Objective: Plumeria rubra is an important traditional medicinal plant used in various ailments and the indigenous plant as a medicament for treatment of various inflammatory conditions is well documented in literature. The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot-plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods.Methods: The leaves of P. rubra were collected from the local area in and around Palakkad, Kerala (India). About 1500 g of the powder was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus for 12 h using 5.0 L of Ethanol as solvent. The test extracts was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg while Pentazocine (5 mg/kg) and diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) served as standards.Results: The ethanolic extract of 200 mg/kg having significant analgesic activity in Acetic acid induced abdominal writhing response and percentage of inhibition (PI) (p<0.01 )when compared to control.. The Ethanolic extract of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg exhibited significant analgesic activity in the hot plate method (p<0.001) by increasing the pain reaction time (PAT) of the rats to sec 7.25±0.38 at 45 min after treatment in comparison to control (4.08±13).Conclusions: The results suggest that ethanolic extracts of P. rubra possesses potent analgesic properties, which support its use in traditional medicine and suggesting that the plant should be further investigated for its pharmacological active natural products.
Objective: Optimized molecular structures have been investigated by DFT/B3LYP method with 6-31G (d,p) basis set. Stability of Benzo and anthraquinodimethane derivatives 1-4, hyperconjugative interactions, charge delocalization and intramolecular hydrogen bond has been analyzed by using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Electronic structures were discussed and the relocation of the electron density was determined. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), local density functional descriptors has been studied. Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were also investigated. In addition, frontier molecular orbitals analyses have been performed from the optimized geometries. An ionization potential (I), electron affinity (A), electrophilicity index (ω), chemical potential (µ), electronegativity (χ), hardness (η), and softness (S), have been investigated. All the above calculations are made by the method mentioned above.Methods: The most stable optimized geometries obtained from DFT/B3LYP method with 6-31G(d,p) basis set were investigated for the study of molecular structures, nonlinear properties, natural bond orbital (NBO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and frontier molecular orbital of Benzo and anthraquinodimethane derivatives.Results: Reactive sites of electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks for the investigated molecule were predicted using MEP at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). Compound 4 possesses higher electronegativity value than all compounds so; it is the best electron acceptor; the more reactive sites for electrophilic attacks are shown in compounds 1 and 4, for nucleophilic attacks are indicated in compounds 2 and 3 and the more reactive sites in radical attacks are detected in compounds 2 and 4.Conclusions: Compound 1 is softest, best electron donor and more reactive than all compounds. The calculated first order hyperpolarizability was found much lesser than reported in literature for urea.
Objective : In Burkina Faso as in other developing countries, the diarrheal diseases constitute a serious problem of public health. To treat diarrhea, most Burkina Faso people living in the rural areas do rely on medicinal plants. To evaluate the traditional use of Opilia celtidifolia , scientific validation is needed. Methods : The collected plant materials were dried, pulverized, and aqueous acetone extracts were prepared. The serially diluted fractions of the extracts and finally reach the flavonoid-rich fractions which assayed for antibacterial activities against selected enteropathogens by agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration respectively. The anti-diarrheal activity was evaluated using castor oil induced diarrhea, magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit test examined in animal models respectively. Results : Flavonoid-rich fractions has positive effects in a dose dependent manner against diarrhoea induced by castor oil, magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit test examined in animal models. The bioactive fraction also showed good antimicrobial activity against all bacteria strains and compared to the ciprofloxacin. Conclusions : These findings indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction possesses antidiarrheal property in rats and confirm the ethnomedicinal use of Opilia celtidifolia a valuable natural remedy for the treatment, management and/or control of diarrhea. The results provided some insight into the gastroprotective potential of this plant traditionally used by the people of Burkina Faso to treat diarrhea.
The endocrine system is the group of glands that secrete hormone directly into the circulatory system moves towards distant target organs and affects them. This system release hormones that help control many important body functions. Dysfunctioning in the endocrine system may develop many disorders like diabetes, thyroid, growth disorders and sexual dysfunction. Poly cystic ovarian syndrome is one of the common endocrine disorder. PCOS is a common condition that causes a range of symptoms including irregular periods, unwanted hair growth, acne and weight problems. Increased circulating levels of testosterone can be considered as the major cause of development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. It is a male hormone, but women’s bodies make it too. Higher than normal testosterone level, makes women to experience PCOS. The physicians target on regular menstruation. In order to maintain the regular periods physicians basically administer Estrogen and Progesterone injection. Metformin is used during PCOS to treat insulin resistance developed in those women. Insulin resistance means that their bodies do not respond well to the hormone insulin that controls blood sugar levels. This causes blood sugar level to rise and this may lead to greater production of testosterone. Corticosteroids, vitamins, contraceptives pills are also prescribed for symptomatic treatment of PCOS. Changing of lifestyles may greatly help in management of poly cystic ovarian disorder. Regular exercise and weight management is the key for complete treatment of PCOS. This review contains all the information regarding PCOS.
Objective: This work aims at the synthesis of megazol analogs with antitrypanosomicidal activity. Chagas’disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and is a debilitating disease that has both acute and chronic forms. Many South Americans suffer from the chronic form of Chagas’disease, and there is no treatment currently available.Methods: In the chemical part, classical techniques of heterocyclic synthesis as well as usual methods of identification were used. In the biological part the cell proliferation test was used in vitro and the IC 50.Results: We synthesized a series of derivatives of 2-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-5-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles where 1-acetyl, 1-propyl and 1-nonyl were used as the substituent (4,6,7). Derivatives without nitro group were also synthesized (3,12) along with thiosemicarbazones (8,9,10) and a 5-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (11). These compounds were evaluated using an in vitro test where were measured the cell proliferation. The derivatives that obtained the best results underwent further tests, in which their IC50 was calculated. The data revealed that two compounds (4,6) were effective against the parasite (IC50= 0.354 µM; IC50= 2.13 µM) and besides that, obtained the same results as the positive control, antimycim and rotenone. All proposed structures were obtained in satisfactory yields and purities.Conclusions: In conclusion, the in vitro trypanocidal activity makes these compounds promising leads in the development of an effective therapeutic agent. However, this study must be completed by additional tests with in vitro amastigote/macrophage models or in vivo mouse models. Analyzing the amide derivatives, compounds (4) and (6) were the ones that presented the best results.
Objective: A simple, precise and accurate UV-spectrophotometric method is developed and statistically validated for estimation of Testosterone in gel formulation. The proposed method includes using regression equation, area under curve (AUC), first order derivative and second order derivative spectroscopic method.Methods: based on measurement of absorbance at a selected wavelength using UV-visible spectrophotometer with 1cm matched quartz cell and acetonitrile as a solvent. All developed methods obeyed Beer’s-lambert’s law in the concentration range of 5-25μg/mL, with correlation coefficient value less than 1.Results: The percent amount of drug estimated was nearly 100%, found to be a good agreement with label claim of marketed gel formulation. The recovery study was carried out at three different levels, the validation study data was found to be statistically significant as all the statistical parameters are within the acceptance range (% RSD <2.0 and S.D. <±2.0).Conclusions: The results of estimation and validation parameters like accuracy, precision, ruggedness, linearity and range were studied for all the developed methods and were found to be within limits. The results obtained were statistically compared using paired t-test and one way ANOVA analysis. The proposed method can be adopted for routine quality control for estimation of drug in formulation.
Objective: The present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of herbal drugs, Diaroak® and Salcochek® (M/s Ayurvet Limited), against antibiotic drugs in the treatment of calf diarrhea.Methods: 15 calves suffering from diarrhea were divided into 3 groups: T0,receiving ciprofloxacin (250 mg) and tinidazole (300 mg) twice daily for three days, T1, receiving 15 gm Diaroak twice daily till recovery, and T3, receiving 15 gm Salcochektwice daily till recovery. The parameters evaluated included average number of doses required for complete recovery, total number of animals completely recovered per group, number of animals in morbid state per group, mortality recorded per group, frequency of defecation per group, presence or absence of mucus in feces along with appetite of animals, and incidence of diarrhea and mortality during post-treatment period.Results: Complete recovery was seen in all the treated animals with no recurrence. After recovery, animals treated with herbals had better consistency of feces than those treated with antibiotics.Conclusions: Herbal anti-diarrheals Diaroak and Salcocheck can be used for treating non-specific diarrhea in calves.
Generally seaweeds are an essential source in the field of pharmaceutical industry because of their bioactive metabolites. Life threatening diseases like acquired immuno defieciency syndrome (AIDS), cancer and other infectious diseases can be trated with the constituents present in the Gracilaria species. This paper deals with a compilation of the literature for Gracilaria corticata algae extracts from the beginning of this century with its pharmacological benefits and recognizes opportunities for forthcoming research.
Objective s: To explore the acute toxicity of major aquatic pollutants like mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) and polychlorinated by phenyls (PCB) and their effects based on the haematology of fresh water fish Danio rerio (Zebra fish). Methods : Zebra fish ( Danio rerio ) were exposed to progressive concentrations of HgCl 2 and PCB. The fishes were exposed to various concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 µg/L of mercury and PCB for a period up to two weeks. Haematological tests (total RBC, WBC count and haemoglobin concentration) were carried out on each concentration as well as control for a period of 2 weeks. Results : It was observed that, in exposure time from 0, 7 and 14 days, the total erythrocyte (RBC), leucocytes (WBC) haemoglobin (Hb) values decreased. The exposure to sub lethal doses of Mercury and PCB for 1, 7 and 14 days exposure period causes significant(Values are expressed as means ± SD. Significant difference between groups were compared to control, *p <0.01, **p <0.05) time and dose dependent alterations in total RBC, WBC and haemoglobin count compared to the control values. Conclusions : Haematological parameters constitute one of the important methods to access the health or ill health of an organism, subjected to intoxication. This demonstrates the physiological dysfunction of the haemopoietic system. Hgcl 2 is a heavy metal that causes symptoms in human like and gastrointestinal disturbances, anaemia, anorexia, loss of weight, chronic inflammations of kidneys. PCB exposure in animals has been reported to develop Wasting syndrome, reduced body weight, immune toxicity, vitamin A deficiency, and thyroid hormone deficiency, reproductive effects in offspring like reduced birth weight, abnormal gonad development. It also affect the central nervous system which results in slowed learning and memory loss, and also responsible for other behavioural changes. Thus toxicity bioassay is the basic tool for the detection, evaluation and abatement of water pollution
Objective: To screen the high yielding PHB producing bacterial strains and its characterization by phenotypic methods and PHB production was optimized by using different carbon sources, different levels of pH and temperature.Methods: The oil contaminated soils of Virudhunagar town were chosen for the isolation of PHB producing bacterial species. The bacterial isolates were stained by Sudan Black B method for observing the presence of PHB granules and further confirmation by UV and FTIR analysis. The PHB accumulations in bacterial isolates were done by UV-Spectrophotometric analysis. The maximum PHB production was optimized by varying pH, temperature and carbon sources used in the production medium.Results: From the microscopic observations of the individual isolates, seven bacterial isolates were seen by the PHB granules inside the cell. The UV results interpret maximum amount 1052 microgram/ml of PHB by the second bacterial isolate. FTIR confirmed C=O group in the extracted PHB from production media. Also high yield was observed in at pH 9, 370 C and starch.Conclusions: These PHB have potential candidate for some application in packaging and biomedical material production in the form of drug carriers.
The article reviewed various therapies other than dopamine treatment like A2a antagonists: antiparkinson medication reducing the over reactivity of substantia nigra due to loss of dopamine; Levodopa/Carbidopa Intestinal Gel: an aqueous gel containing levodopa and carbidopa; stem-cell therapies like embryonic and adult stem cell can be act through several mechanism; acupuncture: reduced the motor symptoms and other disease related factors; various antiparkinson medications like IPX066 and ND0611 are sustained release and transdermal patches which are transported to GIT through high nutrients and patches are found to be useful in increasing the concentration, half-life of levodopa, thus downs the threatening risk of PD. The future treatment for PD should be considered as they have less side-effect and better results than other treatment as they not only decrease the symptoms but also the incidences of PD. If the symptoms are diagnosed early patient should go for genetic therapy to relieve from the disease which not only reduce the progressive increase of symptoms and disease. Considering all therapies, future treatments shows the weightage in reducing the progressive increase of PD in patient. Though these treatments are proven to be effective in treatment but still more targeted tools and techniques are required which can specifically target the cause and thus lowers the graph and rating scale of PD.
Molecularly targeted agents light at end of tunnel to resolve therapeutics by drawing together morbidity and mortality in patients by the whole of cancer. However, still an urgent has a passion for preferably effective anticancer compounds, state-of-the-art preclinical abused substance evaluations largely overlook to answer a need the demand. New preclinical strategies, including the review of with all the extras mouse models and co-clinical design designs, are for used to boost the predictive price tag of animal-based translational aries research. Here, we saw in a new light the society of born with a silver spoon preclinical antineoplastic agents, their associated limitations, and arbitrary methods to feel in one bones clinical outcomes.
Objective: The objective of present research work was to develop formulation of orodispersible tablets of Ivabradine HCl and evaluate it for different evaluation parameters.Methods: The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The formulation of the tablets were evaluated before compression for characterization of flow properties and after compression for different parameters of orodispersible tablet formulation.Results: Ivabradine hydrochloride orodispersible tablets were developed with considerable increase in drug release as compared to marketed formulations; nine formulations were developed and studied. The difference in drug release values was found to be 100.88 ± 0.10 respectively. The drug was characterized according to different compendial methods, on the basis of identification by HPLC, pH, organoleptic properties and other tests. Parameters evaluated were within prescribed limits and indicated good free flowing properties. The F6 batch with disintegration time 21 ± 3.0 and dissolution 99.29% was selected as optimized formulation. This was compared with conventional marketed formulation and was found superior. Batch F6 was also subjected to stability studies for two months and was tested for its hardness, wetting time, disintegration time, drug contents and dissolution behaviour monthly.Conclusions: By appropriate selection of excipients, it was possible to develop orodispersible tablets of Ivabradine HCl.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to formulate the floating bilayer tablets of Ketorolac tromethamine, first immediate release layer and second sustained release floating layer which would provide initial loading dose of drug and remain in stomach and upper part of GIT for prolonged period of time in a view to maximize solubility of drug which is necessary for its absorption.Methods: The floating bilayered tablets of Ketorolac tromethamine were prepared by using 32 factorial designs by direct compression method. For this, polymers like sodium starch glycolate and polyox WSR 303 were used in various concentrations. Sodium bicarbonate was used as a floating effervescent agent. The formulations were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, swelling index, floating lag time, floating time, % CDR etcResults: From the result obtained, S3 having 23% Polyox WSR 303 and 12% sodium bicarbonate showed better results.Conclusions: The results showed that Polyox WSR is promising tool to designing of sustained release formulation.
Objective: Tuberculosis is one of the important infections among the diabetes as per our study and survey reports. Diabetes mellitus has been reported to modify the presenting features of pulmonary tuberculosis, but there are varying data, particularly regarding the association with lower lung field involvement. In our study we would like to determine whether diabetes mellitus alters the clinical and radiographic manifestations of tuberculosis in hosts and to define the determinants of lower lung field involvement due to effect of nutrition supply.Methods: A total of 500 diabetes were identified from both rural and urban population and were confirmed the diabetic status based on questioner and consent of patients. Off 500 patients 200 suspects with bronchial infections was tested for other bacterial and Tuberculosis infections by Grams staining, and culture on Nutrient and blood Agar for bacterial infections based on the staining and culture they were identified to be grams positive or Grams negative bacterial infections.Results: We had conducted a survey and study in Warangal and adjoing districts of Telangana state during 2014- 2017 period, in the study we had counseled approximately 1000 -2000 populations off which 500 were suspects for early diabetes based on the symptoms and clinical investigations off 500 were able to found 200 diabetic type 2 causes. Off 200 55 were positive for tuberculosis all the suspects were counseled for their nutritional status and other prevailing side effects with treatment. Conclusions: Based on this study we had tried to evaluate the effect, care and support of nutritional among diabetic TB patients.
The major objective of any dosage form is to deliver an optimum therapeutic amount of active agent to the proper site in the body to attain constant & maintenance of the desired drug concentration. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are effective delivery systems with various advantages as compared to other oral controlled release dosage forms in terms of drug delivery at specific sites with prolonged retention time of drugs at target sites. The main advantage of these systems includes avoiding first pass metabolism of the drugs and hence availability of high drug concentration at target site. Oral mucoadhesive systems have potential ability for controlled and extended release profile so as to get better performance and patient compliance. The present manuscript briefly reviews the benefits of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, mechanisms involved in mucoadhesion, different factors affecting mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.
Objective: Chemical substances employed to treat various infections caused by various types of microorganism are termed as antimicrobials and natural chemical compounds produced by specific types of bacteria are termed as antibiotics. Unlimited use of antibiotics in humans and animals and in areas other than the treatment and prophylaxis of disease have resulted in a serious problem of drug resistance. Various attempts have been adopted to cope with the resistance problem and enhance the activity, or broaden the spectrum of drugs. Based on structure-activity relationship synthesis of new compounds has been one of the best approaches for better results. It has been demonstrated that Schiff base of some leading molecules and antibiotics possess good potential as more effective and safe drugs. Encouraged by reports on potential of Schiff’s bases as antimicrobial agents and to cope up with the current requirements of developing newer, safer and broad spectrum agents attempts were made to synthesize new Schiff’s bases.Methods: Our earlier in which structure activity relationship studies revealed that substitution by nitro and amino gp in Schiff’s base moiety resulted in the enhancement of activity. So further attempts were made to extend the series with incorporation of nitro and amino moiety by condensing o,m dinitro substituted acid hydrazide with various nitro/amino substituted benzaldehydes for increasing their antimicrobial potential.Results: Synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral studies (like UV, IR, and NMR). All the synthesized derivatives were screened further for their antibacterial effect. All the synthesized derivatives were screened further for their antibacterial effect.Conclusions: Highest activity was observed in the derivative with nitro substitution in both the aryl rings.
Objective: To design, synthesize and screen biologically newer Substituted Schiff bases by condensing substituted acid hydrazides with various benzaldehydes and explore their antimicrobial potential.Methods: Present study synthesis of various derivatives of Schiffs bases was carried out by: firstly converting substituted acids to acid hydrazides and then to Schiff's bases after condensation with substituted benzaldehyde. Synthesized compounds were characterised on the basis of spectral studies (like UV, IR, and NMR). All the synthesized derivatives were screened further for their antibacterial effect against Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus& Bacillus cereus.Results: From this study it could be observed that schiff’s bases 2-[( aminophenylhydrazinyldene o,m,dinitrobenzoyl] aniline (H) and compound 2-[( aminophenylzinyldene) p amino benzoyl] aniline (I) showed very good zone of inhibition against almost all strains tested for.Conclusions: So further attempts could be made to extend the series and explore their antibacterial potential to achieve hopeful goal.
Bell’s palsy is a unilateral, lower motor neuron weakness of the facial nerve. Facial dysfunction has a dramatic effect on a patient’s appearance, psychological wellbeing and quality of life. Bell’s palsy has been described in patients of all ages, and is more common in adults than in children.The causes of the paralysis still remain unknown. Establishing the correct diagnosis is imperative and choosing the correct treatment options can optimize the likelihood of recovery. Hence this review deals with etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment management for Bell’s palsy.
Objective: The aim of the study is whether the impact of Efavirenz and Lopinavir will increase the plasma level of Glibenclamide or not. Efavirenz and Lopinavir is an antiretroviral drug to treat HIV AIDS and inhibits cytochrome P450-3A4. Multiple CYP isoforms are involved in the metabolism of Glibenclamide like CYP2C8 and CYP3A4. Hence there is more possibility of Efavirenz and Lopinavir to inhibit the metabolism of Glibenclamide by inhibiting CYP 3A4.Methods: Efavirenz and Lopinavir (10 mg/kg,p.o.) alone and along with Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was given to normal and diabetic rats. PK/PD parameters were studied. In the rats co-treated with Efavirenz and Lopinavir and Glibenclamide.Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters like clearance of Glibenclamide was reduced, peak plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration time curve and elimination half-life were significantly increased when compared to pioglitazone treated rats.Conclusions: This study revealed that lopinavir and efavirenz affected the disposition of Glibenclamide in rats probably by the inhibition of CYP3A4, leading to increasing Glibenclamide concentrations that could increase the efficacy of Glibenclamide or it may causes severe hypoglycemia. Therefore, its warrants to use relatively less dose of Glibenclamide than the normal dose.
