and 9 genera in the tribe Cocoseae of the subfamily Arecoideae and four species with two genera in the subfamily Ceroxyloideae. The genera with the greatest presence are: Chamaedorea with four species, followed by Ceroxylon with three species and Aiphanes, Attalea and Astrocaryum with two species each. Palm trees adapted to environments with water limitation correspond to 10% of those present in Peru. Two species are restricted to the western slope, 11 species restricted to the eastern and inter-Andean slopes and two species found on the Pacific and Atlantic slopes. Three species only in tropical limestone karst forests. Chamaedorea fragrans, Prestoea ensiformis and Socratea exorrhiza. Ceroxylon peruvianum is endemic to Peru and inhabits seasonally dry tropical forests.
The study evaluated the genotoxicity of sodium benzoate and potassiumsorbate using the comet assay, employing erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) as an ex vivo biological model. This model is a viable alternative due to its genetic homogeneity, nucleated cells, and low cost. Treatments were conducted with concentrations of 40, 65, and 90 mg/ml of both preservatives and were compared with positive (cyclophosphamide) and negative (fetal bovine serum) controls. The results showed that potassium sorbate has a greater genotoxic effect than sodium benzoate, with a clear dose-response relationship in DNA fragmentation. From 40mg/ml, sorbate showed a significant increase in DNA damage, and at 90 mg/ml, thedamage was comparable to the positive control. Sodium benzoate presented a lesssevere effect, maintaining high cell viability at concentrations of 40 and 65 mg/ml, while sorbate reduced viability at higher concentrations, with an LD50 of 163 mg/ml. Parameters such as the percentage of tail DNA and olive tail moment reflected an increase in genetic damage induced by sorbate. These findings demonstrate thattilapia erythrocytes are an effective model for evaluating cytotoxicity and genotoxicity,highlighting the need to regulate the concentrations of food preservatives to protectgenetic integrity and consumer safety.
Raphanus sativus L., known as “rabanito,” is a healthy vegetable with low caloric content and high in vitamin C, which strengthens the immune system. However, this plant requires inorganic fertilizers, many of which are contaminated with heavymetals, such as cadmium and lead, which represents a potential risk for food safety.Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyze the bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in R. sativus “rabanito” at 15, 30 and 45 days after fertilization with zinc sulfate. The experimental phase was carried out in a greenhouse, where pots were installed and R. sativus plants were planted, which were fertilized with zinc sulfate containing 125.175 ppm of cadmium and 7.554 ppm of lead, applying the fertilizer25 days after planting. A completely randomized design was used, with a controlgroup and three treatments: T2 (15 days after application - DAA), T3 (30 DAA) and T4 (45 DAA), with 4 repetitions per treatment. The results indicated that the highest bioaccumulation of lead in the roots (0.096 ppm) occurred at 15 DAA, while in the leaves (0.333 ppm) it was recorded at 45 DAA. Regarding cadmium, the highest concentration in roots (0.0584 ppm) was observed in the control group at 45 DAA, while in the leaves (0.1057 ppm) it occurred at 15 DAA after fertilization with zinc sulphate. In conclusion, the use of zinc sulphate as a fertilizer increases the bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in R. sativus, being higher in the leaves and lower in the roots.
The present research was carried out with the objective of determining the comparative differential morphological characteristics between the pollen grains of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Single 1913, Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck 1765, Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Yu. Tanaka 1951 and Citrus medica (L.) 1853, from Cajamarca and La Libertad, Perú. Samples of stems and branches with flowers were taken for taxonomic identification in the “Truxillense” herbarium of the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo(UNT), and palynological studies in the Genetics and Molecular Biology laboratory of the UNT, Trujillo, La Libertad, Perú. Dehiscent anthers of each species under study were isolated on a slide sheet, the pollen grains were stained with 0.5% safranin and were observed and photographed under an Olympus BX40 optical microscope at a magnification of 100X, recording the ornamentation characteristics and values. to establish shape, number, diameter of pores and thickness of the exine. The pollen grains in the studied species show reticulated exines, being predominantly prolatespheroidal, tetracolporate; with variable values of P/E, exine thickness and pore diameter between species and even within the same species, thus affirming theexistence of great interspecific and intraspecific genetic variability in the Citrus genus.
Flowering wild vegetation contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity,ecological balance and the sustainability of ecosystems, with a positive influence, inparticular, on pollinating insects. The objective of this research was to characterizemorphologically the pollen grains of wild flowering plants predominant in the town ofLaramie, province of Chao, department of La Libertad, Peru, during winter 2024. Parts ofplants, such stems and branches with flowers, were collected. Plants identification wasdone in the herbarium of the National University of Trujillo (UNT); anthers and pollengrains in 19 identified species were prepared for observation, and characterizationunder a compound microscope at 100X. The great diversity of the pollen grain isstands out in terms of morphological characters between different species and evenwithin the same genus, highlighting the size, shape and ornamentation of the exine asvariable characters, which suggests the great potential for use of such characters inthe taxonomic identification of plants.
In the present investigation, hydrological changes were analyzed consideringpossible changes in flows in the Moche River basin to improve the water supplyin this part of the La Libertad Region in the future; as well as mitigate the impactof anomalous behaviors over time. To achieve this objective, daily hydrologicalinformation was collected from the Quirihuac hydrometric station. The daily, monthlyand annual flow information was subjected to a trend analysis using R Software, for thestatistical characterization and quantification of the hydrological change in the basin,considering for the analysis a natural period of 60 years (1950-2010). ). The resultsshow statistical variations in the flow seasonality of the natural period in relation tothe altered period. Likewise, the evaluation shows an increase in flows during the wetseason and a reduction during the dry season; in comparison with altered periodsof occurrence of El Niño phenomena, as well as forecasts of random behavior that isattributed to the persistence of the average annual discharges in relation to the returntime of the flows in the water regulation of the basin during that period and to future.
Después de revisar el material de herbario junto con material para una monografía de Mniodes (A.Gray) Benth., se ha reconocido una nueva especie de Bolivia, M. mandonii Quip. & M.O.Dillon, sp. nov. La nueva especie representa una colección citada originalmente como Lucilia facelioides Sch.Bip., un nomen nudum publicado en la enumeración de las colecciones bolivianas de G. Mandon. Dado que el nombre no tiene una posición taxonómica formal, la nueva especie está basada en Mandon 178, con no menos de siete duplicados encontrados en herbarios. La distribución de esta nueva especie se extiende desde el norte de Bolivia hasta el extremo noroeste de Argentina. Anteriormente, las colecciones de Bolivia y del norte de Argentina se han identificado como poblaciones disjuntas de Mniodes lopezmirandae (Cabrera) Freire, Chemisquy, Anderb. & Urtubey, especie endémica del norte de Perú. La distribución de Mniodes mandonii coincide con la de M. catamarcensis en el sur de Bolivia y el norte de Argentina. La ubicación de Gnaphalium americanum Mill. var. discolor Griseb. como sinónimo de esta nueva especie requerirá de una recolección más detallada en el norte de Argentina; sin embargo, los datos preliminares sugieren que se trata de M. mandonii. Se describe la nueva especie, se ilustra con fotografías y se discuten sus relaciones.
Peperomia hartwegiana is a high Andean medicinal plant popularly called“congona redonda”. It is used to cure inflammations and some infectious diseases, andit is marketed in the popular market from Huaraz. Then, it was collected some samplesof P. hartwegiana at the Challhua folkloric market and stored in refrigeration in paperbags before their histological cuts. The organs studied were leaves, floriferous axis,stem, and adventitious roots. Freehand histological cut was performed for all organs,and samples obtained were colored with safranine. Hence, lugol was used to colorthe stems. The results obtained show that P. hartwegiana is a herbaceous species withadventitious roots and oval, verticillate, and succulent leaves. Its inflorescence forms acharacteristic terminal spike. Anatomically, the leaves have multicellular hairs in bothepidermis layers. The adaxial epidermis is multiseriate where cells store water, whilethe abaxial epidermis is uniseriate with stomata. Between both epidermis layers, themesophyll comprises lacunar and palisade chlorophyll parenchyma. The floriferousaxis has a uniseriate epidermis on a lacunar collenchyma delimited by fundamentalparenchyma, and their vascular bundle forms an atactostele. The stem has a uniseriateepidermis with the presence of elongated multicellular hairs. Likewise, it has a lacunarcollenchyma that delimits a fundamental parenchyma that surrounds the conductingbeams that form an atactostele. The adventitious root presents primary developmentwith the presence of a cortical parenchyma, the vascular bundles form a radicularanatomic structure polyarch with primary phloem and xylem axes alternated.
The analysis is based on the taxonomic identification of the plant microremains(starch grains, plant tissue and silicophytoliths) recorded in rodent coprolites from theHuaca Ventarrón archaeological site, a temple of great regional importance during theLate Pre-Ceramic period between 3000-1700. AC The research objective is linked toprobably knowing the plants used in this pre-Hispanic site, since the context (depositA1) is associated with an accumulation of waste from the aforementioned temples.The material used consisted of 20 coprolites and three methodologies were appliedfor their analysis: coprolite rehydration, carbonate removal, and organic matterremoval. It will be modified to identify the presence of species such as Cucurbitaficifolia “chiclayo”, Cucurbita moschata “loche”, Manihot esculenta “cassava”, Prosopispallida “carob”, Maranta arundinacea “maranta” and Zea mays “corn”, at the genus levelthere is Phaseolus sp. “bean/pallar”, Gossypium sp. “cotton”, Capsicum sp. “chili” andCurcubita sp. At the time of joining the archaeobotanical information of the site, it ispossible to know that the settler uses its plant resources with fine food, industrial andmedicinal. Likewise, the variety threw us Huaca Ventarron as one of the main centersof plant domestication present in the Central Andes.
The Peruvian Central Andes wetlands of the tropical region at South Americawith cianobacterial and microalgal flora related with their biomass and productivityof aquatic Andean ecosystems. Standard cyanobacterial collections of Churiacochalagoon (elevation: 4500-4650 m) at Junin region were carried out in winter, andfrom the Nupe river (elevation:3200 -3260 m) at Huanuco region, in fall. Planktonicand submerged macrocolonies thalli of Nostoc pruniforme showed their phenotypicplasticity with morphotypes development (capsulated and pigmented hormogonios,microcolonies). Strategies adaptations in life cycle of the studied Nostoc species aswell as their diazotrophic capacity are related with their colonization and survival tothe desiccation (acinetes, mucilage) and radiation (scytonemin) in hydric fluctuatingwetlands. Their extended of geographic Andean distribution showed successfulcolonization of epilithic river N. verrucosum, and the lacustrine N. pruniforme species
Diversity of Peruvian plant communities. A review through a phytosociological classification. The present work is an update of the syntaxonomic scheme, whose units make up the Peruvian vegetation landscape. Vegetation units are based on 3459 phytosociological plots processed according to the Braun- Blanquet approach. As a result, 24 plant formations were presented: Forests (dry forest, high Andean forest, eastern Andean and Amazonian rainforest), shrublands (Andean shrubland, shrubland associated with watercourses), vegetation with cacti from central and southern Peru, grasslands and scrub of the highlands, vegetation of cryoturbed soils, vegetation of salt marshes (coastal saline soil vegetation, vegetation of inland saline soils), vegetation of maritime dunes, herbaceous vegetation of the coastal hills, short annual pioneer vegetation, wetland vege-tation (vegetation of depressions, springs and peat bogs, helophyte vegetation, amphibious high Andean vegetation of small plants, amphibious vegetation of small plants from warm areas, and floating, temporally rooted and natant leafy plant communities), rocky and wall vegetation, vegetation of anthropic environments (ruderal and adapted to trampling Andean vegetation, ruderal and adapted to trampling vegetation from the Amazonia and irrigated areas, vegetation of disturbed soils and dumps), and savanna grasslands. Within these formations, we considered 35 phytosociological classes, 49 orders, 92 alliances and 227 associations. In addition, the presence of phytosociological classes and associations, as well as some of their synonymies, in the biogeographical provinces and sectors of Peru are discussed in the context of the surrounding countries and territories, based on the literature and our field experience.
This research was carried out in order to obtain gallic acid by the action of the hydrolytic enzymesof Aspergillus niger that degrade the tannins presents in Caesalpinia spinosa (Fabaceae) “tara”, usinga solid state bioreactor. The fermentations were carried out for 2, 4 and 6 days at room temperature,with an initial pH of 7.0 and a microbial inoculum of 109 espores/ml. The maximum productionwas obtained 4 days after the fermentation process with a purity of 28.71% gallic acid, according tothe readings provided by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer with microplate reader. According to thestatistical analysis, the different exposure times present significant differences. It was determinedthat there is a direct relationship between fermentation time and absorbance.
At the end of 2019, a new infectious respiratory condition located in Hubei Wuhan-China provincecaused by SARS-CoV-2 virus was manifested. Moreover, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)was quickly identified as the critical functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The study of the ACE2protein allows us to determine the possible reservoirs that coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV,SARS-CoV-2 and others could have in nature. The present research aims to analyze structurallyand functionally the ACE2 protein in different classes of vertebrates. For this purpose, a total of 35amino acid sequences were recovered and a preliminary analysis was performed with ProtParam,SMART, InterPro and CATHdb. The secondary structure of the proteins of 10 selected species waspredicted using the PSIPRED tool. Subsequently, tertiary structure was modeled with MODELLER10.4 and validation was performed using Procheck. Refinement was performed using ModRefinerand GalaxyRefine tools, for structural alignment CLICK was used. It was observed that thephysicochemical properties, domains and functions of the different vertebrate classes are verysimilar. Similarly, it can be observed that the secondary structure found with the highest prevalencein the proteins was the alpha helix. Finally, there is a high conservation in the three-dimensionalstructure when compared with that of Homo sapiens. This evolutionary conservation denotesits importance for living beings and indicates the potential susceptibility of different species tocoronaviruses through the same ACE2 receptor.
The work responds highlighting interest and presence of Alejandro Manuel Fernandez HonoresBotanical Garden of National University of Trujillo as an ex-situ Conservation Center, mainlynative flora to the Peruvian coast, given need to promote environmental conservation habits onacademic context and citizens of Trujillo. Garden give orientated to, didactic, guiding its actionssuch as its interventions with programs and interaction projects in consensus, regarding economicrecovery, ethnohistorical, ethnobiological tourism. Added value of ecosystem services, recognitionof botanical and fauna resources, as aligned responses towards students and community, in field,management and environmental education and urban environmental planning.
The prevalence of ESBL extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli wasdetermined in urine cultures of patients treated at the Cascas Hospital, La Libertad, Peru. 200 urinecultures were processed and sown on plates with Blood Agar and Agar MacConkey calibratedloop method, incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours, cultures that presented colonies macroscopicallysimilar to E. coli were selected, differential biochemical identification was performed. The platediffusion method and the Jarlier method were applied for the detection of E. coli ESBL againstAmoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid (20/10 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), aztreonam (30μg) and ceftriaxone (30 μg). 100 cultures positive for E. coli were obtained, of which 16 (16.0%) wereESBL, 5 (32.25%) came from men and 11 (68.75%) from women; The age group between 61 and 80years had a higher prevalence for E. coli ESBL with 6 (37.5%) positive cultures; and the antimicrobialsaztreonan and cefotaxime had a higher prevalence in ESBL E. coli with 8 (50%) positive cultures foreach antimicrobial. It is concluded that the prevalence of E. coli producing extended-spectrum betalactamases in urine cultures from patients at the Hospital de Cascas - La Libertad in the periodfrom January to July 2021 was 16.0%. With greater prevalence for the female gender, the age groupbetween 61 to 80 years and for the antimicrobials of aztreonan and cefotaxime
The study and improvement of the antibacterial capacity of innovative compounds, such asnanoparticles, turns out to be of vital importance because bacteria are rapidly acquiring resistanceto antibiotics. The objective of this research is to carry out a bibliographical review on the effectof silver nanoparticles obtained from different or diverse chemical syntheses applied to differentgroups of bacteria, silver nanoparticles have been effective against many groups of bacteria such asgram bacteria. positive and gram negative. Silver nanoparticles vary in morphology and size, whichinfluences their antibacterial activity. Showing a better effect on gram negatives, possibly due to itsthinner bacterial wall allowing nanoparticles or derived ions to pass through more easily and act atthe membrane level or enter the cell where they can damage the respiratory chain, cause damage inproteins, lipids, nucleic acids among others. Likewise, on Staphylococcus aureus, the smaller the size,the greater the antibacterial activity was appreciated due to its easy entry and with respect to themorphology we can point out that the most frequent was the spherical one. Finally, it is concludedthat the silver nanoparticles obtained by chemical synthesis have a high antibacterial activity.
Se presenta en forma preliminar la diversidad natural del Sitio Arqueologico de cerro Andaraga,distrito Huaso, provincia Julcan, region La Libertad, Peru. Esta region es la frontera sur de la zona andinaAmotape-Huancabamba, caracterizada por sus endemismos, tanto especies de flora como de fauna.Existen evidencias arqueologicas de ocupaciones tempranas en los afloramientos rocosos de las zonasaltas, evidencia de un conocimiento holistico del ambiente, su conservacion y uso razonable. Para lasevaluaciones de flora y fauna se realizaron recorridos en transectos, mediante la busqueda intensiva.Se tomaron datos in situ de caracteristicas exomorfologicas, formas de vida, nombres vulgares y habitat.En la zona de evaluacion, se evidencio un deterioro por la practica de la agricultura sin un modelo dezonificacion. Se encontraron construcciones arqueologicas en estado de destruccion y se identificaron sieteformas de vida: 1) Plantas con aspecto de manojo, macollantes y hojas filiformes, 2) Plantas brevicaules conhojas en roseta aplicadas al suelo; 3) Plantas sobre afloramientos rocosos; 4) Plantas herbaceas y sufrutices;5) Plantas herbaceas, sufrutices y lenosas postrado-ascendente; 6) Arbustos erguidos y 7) Rodales dePuya raimondii “cahua”. Se registraron preliminarmente a 15 familias, 26 generos 31 especies de flora;de ellas ocho son endemicas: Jaltomata andagarae (CR), Coreopsis senaria (LC), Mniodes pulvinata (LC),Senecio collinus (LC), Calceolaria cajabambae (LC), Nasa ranunculifolia subsp. cymbopetala (LC), Dasyphyllumhystrix var. peruvianum (DD) y Senecio chiquianensis (NE). Entre la zona rocosa y plantas arbustivas seobservo a Stenocercus melanopygus (LC), “lagartija” endemica de Peru. Se registraron nueve especies deaves residentes y propias de este tipo de ecosistema, tales como Metriopelia melanoptera (LC), Vanellusresplendes (LC), Phalcoboenus megalopterus (LC), Porphyrospiza alaudina (LC), Rhopospina fruticeti (LC),Zonotrichia capensis (LC), Asthenes pudibunda (LC), Ochthoeca leucophrys (LC) y Spinus magellanica (LC). Estaevidencia implica la necesidad de profundizar las investigaciones en esta zona y promover actividades deconservacion y uso sostenible de los recursos; asi como poner en valor el sitio arqueologico.
Aim: To determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of aguaymanto fruits (Physalis peruviana L.) and eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) in concentrations of 40%, 70% and 100% against Staphylococcus aureus. Material and methods: It was a comparative and experimental study; an oxacillin resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus was analyzed with which 15 repetitions were performed for each concentration plus a positive control with vancomycin. The disk-diffusion antibiogram test was used to assess antimicrobial activity. The obtained data were processed in the SPSS Statistics 22 program and were statistically analyzed according to the ANOVA test and the Duncan test. Results: There was a significant difference (p <0.001) in the results of the 3 concentrations of the hydroalcoholic extract of Physalis peruviana L. with the vancomycin control; due to these did not present an antimicrobial activity comparable to the control. As for the hydroalcoholic extract of Eucalyptus globulus Labill., according to Duncan’s test, its antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100% (16.00 mm) was very similar to the effect produced by vancomycin (16.30 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of eucalyptus in the 100% concentration was the one with the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus.
