ABSTARCT The purpose of this study to assess the quantity of E-waste generation and its management in India along with the financial assesment of the e-watse in Delhi, the capital of India if recycled in a formal way. Due to rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the generation of E-waste has also increased at a very fast rate. Due to presence of deadly chemicals and toxic materials in the electronic items, the safe disposal of E waste is becoming a nightmare for humans and environment. Globally only 15-20% of E-waste is recycled while the rest will be dumped in developing countries like India, china and Nigeria. A current estimate of E-waste growth in India is exponential. Informal sector accounts for 95% recycling of E-waste while 5% reaches to authorized recycler. To manage e-waste in India, a specific set of principles must be followed. It must start with avoiding e-waste generation and then followed by reduction, reusing, recycling, recovering, treatment and proper disposal of e-waste. There must be a proper conglomeration of the four primary pillars, i.e. technology, policies, legislation and administration. There are many obstacles in the way of proper e-waste management, the one main being the presence of informal sector. There is a dire need of formalization of the informal sector and introduction of the technologies with awareness and education about the e-waste to the workers and other stakeholders. A proper assessment for the quantification, characterization, dumping techniques, and impact of e-waste must be done. A proper e-waste handling and collection centers must be set up with collaboration with the private sector and the manufacturers. A take back program must be designed in an effective manner which provides incentives to the stakeholders managing the e-waste and the development of some return schemes should be done to encourage the consumers to return back the electronic and electrical devices once they reach the end of useful life for better collection and handling of e-waste. More recycling facilities must be set up in each state and a better infrastructure must be provided effectively because at this particular time, change is a must. Over the last decades the industry has revolutionized the world: electrical and electronic merchandise became omnipresent of today's life round the planet. while not these products, trendy life wouldn't be attainable in developed and developing countries. These products ar utilized in areas like drugs, transportation, education, health, food-supply, communication, security, environmental protection and culture. In several cases, functionalities enabled ar powerfully connected with property development and with a number of the Millennium Development Goals. After use those merchandise ar discarded– generally once re-use cycles in countries totally different from those wherever they were ab initio sold – turning into what's unremarkably known as e-waste. E-waste is sometimes thought to be a waste downside, which might cause environmental injury and human health severe consequences if not safely managed. On the opposite hand e-waste is additional often seen as a possible supply of financial gain for people and entrepreneurs aiming at recovering the precious materials (metals in particular) contained in discarded instrumentality. Treatment processes of e-waste aim so to either take away the venturous parts andrecover the maximum amount of the most materials (e.g. metals, glass and plastics) as possible; achieving both objectives is most desired. It has been over a decade since national and international regulative authorities began to develop policies (initiated in 1990 in Switzerland) to deal with the challenge of sound e-waste processing. Compared to ancient waste streams, e-waste handling poses anyway distinctive and complex challenges Some high technical school metals ar indispensable for flat-screen televisions, mobile phones and countless different merchandise. Antimony, cobalt, lithium, tantalum, metallic element and metal are widely used on a spread of electronic merchandise. identical cluster of hi-tech metals also are fundamental to new environmentally friendly merchandise like star panels requiring metallic element, gallium, element and atomic number 52. In several cases the industry annually uses relevant shares of primary production of those metals (if we tend to solely count electrical and equipment (EEE) this will vary from 4% of Pt to four hundred and forty yards of Copper, up to seventy two within the case of Ruthenium). On the opposite hand e-waste contains vital amounts of cyanogenic and environmentally sensitive materials and is so extraordinarily venturous to humans and therefore the setting, if not properly disposed of or recycled. The materials, that ar of principal concern with relevance environmental, and health risks embody brominated flame-retardants, cadmium, mercury or lead, to call simply a couple of. Landfills, tho' wide used for waste disposal, ar subject to unseaworthy and e-waste disposed of in landfills will leach significant metals and different cyanogenic substances like mercury, metallic element and lead into the soil, groundwater and atmosphere. Plastics create a significant environmental risk for reasons aside from toxicity, most notably thanks to the durability and longevity of fabric. Recently for a growing range of individuals utilisation and separation of e-waste became a main supply of financial gain. In most cases, though, this can be done informally, with no or hardly any health and safety standards, exposing staff and therefore the encompassing neighbourhoods to extensive health dangers also as resulting in a considerable environmental pollution. Moreover, utilisation here sometimes focuses on a couple of valuable components like gold and copper (with often poor utilisation yields), whereas most different metals ar discarded and inevitably lost. This work is presenting at 17th World Congress and Expo on Recycling on November 09-10, 2020 at Amsterdam, Netherlands Biography Samroot Samreen Wani is a 25 year old budding researcher. She is a graduate in Civil Engineering and has a post graduation in Renewable Energy Engineering and Management from TERI School of Advanced Studies. Currently, she is working as a State Engagement Consultant in The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India. She was awarded RESEARCH UNDER LITERAL ACCESS (RULA) AWARD for International Innovation and Betterment Excellence in Technical Research, 2018 - OUTSTANDING RESEARCHER – THREE DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORTATION. She has three publications on her name till date. Presenting author details Full name: Samroot Samreen Wani Contact number: 8527477314 Twitter account: @SamrootW Linked In account: Samroot Samreen Wani Session name/ number: Category: Poster presentation
BACKGROUND:One of the mechanisms by which tumors evade immune surveillance is through shedding of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related protein A and B (MICA/B) from their cell surface. MICA/B are ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D on NK and CD8 T cells. This shedding reduces cell surface levels of MICA/B and impairs NKG2D recognition. Shed MICA/B can also mask NKG2D receptor and is thought to induce NKG2D internalization, further compromising immune surveillance by NK cells.METHODS:We isolated human primary NK cells from normal donors and tested the suppressive activity of soluble recombinant MICA in vitro. Utilizing a panel of novel anti-MICA antibodies, we further examined the stimulatory activities of anti-MICA antibodies that reversed the suppressive effects of soluble MICA.RESULTS:We show that suppressive effects of soluble MICA (sMICA) on NK cell cytolytic activity was not due to the down-regulation of cell surface NKG2D. In the presence of an α3 domain-specific MICA antibody, which did not obstruct NKG2D binding, sMICA-mediated NK cell suppression was completely reversed. Reversal of NK cell inhibition by sMICA was mediated by immune complex formation that agonized NKG2D signaling. Furthermore, this restorative activity was dependent on antibody Fc effector function as the introduction of Fc mutations to abrogate Fc receptor binding failed to reverse sMICA-mediated NK cell suppression. Furthermore, MICA immune complexes preformed with an α3 domain-specific antibody (containing a wild-type Fc) induced IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion by NK cells in the absence of cancer cells, whereas MICA immune complexes preformed with the Fc effectorless antibody failed to induce IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion. Finally, we demonstrated that MICA immune complexes formed with the α3 domain-specific antibody activates NKG2D on NK cells leading to the release of IFN-γ.CONCLUSIONS:Our results demonstrate that an α3 domain-specific MICA antibody can circumvent sMICA-mediated suppression of NK cell cytolytic activity. Moreover, our data suggest that MICA immune complexes formed with α3-specific antibodies can activate NKG2D receptor and restore NK cell function in a Fc-dependent manner. The clinical utility of α3 domain-specific MICA/B antibodies may hold great promise as a new strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
BACKGROUND:Patients with unprovoked first venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at a high risk of recurrence. Although circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be associated with VTE and are markers of hypercoagulability, this study is the first to examine whether circulating miRNAs are associated with the risk of VTE recurrence.RESULTS:A nested case-control study design was used where plasma samples were obtained from 78 patients with unprovoked VTE from the Malmö Thrombophilia Study (MATS). A total of 39 VTE patients with recurrent VTE (cases) were matched with 39 VTE patients without recurrent VTE (controls) defined by age and sex (MATS population). Plasma levels of 179 different miRNAs were evaluated in the 78 samples (after anticoagulant treatment was stopped) using qPCR. A total of 110 miRNAs were detected in all samples. Among those, 12 miRNAs (miR-15b-5p, miR-106a-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-652-3p, miR-361-5p, miR-222-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-532-5p, miR-27b-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-103a-3p, and miR-30c-5p) were found to be associated with recurrent VTE after multiple correction test and conditional logistic regression analysis. A further analysis showed that miR-15b-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-30c-5p exhibited a trend over time, with a larger difference in miRNA levels between cases and controls for earlier recurrence. Of these 12 miRNAs, 8 miRNAs significantly correlated with circulating transforming growth factor β1/2 (TGFβ1/2). Three of them correlated with platelet count.CONCLUSION:We have identified 12 plasma miRNAs that may have the potential to serve as novel, non-invasive predictive biomarkers for VTE recurrence.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors like sunitinib and sorafenib are commonly used to treat metastatic renal cell cancer patients. Cubilin is a membrane protein expressed in the proximal renal tubule. Cubilin and megalin function together as endocytic receptors mediating uptake of many proteins. There is no established predictive marker for metastatic renal cell cancer patients and the purpose of the present study was to assess if cubilin can predict response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is multi-symptomatic gynecological disorder with high prevalence (5-10%) among human females. Primarily it affects female reproductive system resulting in infrequent menstrual cycles. Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hirsutism and infertility are other consequences of PCOS. Genetic as well as environmental factors contribute for the progression of PCOS. Multiple studies revealed association of PCOS with mutations in different genes specifically expressing androgens and androgen receptors. PCOS is an autosomal and X-linked disease. Inhibin A downregulates the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to promote ovulation and normal menstrual cycle. Inhibin A is a hetero dimer of INHA and inhibin INHB subunits. INHA along with Anti-mullerian hormone can be used as a diagnostic marker for PCOS. This study has been conducted using data of fifty participants. They were classified into two groups, control and experimental group. Out of total 50 participants, 30 were PCOS patients and 20 were healthy control subjects. Blood samples of PCOS patients were collected from Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. Extracted DNA from blood was used for amplification of exon 2 of INHA subunit of Inhibin A and B gene. Restriction digestion of Amplified gene segment was carried out with restriction endonuclease. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) results showed 30% (p 0.0178) of PCOS patients having heterozygous mutation (G769A/ rs12720062). Results revealed positive risk of developing PCOS when having A allele at position 769bp in heterozygous state. So, we concluded that there is an association between heterozygosity at rs12720062 and risk of development of PCOS.
Acute gastroenteritis is an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. In this study, we collected 486 fecal specimens from diarrheal patients during January 2014 to December 2014. We have found G1[P8] as highest prevalent (85%) genotype of rotavirus followed by G9[P4] (9%). Furthermore, group A rotavirus (54.52%) was found as the primary causative agent of childhood diarrhea and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (31.89%) as the second causative agent. A significant number of rotavirus-bacteria mixed infection was found. The antibiotic susceptibility study reveals the prevalence of multi-drug resistance diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. This study suggests a particular preventive measure for diarrhea during the first the two years of life.
Drug delivery systems (DDS) reduces side effects as oppose to conventional by targeting and releasing its dosage at specific site in the body. Successful DDS application requires a stable drug delivery mechanism of the drug carrier. Hydrogel based biomaterial has been used over the years to demonstrate successful biomedical application in vitro. This is due to their high biocompatibility and less cytotoxicity. Silk fibroin (SF) has proven to be an excellent choice of hydrogel based biomedical application, its three-dimensional stable network of polymers allows its swelling in large amount of water. In addition, it also degrades continuously overtime which makes it highly suitable as a smart drug vehicle. In an attempt to optimize the properties of silk fibroin, several methodological approaches to silk fibroin hydrogel preparation was adopted and evaluated. The approach here was to regenerate silk fibroin solution, process it by crosslinking with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and xanthan solution respectively. Silk Fibroin solution stored at 4°C was dried at room temperature for 3 days to obtain Silk Fibroin Hydrogel (SFH). Silk fibroin was cross-linked with Xanthan to obtain a stable hydrogel (SXH) at its optimum pH and temperature. Lastly, AgNPs was crosslinked with SF to produce SSN. All Hydrogels samples were freeze-dried into scaffolds, Essential Biomaterial Characterization and Enzymatic degradation analysis was carried out on all hydrogels at α=0.05 level. Introduction: Drugs have been used extensively to improve health care. Health care technology has shi? to the practice of drug delivery systems (DDS) in the past few decades to directly deliver treatment at specific targeted while also minimizing side e??ect as oppose the conventional. ?is great advancement has been implemented to several treatment therapy and even greater changes are anticipated in the near future. Biomedical engineers have contributed greatly to the understanding of the biochemical mechanism of invaded tissue cells with its corresponding physiological barriers to e?ciently deliver drug at this site. ?e biosynthesis of smart drug delivery using di??erent biosynthetic techniques, polymer manipulation to form a stable hydrogel has picked the interest of several researchers in the field. DDS monitors and controls drug release dosage at specific site location. Silk fibroin obtained from Bombyx mori has been studied over the decades for hydrogel due to its excellent biocompatibility in vitro biomedical applications [1,2]. Its protein polymeric structures allows for its excellent biocompatibility with tissue cells. ?is polymeric network known as SILK I or SILK II possesses great mechanical quality excellent for bearing load which makes silk adequate for as a drug carrier, this diverse range of properties allows are broader span of silk fibroin as potential biomaterial. Xanthan is inhumane to a wide scope of temperature, pH and electrolyte fixations [3,4]. It likewise shows high shear steadiness across this physiological conditions. ?e presence of silver nanoparticles in silk fibroin hydrogel has been demonstrated in vivo to reduce bacterial contamination. ?e study therefore aims to determine the optimum processing condition for a silk-induced hydrogel for drug delivery system.
Bionic arm is a robotic arm that offers many of human arm features such as hand grasp and release, flexionextension, elbow flexion-extension, supination-pronation etc. which is integrated with the nervous system and controlled by Electromyogram signals. Invasive and non-invasive methods are used to collect the EMG signal from amputees. In spite of difficulty caused by invasive methods, non-invasive methods are being opted in today's recent Bionic Arms. To overcome the some drawbacks of non-invasive methods proper classification algorithms has to be chosen for controlling individual finger movements in Bionic Arm. In this paper, initially various feature extraction; reduction and classification algorithms are implemented on EMG data of different subjects which is available from Ninapro database. From the results obtained, MAV algorithm for feature extraction, PCA algorithm for feature reduction and KNN algorithm for feature classification are chosen since they gave more accuracy compared to others after implementing on EMG data of different subjects. By employing this algorithms 95% accuracy is achieved for controlling individual finger movements in Bionic Arm. Response time between grasp and release actions of fingers in Bionic Arm obtained after implementing on processor is less than 1ms.
In the present study, Abaqus finite element modelling was used to explore the durability of cardiovascular stent made of AISI 316L under bending loading. In order to achieve this purpose, two geometries of stent are explored: the U-shaped and Ω-shaped stent. The cyclic loading of blood pressure doesn’t cause fracture. This result was confirmed by many studies. However, when subjected to bending loading the stent was found to experience an in-service failure. The last proved to the artery movement and depends on the increase of bending loading. However, the Ω-shape stunt permits a better distribution of load than the U-shape one.
We propose a general framework for securing medical devices supported wireless channel observation and anomaly detection. Our proposal is predicated on a medical security monitor (Med Mon) that investigate on all the radio-frequency wireless communications to/from medical devices and uses multi-layered anomaly detection to spot probably malicious transactions. Upon detection of a malicious dealings, Med Mon takes applicable response actions. A key good thing about Med Mon is that it's applicable to existing medical devices that area unit in use by patients, with no hardware or computer code modifications to them. In this paper we need to indicate that the Slave is acting as Master furthermore as slave configuration to cause anomaly within the network. As slave it receives knowledge |the info |the information} from master and sends false reading to master which may cause problems since the master diagnosing are going to be inaccurate since false data is being fed to the Master via abnormal Node. We conjointly designed one digital spirometer.
Lithium zinc chloride nanoparticles were prepared by simple co-precipitation method and characterized by using X-ray Diffractometer to find the crystal structure and its size. Morphological studies confirm the shape and agglomerations of individual nanoparticles. Optical photoluminescence studies gives its emission and excitation wavelengths. Further this particle will be used to prepare battery device of energy storing applications.
Instead of advancement of technologies, extra-articular deformities are still considered a challenging case for total knee replacement surgery. Regular TKR procedures may not be sufficient to achieve the acceptable outcome in these cases. Pre-op deformity assessment in all three planes becomes very important in extra-articular deformed cases. Challenges related to surgical and imaging technique was reviewed in this article. Measurement technique and selection criteria were explored based on existing literature. On the technology front, surgeons have shown the trust in Patient-specific instrumentation and Navigation to overcome the challenges. Although there are various comparative studies exists in orthopedic literature but less has focused on extra-articular deformities due to its complex nature. We have explored the literature which included extra-articular deformity to compare both technologies in the context of user experience, post-operative alignment, logistics, and cost.
Additional oncogene copy was transferred in normal cells, and additional tumor-suppression gene copy-in malignant cells, respectively, by transfection with the appropriate recombinant DNA-constructs, containing each one the respective gene. The results obtained were compared with the data from insertion of copy from the respective gene in prokaryotic bacteria strains E. coli, by analogical transfection with appropriate gene constructs. In application of low initial infections (high initial dilutions of viral suspensions, respectively) of eventually attenuated by many passages vaccine strains from the heterologous for mammals and mammalian cells avian viral species, only slight ultra-structural changes and signs of partially-formed immature viral particles in the cells, were established, but no cytopathic effect (CPE was observed). In freezing of the so inoculated mammalian cells after addition of cryoprotector Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), thawing and re-incubation in fresh cultivation medium, signs of activated cell proliferation were noted. One of the possible explanations could be eventual transfer of nucleotide sequences from viral particles to separate cells because of activated fusion processes on the influence of DMSO in drastic temperature changes. The results obtained proposed a possibility about application of the described methods as available alternatives for both vaccine production and gene-engineering manipulations with cells, compared with the procedures of preparation and application of designed quite expensive recombinant DNA-constructs. Future studies are necessary in this direction.
A biological weapon appears to be more threatening than any other type of weapon, due to the psychological impact it creates in a society. The easiness of manufacture, less controllability and the quantum of calamity, make this an attractive tool for many extremist groups. The water distribution systems either build by nature (such as river, lake etc) or humanly made ones (such as a metro water distribution system, canals etc) are susceptible to biological attack. Biological agents (BA) are effective in very low doses. Therefore, Biological Agent Detection Systems (BADS) need to exhibit high sensitivity. The complex and rapidly changing environmental background also requires these detection systems to exhibit a high degree of selectivity (i.e. Able to discriminate BA from other harmless biological and non-biological material present in the environment). In this paper we present a Remotely Accessible Bio Surveillance System (RABSS) that can sense presence of the BA such as Bacteria in remote water bodies. The system is capable of detecting the presence of bacteria in water bodies that contains a cell count greater than or equal to ten. The fully automated system includes, a Sample Handling System (SHS), Sensor module, Wireless communication link and an embedded system to control all the functionalities in real time.
