为了解武夷山国家公园大安源地区主要种群在群落中的关系及其相对地位,通过定量分析法,以生态位宽度、生态位重叠度、生态位相似性等为指标,开展武夷山国家公园大安源甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)群落主要种群生态位研究,探讨各种群对环境资源的利用状况及相互功能关系以及主要种群的生态位特征等生态特点.结果表明,甜槠的重要值和生态位宽度值最大,具有最强的竞争能力和生态适应能力,为乔木林冠层的优势种;生态位相似性比例(Cih)在0.6以上的占了74.29％,表明该群落物种利用资源相似程度很大;生态位重叠指数Lih和Lhi大于0.5的种对分别有78和97对,分布比例分别为74.28％和92.38％,生态位重叠程度很高,各种群对资源的共享趋势较为明显.研究结果可为武夷山国家公园大安源群落生物多样性监测及保护提供参考依据.
为了探索大蒜根系分泌物主要成分(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、二烯丙基二硫和2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚)及其混合物对烟蚜(Myzus persicae)的忌避、毒杀作用及其解毒酶影响.采用叶碟法测定了3种成分及其混配对烟蚜的忌避、触杀活性影响,采用ELISA检测试剂盒测定了其对烟蚜解毒酶的影响.结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、二烯丙基二硫单独使用,对烟蚜的忌避效果显著(P＜0.05).在12 h内,体积比为1∶10时,二烯丙基二硫和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对烟蚜的忌避活性较高,其对烟蚜最高忌避率分别达到97.98％和87.50％;在48 h内,体积比为1:10时,3种试剂单独使用,对烟蚜的触杀效果也显著(P＜0.05),其校正死率都在92.2％以上.当3种试剂同时混配时,比试剂单独使用对烟蚜有更显著的忌避活性(P＜0.05)和触杀活性(P＜0.05),忌避率81.96％～94.84％,校正死亡率95.14％～98.60％.3种试剂对烟蚜的解毒酶活性为:乙酰胆碱酯酶＞羧酸酯酶＞谷胱甘肽S-转移酶.研究结果可为研制含有该混合物试剂控制烟蚜及其对烟蚜控制作用提供科学参考.
Bacterial infections, especially multi-drug resistant bacterial infections, are one of the major problems in current clinical treatments. What is more, bacterial resistance is also becoming more and more serious, leading to the limited availability of effective drugs and treatment methods. As a new type of porous crystalline material, metal-organic frameworks（MOFs） represent promising materials to deal with the above problems; they can serve as effective antibacterial agents by releasing their own antibacterial components, producing reactive oxygen species, and loading antibacterial agents. Herein, we review the antibacterial mechanism, antibacterial applications, and potential cytotoxicity of MOFs. First, we summarize the main antibacterial mechanisms of MOFs, including the release of metal ions and organic ligands and induction of oxidative stress. Then, we emphatically introduce MOF materials used as antibacterial agents or solid carriers for loading antibacterial agents for use in the antibacterial field. Finally, we summarize the potential cytotoxicity of MOFs, point out the current challenges that need to be solved, and prospect the future development of MOF-based antibacterial agents.
Alysiini is an important parasitic insect, which is widely distributed throughout the world. As of the end of November 2022, 31 genera and 248 species have been catalogued in China, accounting for 39.24% and 14.87% of the world’s known genera and species, respectively. 92 species of Alysiini are endemic to China, accounting for 37.10% of all Alysiini species found in China. China straddles the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. We studied the geographical distribution of Alysiini and found that the common genera-level distribution type of Palaearctic and Oriental regions is most abundant, with 15 genera and 51 species. The second-most abundant is the endemic distribution type of the Oriental region, with 11 genera and 114 species. Only 5 genera are found in the Palaearctic region, comprising 83 species, which is rather rich. Known hosts of Alysiini include 5 orders, 49 families, and 137 genera. This survey information is essential for biological pest control applications.
The national trees of 80 countries are explained from the perspective of stamps to reveal their scientific connotations, humanistic implications, and ecological civilization. Diverse meanings of cultural tradition, national emotion, historical memory, and even the integration of civilization, can be discerned from national tree stamps.
By observing the movement distance and distribution number of different developmental stages of Arma custos（Fabricius） on a tobacco plant, its distribution characteristics and diffusion distance on the plant after its release can be understood, thus providing a basis for determining the most appropriate developmental stage and release site of A. custos on a tobacco plant. The results showed that when different developmental states of A.custos were released on tobacco plants, the 4 th and 5 th instar nymphs demonstrated a long moving distance and that the average moving distance at different times was stable; the maximum moving distance of the 4 th instar nymph was 81.96 cm（5 h after release） and that of the 5 th instar nymph was 79.28 cm（8 h after release）. There was no significant difference in the distribution of nymphs in different parts of the tobacco plant after release, but there were significant differences in the distribution of adult of A.custos in the middle of the tobacco plant at different times. At the same time, there were significant differences in the number of different developmental stages distributed in the middle of the tobacco plant compared with the upper and lower parts, and the proportion of different developmental stages distributed in the middle of the tobacco plant was the largest. The distribution ratio of 2 nd instar nymphs on the obverse side of tobacco leaves was higher than that on the front side, while the distribution ratio of 3 rd instar nymphs and adults on the front side of tobacco leaves was higher than that on the obverse side. The distribution of 4 th instar nymphs on the front and obverse sides of tobacco leaves was significantly different, while that of 5 th instar nymphs on the front and obverse sides of tobacco leaves was not significantly different. As such, the results of this study suggest that 4 th and 5 th instar nymphs may be the most effective developmental stages to control pests and that the release site should be located in the middle of the tobacco plant.
This paper reviews the current research status and progress of computer imaging technology in the diagnosis of tobacco diseases from four perspectives: image processing, disease spot feature extraction, selection of identification technology, and development of tobacco disease diagnostic systems. Currently, tobacco disease diagnosis is affected by two main problems: the limited tobacco disease types recognized by the diagnosis systems and unavailability of a method for effectively deploying a diagnostic system in practical applications. Consequently, establishing a diagnostic system for identifying tobacco disease with sufficient accuracy and deploying such a system into practical applications is the next research goal in this field.
A total of 4 subfamilies, 18 genera, and 24 species of hawkmoths have been recognized in Shouning County, Fujian Province. Two species, Smerinthulus perversa（Rothschild） belonging to Sphinginae, and Ambulyx sericeipennis Butler belonging to Smerinthinae, were first recorded in Fujian Province of China. A list of the hawkmoths from Shouning County and several pictures of hawkmoths and male genitalia are shown to provide basic information for further research.
The population dynamics of adult Monochamus alternatus Hope in Huian County were monitored based on trapping. The results showed that the numbers of M. alternatus adults trapped increased rapidly from April to June, and thereafter gradually declined from July to November. The numbers of captured M. alternatus adults peaked between May and June, and the numbers trapped between May and August accounted for 80.10% of the total annual number trapped. On the basis of these results, we established that the active period of M. alternatus adults is from April to November. Furthermore, the numbers of M. alternatus adults trapped in Tuzhai Town were found to be significantly lower than those trapped in Huangtang, Luoyang and Shanxia towns. The canopy density was highly significantly positively correlated with the numbers of M. alternatus adults trapped in Huangtang and Luoyang towns（P＜0.01）, but was not significantly correlated in Tuzhai and Shanxia towns（P＞0.05）.
In this study, afforestation tests were conducted with barren-tolerant clones of Cunninghamia lanceolata with different tolerances and CK. The research results indicated that the height and caliper growth of numerous clones were significantly greater than those of CK during a 1-year growth period; however, those of Mingshan NO.6 and NO.10 were not significantly greater than those of CK. The survival rate of the different barren-tolerant clones was observably higher than that of CK, exhibited higher drought tolerancein addition to Mingshan NO.13. After 2 years, the height and caliper growth of the different barren-tolerant clones and CK of Cunninghamia lanceolata differed significantly among test, and the height and caliper growth of sapling clones were significantly better after 2 years of growth than after 1 year. The genetic gain of height and caliper growth of the different clones after 2 years compared with CK were overtop 0.3, while the genetic gain of height of the clones Mingshan NO.1～NO.4, NO.8, NO.11, and NO.12 were overtop 0.7, and the genetic gain of caliper growth of clones Mingshan NO.1, NO.4, NO.8, NO.11, and NO.12 were overtop 0.5. The results indicated that the 2-year-old elite clones were better able to tolerate barren conditions during growth and their genetic quality was preliminarily verified through the early growth stages of different clones.
To explore the effects of garlic planting density on the growth,development,and reproduction of Myzus persicae,and the effects of different planting densities of garlic on the development duration,adult life span,and offspring number of M.persicae were measured.The total developmental duration of the 2～4th instar nymphs of M.persicae was significantly（P＜0.05） prolonged with the increase in garlic planting density.At a planting density of5 plants·pot -1 ,the garlic had the strongest effect on the development duration of the 2～4th instar nymphs of M.persicae,which was 48.00 h longer than that of the control and it was longer（decreased by 46.15%） than that of the control.At a planting density of 3 plants·pot -1 ,the effect on the development duration of the 2～4th instar nymphs was moderate and was 29.33 h longer than that of the control and it was longer（decreased by 28.20%） than that of the control.At a planting density of 1 plant·pot -1 ,the least effect was observed on the development duration of the 2～4th instar nymphs,which was 2.67 h shorter than that of the control and it was shorter（decreased by 2.57%） than that of the control.There was no significant correlation between the duration of the first,second,and third instar nymphs developmental duration or adult life span and garlic planting density （P＞0.05）.However,there was a significant positive correlation （P＜0.05） between garlic planting density and the duration of 4th instar nymph or2～4th instar nymph of M.persicae.Therefore,garlic planting densities can prolong the development duration of 2～4th instar nymphs,which may be one of the key reasons that garlic can control M.persicae reproduction and delay the initiation of the adult aphid phase and reduce the damage by M.persicae to crops.These results will provide a scientific reference for controlling M.persicae using garlic plants in tobacco fields.
Based on insect ecology-themed stamps,the ecological value of insects was explained in terms of insects and plants,insects and fungi,insects and fish,and birds. The ecological connotation of insect stamps was revealed in terms of the laws of mutualism（ mutual restriction and interdependence）,symbiosis（ mutual compensation and coordination）,co-evolution（ mutual adaptation and mutual selection）,and regeneration（ material circulation and energy transformation）. It was clarified that the basic conditions for maintaining ecological balance and achieving sustainable agricultural development were to protect the insect-based ecosystem and conform to ecological laws.
This review presents the detection methods used for okadaic acid（OA） detection based on immunosensor.In addition to the new essay for surface plasmon resonance and surface generated acoustic wave,this review also describes the improvement and innovation of traditional ELISA and immunochromatography methods. Moreover,a comparative analysis is presented for the methods in terms of accuracy,limit of detection,repeatability,and anti-interference ability. This review also provides a reference for the further development of OA detection methods.
The mycelial growth rate method was used to determine antifungal activities of the ethanol extract from the pseudobulbs of Pleione grandiflora against 11 different plant fungi.The extract had an obvious inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum higginsianum,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,and Gliocladium catenulatum,with the EC 50 values being 0.1452,0.9365,and 1.5970 mg·mL -1 ,respectively.Furthermore,the rate of antibacterial activity of 60%ethanol eluent (0.2 mg·mL -1 ) against C.higginsianum was 66.88%.
The influence on the growth of Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri（Xcc 29-1） was examined by cell growth curves.In addition,to evaluate the role ofβ-pinene on canker symptom development,citrus leaves were inoculated with Xcc 29-1 suspension containingβ-pinene.Promoter activity test and real-time quantitative PCR assays were conducted to examine the induction ofβ-pinene on hrp G genes.The results show that,0.2μg·mL -1 β-pinene inhibited the Xcc 29-1 growth,while Xcc 29-1 cannot grow when the concentration ofβ-pinene is up to 1μg·mL -1 .Further,0.1μg·mL -1 β-pinene induced the expression of hrp G,hrp X,hrc V,and hrp D6．β-pinene is one of the secondary metabolites of citrus.It can be used by citrus to inhibit Xcc 29-1,while it can be used by Xcc 29-1 to induce the expression of hrp genes as a plant signal.Hence,it shows thatβ-pinene influences the multiplication of Xcc 29-1,not the pathogenicity.
The checklist of freshwater fishes of Zhejiang Province has been updated based on the Fauna of Zhejiang Freshwater Fishes,extant literature,and the updated results of taxonomy and systematics. By the end of December2021,277 freshwater fish species（ including 20 alien species） were recorded in Zhejiang Province,belonging to 133genera,44 families,17 orders,and two classes. The freshwater fish species are mainly of the family Cyprinidae（ 103species）,followed by those of Gobiidae（ 50 species）. Among the 277 freshwater fish species,129 species are endemic to China,and four and five species are listed as national first-grade and second-grade key protected species,respectively. Furthermore,three species are listed in the CITES appendix Ⅱ． Eight species,seven species,and four species are listed in the China’ s Red List of Biodiversity: Vertebrates as critically endangered（ CR）,endangered（ EN）,and vulnerable（ VU）,respectively. According to the ecological type,pure freshwater fishes are dominant（ 203 species）,and the others are estuarine migratory fishes（ 74 species）. According to the resource status of Zhejiang freshwater fishes,we suggest increasing species monitoring and conservation.
In this study,a 9-year-old Taxus wallichiana var. mairei plantation in a C. lanceolata forest was employed as the research object. The effects of interplanting on the growth of T. wallichiana var. mairei,diameter at breast height,tree height,crown width,and volume index per plant were evaluated. The results showed that there were significant differences in the parameters measured in the 9-year-old T. wallichiana var. mairei plantation under different thinning treatments. The average annual growth of diameter at breast height,tree height,crown width,and volume index per plant under moderate thinning treatments were 0.44 cm,0.26 m,0.36 m,8.07,respectively and were generally better than those under non-thinning,light-thinning,and high-intensity thinning treatments.
We investigated the Castanopsis fissa intercropping in the Cunninghamia lanceolata pure forest in northern Fujian to explore the afforestation effect of interplanting C.fissa.The results showed that the maximum height and diameter at breast height （DBH） recorded for 10-year C.fissa in terms of growth are 9.47 m and 9.86 cm,respectively.Compared with the controlled C.fissa pure forest,C.fissa can grow in the C.lanceolata pure forest.The litter biomass of the C.lanceolata pure forest interplanting C.fissa is 20 740 kg·hm -2 ,which is significantly higher than that of the C.lanceolata pure forest (5 980 kg·hm -2 ).It shows that interplanting C.fissa can increase the biomass of pure C.lanceolata.
To improve sporulation,the composition of the growth medium for the entomopathogenic fungus Moelleriella raciborskii was optimized based on the orthogonal layout method including three levels of four variables.Specifically,7 g·L -1 of soluble starch,10 g·L -1 of yeast powder,4×10 -4 mol·L -1 of ferrous ion,and 50 mg·L -1 of ascorbic acid were the best sources of carbon,nitrogen,metal ions,and vitamins,respectively,for M.raciborskii sporulation.After 2 weeks of culture in this optimized medium,the spore production of M.raciborskii peaked,reaching1.2×10~8conidia·cm -2 .Conidium production in the optimized medium was approximately 60-fold higher than that in the nonoptimized basal medium.
For many years,the historical wildlife distribution records in Wuyishan National Park have not been definitively updated from recorded field notes. This study aimed to update information on the biodiversity and spatial distribution of the mammals and birds in the park by collecting images from infrared cameras positioned throughout the park. The data were then processed and analyzed,providing a current record of the park biodiversity. The resulting species list of mammals,recorded using infrared cameras,was classified into 6 orders and 12 families. Of the species recorded,18 have been identified,with the remaining unidentified species belonging mainly to the orders Chiroptera,Insectivora,and Rodentia. The majority of the 18 identified species belonged to the order Carnivora with 6 species from 3 families,followed by Rodentia with 5 species from 3 families; Artiodactyla with 4 species from 3 families; and Primates,Pholidota,and Lagomorpha each with 1 species from 1 family. The cameras recorded 31 species of birds,with 13 species from 6 families. The majority of unidentified species of birds were the small Passeriformes. Of the 31recorded bird species,2 are listed as wildlife under first-class state protection; 5 are under second-class state protection; 2 are near-threatened and 1 is vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List; and 1 is endangered,1 is near-threatened,and 2 are vulnerable according to the Red List of Vertebrates of China. These results not only update the biodiversity data of Wuyishan National Park but also provide valuable reference material for the park administrators for planning,long-term monitoring and protection of wildlife,and guiding further scientific research.
