Water is an essential resource for all life forms, and its quality directly impacts human health, ecosystem stability, and overall development. This study was conducted to assess the seasonal variation in the physicochemical characteristics of the Mandakini River at Chitrakoot, a sacred and ecologically significant riverine system in India. Water samples were collected from eight selected sites along the river during the rainy (June 2024) and winter (December 2024) seasons. Parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and alkalinity were analyzed. Results showed that water quality was significantly affected during the rainy season, with elevated turbidity, TDS, and reduced DO levels, exceeding permissible limits at several sites. In contrast, winter samples generally met acceptable standards. The findings highlight the need for regular monitoring and proper management to ensure safe water quality throughout the year.
This study analyses the hydrazide coordination compounds, a group of molecules that are very diverse in their applications and which are expected to have many more to come due to their biological activity. To achieve this objective, the first step was to prepare the hydrazide ligand salicylidene isonicotinoyl hydrazide (HL), and then its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes were made, followed by a detailed structure, magnetic properties and antimicrobial potential characterisation of each compound. The ligand as well as metal complexes were prepared by using standard methods and were characterised with elemental analysis, molar conductance, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and thermogravimetric analysis; the biological activity was tested on bacteria and fungi, and molecular docking was carried out with DNA gyrase B. The results established the formation of the ML₂-type complexes with octahedral coordinates for Co(II) and Ni(II), Jahn-Teller effect for Cu(II), and paramagnetic behaviour for Zn(II). The complexation was found to increase the biological activity remarkably, with the Cu(II) complex exhibiting the strongest antibacterial and antifungal activity, which was also supported by the docking interactions. Thus, the research work not only proves that hydrazide-based ligands are excellent metal ion chelators for 3d metals, but at the same time, it unlocks the way for the development of new antimicrobial drugs based on such complexes with pharmacological properties like stability, distinct magnetism, and high activity.
Noval adsorbents have showed a great applicability in diver’s fields including environmental remediation and industrial uses. Present research findings aimed to the zinc oxide nanoparticles anchored carbon (ZnO-C) is fabricated and utilized for wastewater treatment by adsorption of Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Mn(II). The surface and structural characteristics are examined by TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, EDS and BET surface area. The Kinetics and equilibrium investigations are applied to optimize the adsorptive removal of Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) onto ZnO-C. Results indicated formation of ZnO-C in crystalline spherical granules with nano-size between 29.3 and 48.8 nm. In addition, the spherical granules are gathered to form clusters. The FTIR indicated that the ZnO-C surface is rich with OH groups and ZnO. The adsorption capacity is reported as 212, 209, 200 and 230 mg/L for Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) respectively. The optimum condition for maximum adsorption were pH between 5 and 6, contact time of 180 min and adsorbent dose of 0.1 g/L. The achieved adsorption capacity using the prepared ZnO-C is more effective compared to ZnO, carbon, Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-C. Real wastewater samples are applied including valley water, industrial wastewater and rain wastewater and evaluated for applicable uptake of Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) using ZnO-C and Fe3O4-C with high efficiency.
Dihydropyrimidinones are heterocycles with a pyrimidine moiety in the ring nucleus, which, in recent decades, have aroused interest in medicinal chemistry due to alleged versatile biological activity. Pyrimidine is one of these heterocyclic compounds having a wide range of biological activity. Pyrimidines are the fundamental structures of nucleic acids, which makes them a better ligand for various biological targets. This review depicts a variety of other pharmacological activities associated with DHPM derivatives, but the main findings are essentially in vitro characteristics of the substances. The spread of incurable diseases, especially infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and certain cancers, has become a serious public health concern. Consequently, the search for potent drug scaffolds has played an essential role in drug lead discovery. The multicomponent reaction (MCR) offers a novel method for efficient synthesis. It is rapidly evolving and is important for the discovery of novel molecules. The DHPM biological activities and demonstrates that there is still a need for further in vivo studies to better delineate the pharmacological potential of this class of substances. Articles explore new DHPM derivatives and novel synthetic methods, including green chemistry approaches like the Biginelli reaction. Specific research highlights include the development of DHPM-based bone anabolic agents, antimicrobial compounds targeting drug-resistant bacteria, and their use in developing new materials like dyes and polymers. Biginelli type dihydropyrimidones have received a considerable amount of attention due to the interesting pharmacological properties associated with this heterocyclic scaffold. The simplest and most common method for the synthesis of 3, 4-Dihydropyrimidinone was reported first by Biginelli in 1983. It is a one pot three component reaction involving the condensation reaction with Benzaldehyde, Ethylacetoacetate and Urea. This reaction is called as the Biginelli reaction. The conventional Biginelli reaction requires longer reaction time around 18 hrs and also some aldehydes don’t give good yields.
The Ramgarh structure in southeastern Rajasthan has long been proposed as a terrestrial impact crater, yet its origin and post-formational evolution remain debated. Here the research paper integrates high-resolution satellite geomorphology, targeted field mapping, petrographic analyses and structural measurements to refine its geological framework. The circular, ~3.5-km-wide basin exhibits a prominent annular ridge, asymmetric rim uplift and inward-dipping strata, consistent with a modified simple-to-complex transitional crater morphology. Sandstone breccias, shatter-fractured quartz, and cataclastic zones occur along the inner rim, whereas the crater floor preserves lacustrine–fluvial infill that records long-term sedimentary reworking. Drainage deflection, radial–concentric lineaments and persistent slope asymmetry indicate significant post-impact erosion superimposed on the primary crater architecture. Our results clarify the structural configuration and geomorphic evolution of the Ramgarh Crater, strengthening its interpretation as an eroded impact structure and providing a baseline for future geochronological and shock-metamorphic investigations.
Silver nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in the therapeutic and the diagnostics fronts. Many questions about the risks of the interaction between NPs and plants, as a basic component of all ecosystems unknown. Investigation the effect of PAMAM dendrimer G2NH2-Ag nanocomposits (NCs) and Ag++BH4- on microalgae (cyanobacterium) Arthrospira platensis after abiotic factors using UV- visible spectroscopy were studied. It was shown, that influence in both cases are identical (the same change in absorption intensity). This effect persisted in the case of cultivated Spirulina in mineral water “Borjomi”, at high concentrations, after Spirulina fermentation, after freezing at different temperatures, or after high-dose irradiation followed by re-cultivation. In the composition of Spirulina – chlorophyll a, which is found in photosynthetic membranes, is a natural sensor of the condition of algae cells. 440 nm wavelength is absorption maxim not only for silver nanocomposites, also for chlorophyll a (Chl a). The increase in the absorption intensity in the area 440 nm may be increase absorbance of Chl a in the presence as Ag++BH4-, also as G2NH2-Ag NCs. These means, that although the PAMAM dendrimer acts as a container for the silver nanoparticles, the PAMAM dendrimer G2NH2-Ag NCs can interact with the same active centers of Chl a as in the case of free Ag++BH4-. This is confirmed by the high binding constant of Ag+- Spirulina compared to Ag+-G2NH2.
Seborrheic Dermatitis is a topical skin inflammatory disorder, characterized by yellow-grey scales and has significant negative effect on quality of life. It occurs in 1-3% of immunocompetent adults. The most common clinical symptoms of SD are erythema, scaling and itching on scalp, facial skin especially around nasolabial folds chest area, groin area. Topical use of keratolytic, corticosteroids, antifungal agents are generally preferred over oral drug therapy due to less systemic side effects. Ketoconazole is widely used antifungal agent available as shampoo, lotion, creams, gel and aerosol formulations. The objective of the present research is to create, describe, and assess the Ketoconazole nanogel. KTZ is a lipophilic drug with log P value of 4.35 like other lipophilic drugs it possess poor water solubility and has limited bioavailability after topical application. Nanoparticle drug delivery system helps in enhancing the bioavailability and overall therapeutic profile of lipophilic drugs. These are prepared by amalgamation of Nanoparticle system and hydrogel base. The main aim of this study was to formulate a Nanogel formulation of Ketoconazole drug and characterize it on the basis on particle size, Zeta potential, pH, rheological properties, spread ability and extrudability. Nanoparticles were prepared with mechanical dispersion technique and Carbopol 934P and 940 is used as a gelling agent and in the preparation nanogel. Additionally, they were examined for pH, spreadability, homogeneity, drug content, extrudability, viscosity, in-vitro release, and stabilities investigations. These were also assessed for FTIR investigations, TEM, and particle size measurements. The medication and polymer were compatible with one another during preparing, according to FTIR measurements. By adding F4 nanoparticles to a hydrogel basis that contained Carbopol 934 & 940 as a gelling agent. F2 composition had effective extrudability (7.3 g/cm3), spreadability (4.10 g/cm/sec), and an acceptable pH (6.1) with viscosity (850 cps). The F2 medication release pattern in vitro demonstrated an 83.87% release of drug in 12 hours.
A novel nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide supported Gd2TiO5 was successfully synthesized using a sol-gel method.The synthesized materials were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SEM with EDAX, UV-DRS, HR-TEM, BET, and XPS techniques.Crystalline sizes were determined using XRD and found to be 26.7,36.0,55.8 and 58.1 nm for rGO, TiO2, Gd2TiO5, and rGO/Gd2TiO5, respectively.FT-IR analysis also revealed the presence of distinctive peaks that corresponded to the vibrations of Ti-O, Gd-O, and rGO.The morphology studies revealed the shapes of the synthesized nanomaterials.Specifically, rGO exhibited a sheet-like structure, TiO2 appeared as agglomerates, Gd2TiO5 formed irregularly shaped agglomerates, and the rGO/Gd2TiO5 composite showed Gd2TiO5 dispersed over the rGO surface, as confirmed by SEM analysis.EDAX spectra further supported the presence of C, O, Ti, and Gd elements in the nanocomposite, which was consistent with the XPS results.UV-DRS analysis was used to identify the band gap values as 3.00, 3.06, 3.10, and 3.08 eV respectively for rGO, TiO2, Gd2TiO5, and rGO/Gd2TiO5.The surface area (~25.47 m²/g) and pore volume (~0.0820 cm³/g) were evaluated using BET analysis.The adsorption of dye molecules on to the catalyst surface is favourably affected by the measured surface area and pore volume, which are beneficial for improved light absorption.Photoactivity was assessed through the degradation of Methylene blue (MB) dye under solar radiation.The results showed that the prepared Gd2TiO5 and rGO/Gd2TiO5 photocatalysts effectively photodegraded the organic pollutants in wastewater when exposed to sunlight.The development of this novel photocatalyst offers promising potential for treating organic contaminants in water.In addition, invitro studies have revealed that rGO/Gd2TiO5 nanocomposite shows a strong anticancer potential against A549 lung cancer cells.The treatment through the nanocomposite produced morphological transformations of irregular shapes and shrinkage in A549 cells.Thus, the increased anticancer effect of the rGO/Gd2TiO5 composite can be attributed to its low band gap energy (3.08 eV) and large surface area (25.47 m²/g) which facilitate generating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are toxic to cancer cells.The development of this new photocatalyst with double function holds great promise for the further treatment of organic contaminants from water and fighting cancer cells.
