Introduction: Psoriasis Vulgaris (PV) is a chronic inflammatory dermatological disorder that affects skin, nails, and joints and has various systemic associations. The current case report is the first of its type to highlight the observations on manifestations of Psoriasis Vulgaris in an adolescent girl with Naturopathic diet, treatment, and Yoga Intervention. Method: An eighteen-year-old female who was diagnosed with Psoriasis Vulgaris at 9 years of age was administered Nature cure and Yoga for 16 weeks as an individualized diet and treatment protocol in an inpatient Nature Cure and Yoga Hospital in South India. Improvement in Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score and reduction in body mass index (BMI) were observed. Conclusion: The changes observed are found to be consistent over 1 year. This case report also demonstrates the beneficial effects of Naturopathic diet, treatment, and Yoga as an effective treatment modality in the management of Psoriasis Vulgaris for both physical and psychological levels.
Introduction: Leptin is a protein hormone with a spiral structure similar to cytokines, which is mainly synthesized and released by subcutaneous fat cells in a steady pulsating manner with a peak secretion near midnight. The aim of this study was to compare the short-term effects of aerobic exercise and high-fat diet and curcumin extract on leptin gene expression in the liver tissue of male rats. Methods: Fifty male rat with two-month-old were prepared and divided into five groups: control (G1), high-fat diet (G2), curcumin and high-fat diet (G3), exercise and high-fat diet (G4), curcumin+exercise+high-fat diet (G5). Data analysis was compared using one-way analysis of variance. Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to accurately determine the differences between groups. The mean of intra-group differences was also compared using the t-test of the sample. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the average leptin gene expression of subjects among 5 groups. The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test also showed an increase in the high-fat diet group compared to the control group(P=0.0001), and a decrease in the high-fat diet + curcumin group(P=0.0001), the high-fat diet + exercise group(P=0.0001), and the high-fat diet + exercise + curcumin group compared to the control group(P=0.0001). Conclusion: Leptin gene is expressed under the influence of short-term exercises and the consumption of curcumin, which is an antioxidant. So that the use of each agent alone causes a decrease or increase in the leptin gene expression in the liver, and the simultaneous use of both factors causes a decrease in the leptin gene expression of these cells in the muscle tissue.
Introduction: Improving adaptive responses to exercise through dietary interventions, especially sports supplements, has been considered. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of Leucine and L-arginine supplementation before and after resistance training on athletes' protein catabolism indices during Ramadan. Methods: In this study, 40 male bodybuilders were selected and randomly divided into four groups of resistance training (n=10) and resistance training group and Leucine supplementation (n=10), resistance training group and L-arginine supplementation (n=10) and the control group (n=10). Leucine and L-arginine tablets were poured as powder into 1g empty capsules and placebo was in the form of 1g capsules, the same shape, size and color of 1g Leucine and L-arginine tablets. The amount of supplements was 0.1g per kg of body weight. The training protocol of the two training groups was performed for eight weeks in three sessions per week.To analyze the data, the statistical method of analysis of covariance was used and to determine the differences between the groups, Bonferroni post hoc test and at a significant level in all tests, P≤0.05 was considered. Results: Statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between groups in uric acid variable (p=0.097). Also, the results showed that resistance training significantly decreased urea (p=0.001), creatinine (p=0.001) and increased hypoxanthine (p=0.000) and xanthine oxidase (p=0.000). Resistance training with Leucine and L-arginine supplementation increased there was a significant urea, creatinine and a significant decrease in hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase compared to the resistance training group. There was a significant difference between the two groups of supplements only in the amount of xanthine oxidase. In the resistance training group and Leucine supplementation, the amount of xanthine oxidase was significantly greater than in the resistance training group and L-arginine supplementation. Conclusion: Finally,resistance training with Leucine and L-arginine supplementation in fasting athletes could provide a platform for reducing protein catabolism due to exercise and it can be said that coaches and athletes to reduce catabolism due to exercise. During Ramadan, they can take Leucine and L-arginine supplements to increase performance and reduce damage.
Introduction: Water- and foodborne illnesses are of major public health concerns. However, the significance of foodborne diseases are generally underestimated. Therefore, in this study we aimed to emphasize on the importance of control of foodborne illnesses trough highlighting data about outbreaks, hospitalizations and deaths caused by contaminated food in the developed countries from 2015 to 2020. Method: In this descriptive-analytical study, 105 and 152 cases of water- and foodborne illnesses were reported in the United States (CDC) and Europe (ECDC) in 2015-2020. Results: The most reported causative agents were Salmonella spp, Cyclospora, Escherichia coliBacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens spp, and Listeria monocytogenes were in the US and Salmonella, Norovirus, Calicivirus, Campylobacter, B. cereus, and C. perfringens in the EU. Conclusion(s): According to the results, CDC and ECDC analyses could provide insights into the most critical pathogens and food sources help the authorities to control foodborne illnesses.
Introduction: Nutrition programs can effectively influence physiological systems both at rest and in response to exercise. In the present study, the effect of time-restricted eating (TRE) on two steroid hormones, namely testosterone and cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, at rest and in response to a session of exhaustive endurance exercise was investigated. Methods: Participants of this study were 8 active boys (age: 22.63±3.50 years, body mass index: 23.46±5.61kg/m2) who participated in the study voluntarily. Subjects performed TRE for two weeks. That is, they abstained from eating and drinking (except water) from 8 am to 4 pm, and continued their usual diet for the rest of the day. Before and after the two weeks of diet, they participated in the Yo-Yo exercise test. In both stages, blood samples were taken before the breakfast, and immediately after eating breakfast and the yo-yo test to measure the concentration of testosterone and cortisol. Paired t-tests were used to analyze the findings. Results: Findings indicated that TRE increased fasting testosterone levels. Testosterone decreased after exercise following two weeks of TRE. Cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol at rest and in response to exercise after TRE were not significantly different compared to before TRE. Conclusion: It can be concluded that TRE improved fasting testosterone as an anabolic index but reduced its response to exercise.
Introduction: The current survey investigated the alleviating effect of dietary clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (CEO) in comparison with vitamin C (VC), against the adverse effects of Pb on growth performance, serum oxidative indices, and lipid profile in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica), following oral administration. Methods: 480 one-day-old quails were randomly segregated into 8 groups, which fed with the following diets, via 35 days: basal diet (negative control), basal diet + VC (500 mg/kg), basal diet + CEO (450 mg/kg), basal diet + CEO (100 mg/kg), basal diet + VC (500 mg/kg) + Pb (100 mg/l), basal diet + CEO (450 mg/kg) + Pb (100 mg/l), basal diet + CEO (100 mg/kg) + Pb (100 mg/l), and basal diet + Pb (100 mg/l) (positive control). The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s post hoc test. Results: Quails exposed to Pb and treated with CEO had reduced oxidative stress as evidenced by lower concentrations of TBARS and CP, higher activities of SOD, GPx, and CAT, and more improved lipid profile, compared to positive control. Moreover, the alleviating effects of CEO were dose-dependent. Conclusion: The CEO (450 mg/kg) was potentially as effective as or even more potent than VC (500 mg/kg) in alleviating the adverse effects of Pb.
Previous studies have shown that the health burden associated with vitamin D deficiency is increasing globally. Vitamin D supplementation appears to be a feasible strategy for improving vitamin D status within populations. Little information is available on the perception and barriers to the widespread application of vitamin D supplements in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the perception of health care providers regarding the implementation of vitamin D supplementation program in the Iranian cities of Mashhad, Qom and Zahedan.This qualitative conventional content analysis study was conducted at 3 medical universities in Iran: Mashhad (MUMS), Qom (QUMS) and Zahedan (ZAUMS) University of Medical Sciences. These universities, are within regions with differing prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and were selected based on the results of National Integrated Micronutrient Survey 2012 (NIMS-II study). Individual semi-structured in-depth interviews were performed with 103 participants (consisting of health professionals and health providers) to understand the perceptions of health professionals and health care providers’. The data were collected from December 2018 to July 2019. Guba and Lincoln’s criteria were used to ensure the trustworthiness of the data. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis based on the approach of Graneheim and Lundman's.There were three categories of barriers to distribution and use of individual supplements, and the funding to implement the program; there were ten subcategories. Supplement distribution were affected by three subcategories of inadequate distribution of the supplement, irregular distribution of the supplement, and insufficient space to store the supplements. Individual barriers to the use of supplement comprised five subcategories: forgetting to take them, lack of knowledge about their benefits, accessing a health care center providing them, negative advertising for supplement use, and not taking them because of cost. Funding to implement the program contained the two subcategories of financial limitation in urban and rural area and financial limitation for all target groups.The findings showed that health care providers reported a variety of barriers to supplement use. Applying a multiple strategy requires: training, conducting advertising campaigns, financial support, sufficient and regular distribution of the supplement and perhaps the use of alternative methods of supplement delivery, such as food fortification can be helpful.
Introduction: The milk produced from dairy animals fed with feed intake aflatoxin may include Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Dairy products, produced with milk containing AFM1 represent an important problem in terms of public health. Methods: This study investigated AFM1 in Afyon Tulum cheese (ATC) taken in Afyonkarahisar province. For analysis, 80 samples of Afyon Tulum cheese were collected and stored at -20°C. All samples were then analyzed using a commercial Aflatoxin M1 ELISA test kit. Results: AFM1 was found between 0.007-0,017 ug/kg in spring-summer season and between 0.006-0,041 ug/kg in autumn-winter season. AFM1 levels were found under the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) limit (0,05 μg/kg) in all samples. Conclusion: It is recommended that milk containing AFM1 should not be used in production and the feeds used in animal feeding and storage conditions should be checked.
Introduction: The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) may provide a better indicator of the burden of disease than mortality. This study provides the estimates of both Years of Life Lost (YLL) and COVID-19 mortality in Mashhad. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Mashhad, the second-most populous city in Iran. The mortality data in the population served by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) were extracted from the national mortality data system. In this system, all deaths in the whole of the country are recorded based on the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD10). The data in the current study comprised all cases of death recorded in the population under the auspices of MUMS from January 21st to April 19th 2019 and 2020 which were transferred to SPSS software after sorting. The method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used for the estimation of YLL. Results: The YLL per 1000 caused by COVID-19 was 1.2 years and increased with age, and was higher in men (1.6 years) compared to women (0.9 years). The incidence of COVID-19 was higher in the urban area (9.8%) compared to rural areas (4.8%). During the study period, COVID-19 was the fourth most prevalent cause of death in Mashhad after cardiovascular disease (35.4%), cancer (12.9%) and respiratory disease (10.6%). Conclusions: The YLL per 1000 caused by COVID-19 was 1.2 years, increased with age and was greater in males than in females.
Introduction: The present study aim to investigate the combined effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and intermittent fasting (IF) on the expression vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF) gene in the cardiac muscle tissue of obese male rats. Methods: This study was conducted on 22 male Wistar rats that were kept on high fat -diet for 12 weeks. Afterwards the animals were randomly divided into four groups, including control, HIIT (three session for six week, 80 - 95% MRT), IF (three days for six week, 12h ours) and HIIT with IF (both protocols for six week). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) was used to measure VEGF gene expression. Data analysis was performed using one –way analysis of variance ANOVA least significance test (p<0.05). Results: no significant difference was observed between the groups VEGF expression (p>0.52). Conclusion: According to the results HIIT with IF and HIIT or IF alone had no significant effects on not significant on VEGF expression in the cardiac muscle tissue of the obese male rats.
The levels of physical activity (PA) is an important for the health of children and environmental factors play a vital role in shaping children's attitudes, behavior and physical-mental development. Hence the identification of the environmental factors that may contribute to children`s health is important. The relevant literature between 2015-2020 was reviewed, and the factors classified according to three principal environments of home, neighborhood and school. Findings highlight the need for more studies, especially into contextual factors and design-related characteristics of the environments. Increasing child`s PA opportunities including active play and commute vs. sedentary behavior (SB) in all of the three environments were suggested through: 1) proper presence and availability of PA supportive places (either indoors or outdoors), routes (sidewalks, cycling routes) and equipment, 2) consideration of practical threshold for walking/cycling time and distance to schools and neighborhood destinations, 3) provision of neighborhood with more traffic/social safety, 4) limitation of child`s sedentary time (ST), SB supportive devices number and accessibility, 5) emphasizing the importance of teachers, child care providers and family role (role modeling, support, attitude, rules, socioeconomic status (SES), perceptions, concerns, priorities and physical-mental health). Implementation of policies and measures targeted at enhancement of the environments PA supportive qualities simultaneous with promotion of knowledge of planners, designers, teachers, child care providers and families about children`s PA importance is needed.
Dioxins compounds are persistent organic contaminants that adversely affect human health and the environmental system. Although the occurrence and toxicity of dioxins congeners are reported worldwide, their status in Iran is very scarce, and no study has been conducted to understand the evidence for occurrence and toxicity of dioxins compounds in Iran yet. Therefore, this systematic review provided a comprehensive report on the levels, occurrence, and health outcome effects of dioxins and dioxin-like Polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in foodstuffs collected from different cities of Iran. We used The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) to design this review, and six databases (Scopus, Scientific Information Database (SID), PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched from inception until January 2022. A total of 9 articles with data on 396 food samples were considered for the final report. The total toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) was ranged from 0.06 ± 0.02 to 15.72 ±16.38 and the mean total dioxin congeners levels in most of the samples were below the standard limits and the measured intake levels of dioxin congeners were in the safe level. Although most of the samples did not exceed the maximum allowable thresholds, 44% of studies reported that the concentration of dioxin compounds in most of their samples was above the thresholds defined by world health organization (WHO) (3 pg TEQ/g fat). Therefore, suitable policy actions and more attention are needed to control and reduce the emission of dioxin congeners and their associated risk factors.
Introduction: Hospitalization is a stressful event that affects the nutritional status of adults and elderly. Inpatients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a vulnerable group facing an increased risk of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition in Algerian inpatients with non-communicable diseases in a public hospital in Skikda (Algeria). Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive survey carried out during one month from the 15th November 2020 to the 10th December 2020, with inpatients with at least one NCD (cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases). The assessment of their nutritional status was carried out using the Subjective Global Assessment tool (SGA). Results: One hundred and five patients were included. One of two patients had at least one non communicable disease. In our study, the SGA allowed us to estimate the malnutrition prevalence at 44.76% (ranks B and C: moderate and severe malnutrition). Our study showed a length of stay (LOS) of 4.14±7.69days. Conclusion: The considerable prevalence of malnutrition was, in part, due to reduced food intake and short LOS. In order to detect and prevent malnutrition, the nutritional status assessment must be included in the routine of health care in Algeria.
Introduction: Nutritional supplements and controlling exercise intensity are essential to increasing muscle mass. However, the effects of such manipulations on the health of athletes may not be apparent. The present study aimed to compare the effects of combined training (resistance-aerobic) with different intensities and the short-term supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 45 male bodybuilders who were divided into three groups of low-, moderate-, and high-intensity combined training (15 per each). Research stages included initial blood sampling, 14 days of Q10 supplementation (400 mg/day), a second blood sampling, a single bout of combined physical activity, and the final blood sampling. In each group, resistance training was initially performed with different intensities (55%, 70%, and 85% 1-RM), followed by aerobic training to consume 300 kilocalories at speeds of 8, 9.6, and 11.2 km/h. Results: Q10 supplementation had no significant effect on the baseline levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) (P≥0.05). After performing low-, moderate-, and high-intensity combined activities, a significant increase was observed in the levels of MDA, SOD, LDH, and CK (P≤0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers increased in response to training intensity, while the increase was not significant at different intensities and fixed times. The performance of the participants may have influenced the obtained results. Given the lower aerobic capacity of male bodybuilders, exercise volume is the primary factor to increase exercise pressure. Supplementation may also be effective over long periods.
Introduction: The present study aimed to compare the effects of Ramadan fasting and dietary patterns on the blood pressure, fasting glucose level, and body mass index (BMI) of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), DM and HTN, and healthy subjects. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in Shaban, Ramadan, and Shawwal months in 2020 on 155 subjects who were divided into groups of HTN (G1; n=42), DM (G2; n=32), DM and HTN (G3; n=41), and healthy (G4; n=40). The subjects were interviewed three times during the study period to collect data on demographics, dietary habits, and physical activity. In addition, physical parameters (height and weight) and clinical parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar) were measured in each visit. Data were collected three times in the last ten days of each month. Data analysis was performed using the repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Mean weight and BMI reduced significantly from Shaban (V1) to Ramadan (V2). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure also reduced significantly from V1 to V2. Moreover, the mean sleeping hours significantly decreased from V1 to V2. Considering Tarawih prayer as physical activity, a significant increase was observed in the mean metabolic energy turnover value from V1 to V2. Mean calorie, carbohydrate, and sodium intake also increased significantly from V1 to V2, while they reversed significantly to almost the same values in V3. Protein and cholesterol consumption decreased significantly from V1 to V2, while the value reversed significantly in V3. Conclusion: According to the results, Ramadan fasting could effectively control the blood pressure and glucose levels of the patients. Furthermore, physical activity increased significantly due to Tarawih prayers, and carbohydrate, sodium, and calorie intake increased as well. On the other hand, a reduction was denoted in protein and fat consumption. Glucose levels significantly decreased in the diabetic patients, and blood pressure significantly reduced in the hypertensive patients.
Introduction: The role of exercise and some supplements in lipolysis has been reported, but given limited information on the simultaneous effect of endurance training (ET) and octopamine (Oct), the present study aimed to investigate the interactive effect of these two interventions on adipose tissue lipolysis with emphasis on octopamine receptors in rats treated with deep fried oil (DFO). Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats (20-18 weeks old and 280-320 g) were divided into five groups, including (1) healthy control (C), (2) DFO, (3) Oct+DFO, (4) ET+DFO and (5) DFO+Oct+ET. Aerobic training was performed for four weeks, five sessions per week with an intensity of 16-26 m / min and equivalent to 50-65% VO2max; also, 81 μmol/kg octopamine supplementation was intraperitonally injected to rats 5 days a week. Two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: ET increases Octβ-R expression (P=0.02) and Oct protein concentration (P=0.001) in the visceral adipose tissue of rats exposed to DFO. Oct supplementation increases Octα-R (P=0.01) expression in the visceral adipose tissue of rats exposed to DFO. Also, ET and Oct do not have a synergistic effect on Octβ-R (P=0.91), Octα-R (P=0.65) and Oct protein concentration (P=0.16) in the visceral adipose tissue of rats exposed to DFO. Conclusion: It seems that although training and octopamine supplementation alone play a role in increasing the protein concentration of octopamine and its receptors, these two interventions do not have a synergistic effect on lipolysis by emphasizing the octopamine receptor pathway.
Introduction: Ramadan fasting may affect the quality of life of elderly Muslims and cause some challenges. The present study aimed to assess the effect of Ramadan fasting on the quality of life of elderly Muslims. Methods: This observational-correlational study was conducted throughout the natural intervention of Ramadan fasting in 2016 when the length of daily fasting was about 16 hours. In total, 100 individuals aged more than 60 years were selected from the patients referring to the health centers in Rafsanjan, Iran via convenience sampling. Data were collected using the 12-item short-form survey of quality of life (SF-12) at three measurement time points before (T1), one day after (T2), and one month after Ramadan (T3). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 18 using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A significant difference was observed in the total score of quality of life between the three measurement time points (T1: 47.02±14.15, T2: 50.76±17.06, T3: 51.53±16.79; P<0.0001). Conclusion: According to the results, the quality of life of elderly Muslims improved through Ramadan fasting.
Introduction: Fasting is one of the religious practices of Muslims during Ramadan. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consume Leucine supplement before and after resistance exercise on protein metabolism indices in fasting male athletes. Methods: In this study, 33 male bodybuilders were selected and randomly divided into three groups: resistance training (N=11), resistance training and supplementation group (N=11) and control group (N=11). Subjects received 0.1 g of leucine or placebo each day. Leucine intake was 0.1 gkg-1.d-1 of body weight. Subjects poured leucine tablets in powder form into 1 g empty capsules and dextrose as a placebo was in the form of 1 g capsules, the same shape, size and color of 1 g leucine tablets. The training protocol of the two training groups was performed for eight weeks in 3sessions per week. Each training session lasted 40 minutes. 24hour before the first training session and 24hours after the last training session, 10 ml of blood was taken from the subjects' brachial vein. To analyze the data, the statistical method of analysis of covariance was used and to determine the differences between the groups, Bonferroni post hoc test and at a significant level in all tests, P≤0.05 was considered. Results: The findings showed that leucine supplementation before and after resistance exercise on uric acid levels in fasting male athletes was not significantly different between the two groups (F=6.22, p=0.133). However, in the amount of urea (F=8.074, p=0.000), creatinine (F=6.106, p=0.001), amount of Hypoxanthine (F=11.511, p=0.002) and Xanthine oxidase (F=14.231, p=0.000) There was a significant difference between the three groups. Conclusion: Finally, it can be said that resistance training combined with leucine supplementation in fasting athletes can reduce protein catabolism due to exercise.
Introduction: Active antimicrobial food packaging prevents the growth of foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms by incorporating antimicrobial agents into the film materials. Methods: The effects of Nanochithosan (NC) coating containing various concentrations of Polylophium involucratum essential oil (PIEO) and Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential oil (ZMEO) were investigated on microbial, chemical, and sensory characteristics of silver carp fillets within 12 days during refrigerated storage. Results: The aerobic plate count (APC) exceeded 7 log CFU/g after day four and day six for the control and samples coated with pure NC, respectively. The samples coated with NC containing ZMEO 0.6% and PIEO 0.6% showed the lowest microbial count. In a control sample with NC containing ZMEO 0.6% and PIEO 0.6%, the total volatile base of nitrogen (TVB-N) reached 33.15 mg/100 g after eight days, but this value remained lower than 25 mg/100 g for the coated samples with NC containing ZMEO 0.6% and PIEO 0.6%. Generally, integrating the ZMEO and PIEO did not significantly and negatively affected the sensory characteristic of coated samples compared with those of control. Conclusion: According to the results, NC coatings containing ZMEO and PIEO were capable of being used as novel active packaging for fish meat products without compromising their organoleptic characteristics.
Introduction: Safety and quality control of foods have attracted significant global attentions. Intelligent and active packaging materials are emerging areas of food technology, which is attracting a lot of attention in the food industry. The present study with the aims of incorporating Rosa damascena extract (RDE) into the chitosan-gum Arabic (CH-GA) through the casting method and investigating its antimicrobial property as potential application in the food packaging were conducted. Methods: Preparation of films based on CH-GA containing RDE was conducted via casting method. The antimicrobial activity of the designated films was investigated by the disk diffusion assay. The morphology of the fabricated films was determined under the field emission scanning electron microscopy. Results: The prepared films had antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus ranging from 5.50 mm to 9.33 mm inhibition zone diameter. The film containing the RDE has a rough surface and the pure film exhibited a smooth, dense surface, a uniform structure, and no cracks. Conclusion: This result showed that the CH-GA film containing RDE can be used as an active packaging material in the food industry for enhancing the freshness of the protein-rich foods.
