Pollen of representative species of most genera of Burseraceae is studied. On the basis of aperture morphology it is possible to distinguish three major pollen types. Type I is tricolporate with long colpi and lalongate oblong to elliptic (rarely subcircular) endoapertures (Boswellia, Canarium, Dacryodes, Garuga, Haplolobus, Protium, Santiria, Scutinanthe brevisepala). Type II is tricolporate with moderately long to short more or less protruding colpi and elliptic to subcircular endoapertures, or triporate (Bursera, Commiphora, Triomma). Type III is heteropolar, tricolporate, each aperture showing a complex architecture including a short demicolpus, a subcircular endoaperture, a vestibulum and lateral cavities (Scutinanthe brunnea). Pollen of S. brunnea appears to be strongly deviating, whereas that of S. brevisepala fits very well with the general characteristics for pollen of the family. Two varieties of S. brunnea pollen occur: (1) with all three colpi in the same hemisphere, and (2) with one colpus in the other hemisphere. The approximate 75% dominance of radially asymmetric variety 2 might result from randomness during a hypothesised polarisation phase in the early ontogeny of the lobes. The functional significance of the remarkable aperture architecture in S. brunnea pollen might be compartmentalisation of the apertural cytoplasm and intine, as part of a special harmomegathic system.
Acer laurinum (Sapindaceae) is a threatened tree plant species with least concern (LC) status. There is only limited information regarding the phenology of flowering and fruiting of this species. Along with the increasing damage to its natural habitat, not surprisingly, in the future, this status will be more threatened. Therefore, it is necessary to study the phenology cycle of this species for the purposes of further development. In order to achieve a continuous and sequenced observation, the study was conducted in a built environment, one of an ex-situ plant conservation site. Furthermore, the study also conducted to analyze the effect of the microclimate on this cycle. The study conducted with A. laurinum tree specimen planted in 1986 at Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Cianjur, West Java. The study used descriptive quantitative analysis based on the exploratory-inventory observation of flowering and fruiting phase data, and the microclimate conditions assessed from 2014 to 2015. The results showed that the flowering and fruiting occurred from early January to April, and at the end of the year, from September to December, along with the high level of precipitation of the periods. Even the other microclimate units also dynamically changed, but there were no significantly affected the flowering and fruiting phenology. The results suggested that these periods can be conducted seeds harvesting and (re)stock in order to achieve maximum results.
Mawazin, Fambayun RA. 2020. Potential species selection for peatland rehabilitation in Central Kalimantan. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 546-551. Peat swamp forest rehabilitation has been carried out, however in general, it brought unsatisfied results. One of the factors causing the failure in rehabilitation includes the wrong species selection and the lack of preparation in terms of sufficient quantities of a seedling. To support the success of rehabilitation, research is needed to determine the potential species chosen for rehabilitation and the species should be able to adapt to their environment. This research was conducted using the scoring method. First, the criteria and parameters which controlled the success of rehabilitation are determined. The predetermined criteria and parameters are then given weight and score. The highest total score is determined as the more potential species, while the lowest total score is determined as the less potential species to be developed in the rehabilitation activities. The results showed that 28 species were found. Of these 28 species, 3 species were classified as high potential species, 4 species were medium potential species, 9 species were less potential, and 12 species are classified as non-potential species. The species that are classified as high potential species namely Calophyllum kunstleri, Stemonurus scorpioides and Campnosperma auriculata. It is hoped that those species are prioritized to be selected in rehabilitation activities on peatlands in the near future.
Garvita RV, Wawangningrum H. 2020. Potential of terrestrial orchid as a medicine and in vitro multiplication. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 512-519. Orchid belongs to the Orchidaceae family, which is the second largest family of flowering plants with more than 850 genera. Terrestrial orchids have been widely used as traditional medicine. In general, medicinal orchids have not subjected to detailed pharmacological studies but are based on usage by local community. Particularly used as traditional medicine has been given to diuretic, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, hypoglycaemic activities, anti-microbial, anti-convulsive, relaxation, neuroprotective, and anti-virus. A large number of orchids have been used in treatment of various diseases, therefore, there are several studies have been undertaken to provide the medicinal uses of orchids. The aim of this study is to introduce a collection of terrestrial orchids in Bogor Botanic Gardens (BBG), LIPI, which has potential for medicine and is expected to be a basis for consideration in more effective conservation and propagation actions. An inventory of orchid collection in BBG carried out exploratively and sought literature on its conservation aspects by in vitro and phytochemical content that has potential for medicine. Some of the genus in the BBG that have potential as medicine are Anoetochilus, Goodyera, Eulophia, Habenaria, Malaxis, and Nervilia.
Isfaeni H, Fadliansyah M, Prakoso YA. 2020. Hard coral community structure in Peucang Island Ujung Kulon National Park. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 537-541. Indonesia is an archipelago country with very high biodiversity, but not all of its potentials can be identified, one of which is Peucang Island in Ujung Kulon National Park. This research was conducted on September 17-19, 2018 in the waters of Peucang Island, Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten. The method used is descriptive method. The study was conducted at 2 stations with 4 transects each along 50 meters, with community structure including diversity, uniformity, relative abundance, and total dominance. Based on the results of the study found 232 samples with 14 species dominated by Acropora branching type corals, moderate diversity at both stations, low uniformity under pressure, moderate dominance at station 1 and low at station 2, and highest abundance at branching type Acropora types at both station.
Lienggonegoro LA, Kharirie. 2020. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata) and it is potential as an anti-cancer. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 628-632. Soursop (Annona muricata) leaves have long been used as a traditional medicine to overcome many diseases. Its potential as a drug or cancer prevention makes it often used as an object of research. This review contains various studies of soursop leaves in Indonesia and their methods, both from the in-vitro, in-vivo stages and clinical trials on the use of soursop leaves in Indonesia conducted since 2012. From the literature collected, the in-vitro research found that soursop leaf extract has cytotoxic properties against MCF-7 cancer cell lines, HeLa cells, HUH7IT-1 hepatocellular cancer cells but do not respond to PC3 prostate cancer cells. The effectiveness of soursop leaves also depends on the incubation time and extraction method. Ethanol extract is known to show cytotoxicity compared to water extract. In the in-vivo study, soursop leaf research was carried out on mice breast and mouse cancer models for breast, lung and liver cancer-induced DMBA models. From the results of in-vivo research it is known that soursop leaf extract works as an antiproliferation, chemopreventive and triggers apoptosis. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata) have cytotoxic properties against cancer cells in vitro, which may be caused by antioxidant content, including flavonoids and acetogenin so that it has the potential to be developed as an anti-cancer drug.
Abstract. Tumbelaka S, Saroinsong FB. 2020. Land suitability evaluation in agricultural landscape planning to support food security of Tomohon City, North Sulawesi. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 594-599. The transformation of agricultural land into land for trade, tourism and settlement has increased from year to year. This causes the decrease in agricultural land. One effort to limit the transfer rate is the planning of agricultural land in accordance with the potential of land resources by taking into account the target of the national food security program that is diversification of food based on local resources. Evaluation of land suitability in determining types of food crops planted on land in certain locations based on the values ??of land characteristics is needed as a support for decision making in agricultural landscape planning. This study aims to plan and determine the locations of agricultural land in the Tomohon city that are for several types of food crops to support food diversification, using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The long-term goals are sustainable management of natural resources and the environment (SDAL) and food security. This research method uses land suitability evaluation methods. Land suitability classes consist of very suitable (S1), reasonably appropriate (S2), marginal appropriate (S3) and unsuitable (N) classes. The results showed that there were several agricultural commodities that could be cultivated in Tomohon city agricultural land besides rice, in the context of diversifying carbohydrate food, namely sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), taro (Colocasia esculenta) and banana (Musa paradisiaca) such as pisang goroho, pisang sepatu, etc. The types of food plants that can be sought besides rice are the types of plants that have long been known to the community as local food sources in the city of Tomohon. Based on the land suitability map obtained, the highly land (S1) for rice, sweet potato and taro and sufficiently land (S2) for banana plants needs to be optimized for management to support diversification and food security.
Munawaroh E, Rahayu S. 2020. The diversity of Hoya species (Apocynaceae) in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) and their conservation in the Liwa Botanical Gardens, West Lampung, Lampung. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 610-617. Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is a representative of the Bukit Barisan mountain range which consists of mangrove forest, coastal forest, tropical palms and mountain ranges in Sumatera. Bukit Barisan National Park stretches from the Province Bengkulu to the north, following the ridge of the Bukit Barisan mountains extending south, to Tanjung Cina-Belimbing at the southern tip of Lampung Province. This National Park is also a habitat for unique and rare flowering plants, including Hoya spp. Inventory and exploration of Hoya Plants in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung Province has been carried out with an exploration method that is exploring the area representing habitat for Hoya spp. We found 7 species of Hoya in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. There were: Hoya cf. rhodostele, Hoya coriacea, Hoya coronaria, Hoya micrantha, Hoya multiflora, Hoya purpurea-fusca, and Hoya vitellinoides. All Hoya plant materials are conserved ex-situ in the Liwa Botanical Garden.
Nasrudin A, Parikesit. 2020. Vegetation analysis of karst in Padjadjaran University Campus Area Cintaratu, Pangandaran, West Java. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 468-475. The research carried out was an analysis of karst vegetation in the category of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees in the campus area of Padjadjaran University Cintaratu, Pangandaran, West Java. This study aimed to determine the species composition and vegetation structure and plant species diversity in the campus area of Padjadjaran University Cintaratu, Pangandaran. The research method used was a squared line method, with a measurement plot of 20 m x 20 m for category data of trees, 10 m x 10 m plot size for poles, 5 m x 5 m plot for saplings, and sample plots measuring sized 2 m x 2 m for data of seedlings. The physical data that measured were temperature, humidity, soil pH, and soil moisture. Data analysis was carried out by using vegetation analysis method to calculate frequency, density, dominance, relative frequency, relative density, relative dominance, Important Value Index (INP), Shannon-Wienner diversity index (H'), and evenness index (E). The results showed there were 32 types of plants from 16 families, namely 14 types in seedlings, 15 types of saplings, 24 types of poles, and 6 types of trees. The highest Important Value Index in the research transect was coconut (Cocos nucifera) by 188.2% in the tree category, the pole category of albasiah (Albizia chinensis) by 58.9%, the sapling category of albizia (Albizia chinensis) by 87.07%, and the seedling category of Ficus septica by 83.95%.
Fitrianti T, Partasasmita R. 2020. Medicinal plants of Cintaratu Village, Pangandaran, West Java. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 600-609. Indonesia has been known as its own high diversity of flora, fauna, and ethnics which has various distinctive traditions, including local knowledge. One of the local knowledge or traditional knowledge is local knowledge of using traditional medicinal plants. Scientific study on local knowledge on medicinal plants can be carried out by ethnobotany of medicinal plants. This paper discussed on research results on ethnobotany of medicinal plants Cintaratu Village, Pangandaran District, West Java. Four aspects plant medicinal plants that are predominantly used by people, source of the medicinal plants in village ecosystem, using and processing of medicinal plants were discussed in this paper, and some predominant diseases of village people. Method used in this study was qualitative with descriptive analysis, while the observation and semi-structure interviews with competent informants by being selected by the snowball sampling technique. The results showed that it was recorded 19 kinds of human diseases in Cintaratu village. It was recorded 41 medicinal plant species with 22 families that are predominantly used by people to treat various diseases. All medical plant species were collected from the yards, rice fields, gardens. The processing of the medicinal plants was done by various means, including pounding and boiling, and using it by direct consumption of fresh materials, drinking, and putting in pain body. The results of study showed that the local knowledge of village people in general has similar to that the Western scientific knowledge view. Therefore, the local knowledge of village people on medicinal plants and using those medicinal plants to treat various diseases could be integrated with Western scientific knowledge for supporting the development of health treatment and health improvement in the community in the future.
Khariri, Andriani L. 2020. The predominance of non-communicable diseases and unhealthy eating patterns. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 624-627. Indonesia in the last decade has a double burden, namely infectious and non-communicable diseases. This is related to the slow decline in the incidence of infectious diseases and even tends to persist, but on the other hand the incidence of non-communicable diseases is moving fast enough and more dominating its impact. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that nearly two-thirds of deaths worldwide are caused by non-communicable diseases. The mortality rate due to non-communicable diseases is expected to continue to increase worldwide with the largest increases occurring in low and middle-income countries. The main risk factors for non-communicable diseases include unhealthy community dietary behavior. This paper examines several types of non-communicable diseases that are affected due to unbalanced and unhealthy consumption behavior as a risk factor. In the results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas), several non-communicable diseases found a high prevalence such as stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cancer and chronic kidney failure. In the list of diseases that are the highest causes of death in Indonesia, non-communicable diseases dominate the treats, whereas infectious diseases are only tuberculosis, which still plays the second highest cause of death after stroke. The burden faced by the Indonesian people in tackling health problems is increasing with the existence of an epidemiological transition marked by a shift in causes of death for all ages from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases.
Efendi M, Ardiyanto D, Nudin, Nur M, Nasution T. 2020. Botanical exploration in the Mount Ketambe, Mount Leuser National Park Aceh. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 558-563. Cibodas Botanic Garden (CBG) main duty is conducting ex-situ conservation of Indonesian mountain flora, especially rare species and potentially economic plants. In order to support this duty, botanical exploration was done for collection enrichment in Mount Ketambe forest, Mount Leuser National Park (MLNP) Aceh. This study aims to identify species and evaluate survival rate of exploration collection plant in CBG. Survey method was conducted for specimen collection at 835-1261 above sea level in Mount Ketambe of MLNP. Survival rate data was recorded in Nursery Unit of CBG for one year. In this exploration, was collected about 258 specimens, consist of 171 collection numbers and 56 families, at least 9% new collections for CBG, namely Antiaris toxicaria, Ardisia sessilifolia, Begonia verecunda, B. laruei, Gynochtodes coriacea, Medusanthera laxiflora, Riparosa javaniva, Dialium cf kunstleri, Aporosa grandistipula, Tainia obpandurata, Leptonychia caudata, Chionanthus grandifolius, Polyalthia cauliflora, Dehaasia sumatrana, Persea glabra, and Diospyros javanica, while Paraboea leuserensis, B. verecunda, B. leuserensis, Illicium sumatranum dan Ardisia cf sessilifolia well-known as endemic for Sumatera. Survival rate of plant collection was 74%, showed compatibility of microclimate between a submontane zone of Mount Ketambe and CBG area. In the future, plant collection will be the source of germplasm to develop for medicinal, ornamental, food, cosmetic, or timber.
Gunawan M, Kaiin EM. 2020. The success of artificial insemination with sperm sexing bali cattle in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 571-575. Increasing population and genetic quality of Bali cattle with artificial insemination (AI) using frozen sperm from superior bulls at the Artificial Insemination Center (AIC) Lelede Banyumulek, West Nusa Tenggara Province is done through the transfer of sperm sexing technology in Techno Park Banyumulek. This study was conducted to determine the success of AI application with sexing sperm of Bali cattle in livestock farmer groups in East Lombok Regency. The treatment was carried out by conducting sexing sperm AI as many as 620 doses divided into two packs of straw, mini straw (0,25 ml) and medium straw (0,5 ml). Balinese cattle acceptors are used as many as 450 cows from the herd in Wanasaba District. The parameters of the success of AI with sexing sperm in medium straw packaging obtained a service per conception (S / C) value of 76% significantly different (P<0,05) higher and a conception rate (CR) value of 1,87 significantly differently (P<0,05) more-lower than the mini straw packaging. The match of the sex calves born from AI with sexing X sperm reached 77,8% of female calves.
Kaiin EM, Prasetyo AT, Gunawan M, Setiatin ET, Ondho YS. 2020. Supplementation of follicular fluid into Garut sheep (Ovis aries) oocytes in vitro maturation media. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 532-536. The study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of sheep ovarian follicular fluid added to the oocyte maturation media on the rate of expansion of cumulus cells and the appearance of polar bodies I. Follicular fluid collected from the ovaries of Garut sheep and stored at -20°C before use. The treatment of adding follicular fluid with concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 20 and 30% in the M-199 maturation medium was used for in vitro maturation of sheep oocyte, then cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator with temperature 38.5oC for 22-24 hours. Sheep oocytes used were graded A and B with 7 replications. Data were analyzed by non-parametric statistical tests for Complete Random Design (CRD) and Duncan's follow-up test. The observation of the rate of expansion of cumulus cells showed no significant difference between treatments. Addition of Garut sheep ovarian follicular fluid in oocyte maturation media had a significant effect on the appearance of polar I bodies with the highest value (56%) in the treatment of 30% follicular fluid addition. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the addition of follicular fluid into the maturation medium influences the appearance of the polar I body which is the main characteristic of oocyte maturation.
Wardani FF, Mimin. 2020. Characterization of fruit and seeds and identification of Tacca palmata seed storage behavior using the 100-seed test method. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 552-557. Tacca palmata is one of species from Dioscoreaceae which has potency as a medicinal and ornamental plant. Research on the characterization of T. palmata fruits and seeds is not known yet. Though seeds are one of the reproductive material for T. palmata. In addition, seed storage is required to maintain the availability of T. palmata seeds. Information about seed storage behavior is the most important thing to know the seed storage characteristic. Therefore, the aim of the study was to provide information about the characteristic of the fruit and seeds as a basis for determining the seed storage behavior of T. palmata. The method used was 100-seeds test method. A total of 100 seeds, divided into four groups i.e. 10 seeds for initial moisture content, 26 seeds for initial germination (13 seeds per replication), 32 seeds for desiccation (6 seeds for moisture content after desiccation and 26 seeds for germination after desiccation), and 32 seeds for storage with controlled humidity (6 seeds for moisture content after storage and 26 seeds for germination after storage). The results showed that the T. palmata fruits were round and bright red and its seeds had irregularly shaped and dark brown. The water content of T. palmata after desiccation was almost the same as the initial water content (14.58%), which was 14.55% and experienced an increase after being stored with controlled humidity (36.61%). T. palmata germinated with hypogeal type. The germination rate of T. palmata after desiccation was 38.46% and not significantly different from the initial germination rate (46.67%), whereas after being stored with controlled humidity, the germination rate was doubled, i.e., 76.92%. So it can be concluded that T. palmata seeds are tolerant of desiccation (orthodox).
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient and bioactive potency of bitter (Vernonia amygdalina) leaves as candidates for feedstuff and natural additives for substituting antibiotics in broiler chickens. Phase I research was conducted using laboratory analysis methods, consisting of phytochemical, proximate, beta-carotene and antioxidant analysis of bitter leaves. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis method. The results showed that phytochemical screening by color visualization method showed the presence of flavonoid bioactive compounds, steroids, tannins and saponins. Quantitative methods using spectrophotometry showed total flavonoids 0.50% (w / w), total phenols 4.86% (w / w), and using titrimetry obtained tannin values of 0.05%. The results of proximate analysis on bitter leaf flour were: dry matter 90.87%, ash 14.77%, crude protein 23.45%, crude fat 4.15%, crude fiber 9.73%, Ca 1.438%, P 0.426%, and gross energy 4034.47 Kcal. The b-carotene content obtained through the TLC Scanner was 0.46%, the antioxidant content of IC 50% DPPH using Spectrophotometry was 274.09 ppm and. IC 50% DPPH antioxidant content using spectrophotometry with a standard vitamin C was 4.78 ppm. Based on results and discussion it can be concluded that the bitter leaf can be used as alternative feedstuff and natural additives.
Hartini S. 2020. Orchid diversity in Bintan Island, Riau Islands. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 520-526. Bintan Island is one of the islands located in the Riau Islands Province. Bintan Island has several types of forest areas, namely Protection Forest, Catchment Area, Limited Production Forest, Conversion Forest and Mangrove Forest. On this island there are seven Protection Forests, of which only two of them are in good condition, namely Gunung Bintan Besar Protection Forest and Gunung Bintan Kecil Protection Forest. Orchids are plants that need to be known on this island, because data on the diversity of orchids on this island is still limited. Research on orchids on Bintan Island had been carried out in two locations, namely Gunung Bintan Besar Protection Forest in 2015 and Gunung Bintan Kecil Protection Forest in 2017. The research was conducted using purposive random sampling method. The number of orchids found in the Gunung Bintan Besar Protection Forest is far more than that found in the Gunung Bintan Kecil Protection Forest. 23 species consisting of 14 epiphytic orchids and nine terrestrial orchids were found in the Gunung Bintan Besar Protection Forest, while six species were found in the Gunung Bintan Kecil Protection Forest, consisting of two epiphytic orchids and four terrestrial orchids. Orchids found in both regions are Bromheadia finlaysoniana, Corymborkis veratrifolia, Spathoglottis plicata, Bulbophyllum gracillimum and Dendrobium crumenatum. There was one genus that was found in both locations, namely Neuwiedia, but the species were different. Neuwiedia zollingeri was found in the Gunung Bintan Besar Protection Forest, while Neuwiedia veratrifolia was found in the Gunung Bintan Kecil Protection Forest. Most of the orchids found in the Gunung Bintan Kecil Protection Forest were also found in the Gunung Bintan Besar Protection Forest.
Sahromi. 2020. Ex situ conservation of the Moraceae Family in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 505-511. Moraceae belongs to a family of flowering plants and is a large family that has many species of around 1000 species. In the world, this family is known as Mulberry (mulberry family) or Ara family (fig family), in Indonesia is known as beringin-beriginan family. Bogor Botanical Gardens as an ex situ plant conservation institution has collected Moraceae species in the form of botanical gardens with the aim of preservation and research. The research aim was to re-identify the collection of species of Moraceae in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, West Java by carrying out a re-inventory and secondary data search in the Bogor Botanical Gardens Registration units, as well as exploring their potential uses. The results of inventorization in the Bogor Botanical Gardens collection, there were about 56 species of Moraceae family or about 9.33% of species of Moraceae in the Asia tropics and Australasia, and there were 12 genera, namely Ficus, Artocarpus, Morus, Streblus, Taxotrophis, Antiaris, Brosimum, Castilla, Milicia (Chlorophora), Dorstenia, Parartocarpus, and Piratinera. Habitus of species of family Moraceae in the Botanical Gardens collection which is mostly in the form of trees, then shrubs, semi-epiphytes and herbs. Potential uses of Moraceae family, include: (i) the genus Artocarpus as a producer of edible fruits and seeds, young fruit as a vegetable, a good source of carbohydrates, a good producer of wood, (ii) the genus Ficus as a producer of fruit (edible fruit), plants medicine, ornamental plants, protective plants and as a key species (keystone), (iii) genus Morus as a producer of fruit and its leaves as food for silkworms.
Noviantari A, Khariri. 2020. Various research and development of isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells from several sources. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 586-593. The development of technology in the world of modern medicine has led to a regenerative approach by utilizing the great potential of stem cells. Stem cells are cells that can multiply (self-renewal), do not yet have specific forms and functions (undifferentiated) but can differentiate into other cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are multipotent which can differentiate into various cell types but are limited to only one cell group and can express several specific markers. MSCs can be isolated from various sources: the bone marrow, fat tissue, dental pulp, Wharton jelly, cord blood, and others. This paper describes the research and development of MSCs isolation from various sources. This review is a literature review through a literature search that outlines various studies and development of MSCs isolation and culture, MSCs cryopreservation, MSCs differentiation ability, MSCs immunotolerant, application of MSCs to degenerative diseases, MCSs homing, and update: MSCs name controversion. The material used as study material in the literature published in the period 2009-2019. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, hepatic cells, neurons, and others. MSC can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, extra-fetal tissue (Wharton jelly and umbilical cord blood), teeth, and skin. MSC has great potential for the treatment of degenerative diseases and brings a major breakthrough in the field of modern medicine. Stem cell research continues to develop, but on the other hand, it remains controversial because it is considered to be less ethical, especially those originating from embryonic stem cells.
Indonesia is known as a source of raw materials for tropical medicines which can be used to treat various diseases. Knowledge and utilization of plants as medicines also took place thousands of years ago, but these conditions have now begun to fade. Study of ethnobotany is a tool to explore and document community knowledge about medicinal plants. This research was conducted to obtain information about the types of medicinal plants and their use by the people of Cintakarya Village, Pangandaran District, West Java by using a qualitative analytical method. Determination of informants was determined using snowball sampling techniques. From the results of interviews, there are 17 common diseases. In addition, there are types 35 of medicinal plants that are used by the people of Cintakarya Village. The plant consists of insulin (Tithonia diversifolia) for diabetes medicine, soursop leaves (Annona muricata) for high blood pressure, castor leaves (Jatropha curcas) for diarrhea and others. These plants are dominantly obtained from the yard and there are some from the garden and forest. The most commonly used part is the leaf organ. And the most frequently used method of processing medicinal plants is boiling and brewing.
