The rapid rise in electronic waste (e-waste) necessitates sustainable energy and waste valorization strategies. This study presents an e-waste-based triboelectric nanogenerator (EW-TENG) using upcycled components, aluminium electrolytic capacitors, Metallized Polypropylene Self-Healing (MPP-SH) capacitors, and lithium/zinc-ion batteries. Classified as film or powder-based, these materials were integrated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to form composite films, serving as tribopositive layers against polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in a vertical contactseparation mode. Aluminium (Al) foil and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used as electrodes and substrate, respectively. The optimized EW-TENG produced an output of 274.40 V, 12.32 mu A, and a peak power of 144.30 mW at 130 M Omega. It successfully powered 70 LEDs and a digital wristwatch, and also operated as a liquid-level sensor via a floating electrode mechanism. This multifunctional device offers a sustainable, low-cost solution for energy harvesting and sensing, highlighting the potential of e-waste in powering household, industrial, and agricultural applications.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a promising class of energy harvesters capable of converting low-frequency mechanical stimuli into usable electrical energy. Efficient charge generation and retention at the triboelectric interface are pivotal to achieving high-performance output. Herein, the polymer composite-based triboelectric nanogenerators (PC-TENGs) are designed using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a base matrix blended with conducting polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and a hybrid PANI/PPy system. Various analytical characterizations were performed to confirm the successful formation and structural integrity of the composite blends. Electrical performance testing showed optimal output at 0.025 g filler concentration, with PPy-TENG achieving the highest peak-to-peak voltage of 248 V and current of 10.72 mu A, attributed to synergistic effects of dielectric trapping and electron delocalization. Further optimization studies under varying frequencies, mechanical forces, and load resistances demonstrated stable operation and peak power output of 5.27 mW at 110 M Omega. The device exhibited long-term durability over 10,000 cycles and effective energy storage by charging capacitors up to 13.35 V. Beyond energy harvesting, the optimized TENGs were applied as a biomechanical sensor and self-powered sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The triboelectric output increased significantly upon exposure to vapors like acetone and ammonia, with PPy and PANI layers showing selective and concentration-dependent voltage responses. This enhancement is driven by VOC-induced changes in surface charge dynamics, dielectric properties, and polymer interactions. The present study establishes the dual functionality of these composites in efficient mechanical energy harvesting and real-time chemical sensing applications.

The incorporation of naturally derived bioactive compounds (BAC) into biodegradable polymer matrices presents a promising and sustainable approach to enhancing the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for next-generation self-powered electronic devices. In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was added with bioactive constituents extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa - CL), garlic (Allium sativum - AS), and ginger (Zingiber officinale - ZO) through a solution casting technique to fabricate BAC@PVA composites. These plant-based additives, rich in functional groups and phytochemicals, significantly improved the triboelectric properties by enhancing surface roughness, dielectric behavior, and interfacial charge transfer. The structural, morphological, elemental, and chemical characteristics of the composites are thoroughly examined using XRD, SEM, EDS, and FTIR analyses. TENG devices are fabricated using the BAC@PVA composites as tribopositive layers and PVDF as the tribonegative counterpart. Among the fabricated devices, the CL@PVA-TENG demonstrated superior electrical output, achieving a peak voltage of 302 V and current of 62 μA, marking a notable improvement over pristine PVA-based TENGs. The harvested energy successfully powers capacitors and 57 blue LEDs, demonstrating practical viability. Additionally, the device functions as a self-powered sensor, capable of detecting a wide range of gestures and human interactions with high sensitivity and reliability. These multifunctional capabilities enable practical applications in wearable healthcare monitoring, interactive electronics, and smart human-machine interfaces, where precise detection of motion and touch provides real-time, user-centered benefits. Overall, this study demonstrates that reinforcing PVA with bioactive compounds offers an eco-friendly and efficient strategy for developing sustainable energy-harvesting and self-powered sensing devices.

A one-pot method was used to synthesize graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (GCNQDs) and incorporated into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix to fabricate GCNQDs/PVDF nanocomposites for triboelectric energy harvesting applications. The incorporation of GCNQDs modifies the structural, optical and electrical properties of PVDF by promoting the formation of an electroactive polar phase, enhancing the interfacial charge transfer and increasing the charge trapping efficiency. FTIR and XRD analysis confirmed the improved crystalline structure and higher β-phase fraction, reaching a maximum value of 94.87

The growing demand for sustainable energy materials has accelerated studies toward bio-derived polymers and natural fibers for eco-smart technologies. Herein, bio-inspired triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was fabricated by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating on polysaccharide-rich ridge gourd (RG; ) fibers, an abundant agricultural by-product. The composites were systematically characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical testing, dielectric analysis, and electrical measurements to evaluate their structural, morphological, elemental, interfacial, and triboelectric properties. The coating of PVA on RG fibers significantly enhanced the electrical performance, resulting in a peak-to-peak output voltage of 426 V, a current of 82 mu A, and a maximum instantaneous power density of 64.5 W/m2. The improvement is attributed to strong interfacial interactions and hydrogen bonding between PVA and RG fibers, which promote efficient charge transfer and interfacial polarization. The presence of polysaccharides in ridge RG (cellulose and hemicellulose) provides abundant hydroxyl (-OH) groups that further strengthen these interactions. The PVA@RG-TENG demonstrated excellent long-term electrical stability under repeated mechanical loading. Its practical utility was validated through charging commercial capacitors, powering a calculator, and functioning as a self-powered biomechanical sensor integrated into footwear for real-time monitoring of human motion. This study highlights RG fibers coated with PVA as a low-cost, biodegradable, and mechanically robust material, offering a sustainable platform for multifunctional, high-performance, and eco-friendly TENGs for wearable and smart sensing applications.

The waste-to-sustainable energy concept offers a sustainable pathway for converting waste materials into usable green energy. It is a highly efficient technology that uses a variety of waste materials to convert chaotic environmental energy into green electricity that can be used in a variety of applications. This study explores the potential of biorecyclable materials as triboactive composites integrated into triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for efficient energy conversion. By utilizing biodegradable polymer and biocompatible natural fillers (NFs) such as Aloe barbadensis (AB), Sapindus Mukorossi (SM), Elettaria cardamomum (EC), Jatropha curcas (JC), Glycine max (GM), and Tamarindus indica (TI), husk powder is incorporated into the PVA polymer matrix. The prepared composites exhibit enhanced triboelectric performance while minimizing the environmental impact. The morphological, elemental, and chemical interactions of NF@PVA composites are studied using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The obtained NF@PVA composites were employed as an electroactive layer for the fabrication of a TENG. The electrical characterizations and stability are evaluated for the as-fabricated NF@PVA TENGs. Interestingly, the TI@PVA-TENG exhibited maximum output performance, approximately 12 times higher voltage, and 24 times higher current compared to the pristine PVA-TENG. Furthermore, the TI@PVA TENGs demonstrate practical applications, such as charging commercially available capacitors and powering 60 LEDs. Additionally, TI@PVA-TENG is utilized as a chemical sensor to detect chemical gases such as NO x and CO2. Thus, the present work paves the way for advancing green energy technologies and ecoconscious sensor systems.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained significant attention as sustainable energy-harvesting devices, offering versatility for powering wearable electronics, environmental sensors, and self-powered systems. This study explores the role of cesium halides (CsX, X = Cl, Br, I) in enhancing the triboelectric performance of polymer-based TENGs, focusing on their ionic states and UV-responsive properties. Incorporation of CsX into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix significantly reduces the band gap, facilitating efficient charge generation and transfer, while the halides' ionic nature and polarizability enhance charge trapping, also validated through Density Functional Theory (DFT). The addition of CsX to the PVA narrows the HOMO-LUMO energy gap contributing to enhanced electron-rich regions, which in turn improves tribopositivity of composite. Among the composites, the PVA-CsI TENG exhibited outstanding electrical performance, generating a maximum output voltage of 416.64 V, a current of 48.18 mu A, and a peak power of 108 mW at a load resistance of 116 M Omega. Along with the self-powering capability of the device, the Ultraviolet (UV)-responsive behavior of PVA-CsI film is highlighted, suggesting potential for dual functionality.

The urgent need for efficient waste-to-electricity solutions necessitates the development of renewable energy sources, marking a revolutionary step forward in both waste management and energy production. The present study explores the potential of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to convert automobile waste into renewable energy. Recycled flexible automobile waste materials, polyethylene bags, and plastic bottles were utilized to fabricate automobile-based TENGs (A-TENGs). The morphological characteristics and tensile strength of the selected flexible recycled automobile waste are systematically analyzed. The electrical performance of ten different A-TENG devices is evaluated, the device with recycled airbag generated a maximum voltage/current of 464.76 V/75.30 mu A. The optimized A-TENG could successfully charge commercial electrolytic capacitors and power a series of green light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Furthermore, a self-powered fuel combustion sensor using A1-TENG is designed and also, and the device is integrated with green and red LEDs to create a safety mechanism that addresses pedal confusion in automobiles during learning. The findings in the present work highlight the potential of TENGs in transforming automotive waste into a renewable clean energy source while contributing to enhanced vehicle safety.

The green synthesis approach underscores the potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly methods in the development of advanced materials. In this study, we explore the synthesis and characterization of a series of ternary nanocomposites (NCs) such as CaO/Bi2O3/CuO (CBCO), CaO/Bi2O3/NiO (CBNO) and CaO/Bi2O3/B2O3 (CBBO) using an innovative Aloe vera-mediated solution combustion method. The Bragg reflections confirms the formation of NCs. The hkl planes matches well with the hexagonal CaO, monoclinic Bi2O3 and CuO, cubic NiO and tetragonal B2O3. The crystallite size calculated from Scherrer's method for CBCO, CBNO and CBBO were found to be 44, 18 and 37 nm respectively. The surface morphology of CBCO NCs consists agglomerated flaky shaped NPs along with hollows. Irregular, triangular and hexagonal morphology were observed in CBNO NCs. The transparent plate-like structure arranged one above the other along with large hollow are observed in CBBO NCs. 3.07, 3.05, and 2.84 eV for CBCO, CBNO, and CBBO NCs respectively. Key shielding parameters, including mass attenuation coefficients (mu/rho), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (lambda), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), and energy buildup factor (EBF), were measured for CBCO, CBNO, and CBBO NCs. The results revealed that the CBCO NCs possess improved radiation shielding capabilities, suggesting their potential as effective materials for radiation protection applications.

The development of efficient and sustainable materials for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is critical for advancing self-powered technologies. In this study, a novel tribopositive polymer composite of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is introduced to fabricate high-performance TENGs. The incorporation of PEG in varying quantities of (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 g) introduces additional polar functional groups (-OH), forming a robust hydrogen-bonding network with PVA and creating abundant charge interaction sites, which was confirmed through the DFT calculations. Systematic investigations of the PEG-to-PVA ratio reveal a significant improvement in triboelectric output, achieving an output voltage of 426.52 V and 82.65 mu A. The practicality of the PVA/PEG-TENG is demonstrated through its ability to energize small electronic devices, including smartwatch, a sequence of LEDs and commercial capacitors. Additionally, the device is successfully integrated into a door security system, showcasing its potential for real-time security applications. Further, the tactile movement detection of bedridden or comatose patients is monitored using the PVA/PEG-TENG, highlighting its potential in healthcare applications. This study establishes the PEG-PVA composite as a promising material for versatile, high-performance, and sustainable energy-harvesting systems.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENG), transformational devices that harness mechanical energy to generate electricity, are pivotal for driving the advancement of autonomous technologies in today’s mobile-centric world. In this study, a TENG is developed, using a novel composite film of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Expanded Graphite (PVA-EGr) as the positive triboelectric layer, Polyurethane (PU) as the negative triboelectric layer, and aluminum (Al) foil tape as electrodes. Various characterizations are performed to study the properties of the composite film and compared to pristine PVA film, including crystallographic structure, surface morphology, elemental composition, chemical bonding, and analysis of functional groups present in both films. Further, the electrical performance of the fabricated devices shows that the TENG with 0.4 g of EGr achieves the highest output voltage, current, and power of 264.68 V, 6.87 μA, and 2.88 mW, respectively. This optimized device demonstrates its capability by charging different capacitors and powering a series of green LEDs, highlighting its suitability for practical applications in electronic devices.

The emergence of wearable electronics in contemporary lifestyles has spurred the need for smart fabrics capable of harnessing biomechanical energy. In the present study, a flexible polyaniline-doped textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PT-TENG) is designed to harvest low-frequency mechanical vibrations and convert them into electricity. For the device fabrication, five different textile fabrics are doped with conducting PANI, which is utilized as the tribopositive material, PVC thin film as the tribonegative material, and Al foil as electrodes. The PT-TENG works in vertical-contact separation mode, devised in arch structure for easy and complete contact between the working layers. Interestingly, the device featuring a PANI-doped silk fabric generated the highest output voltage of 257.68 V and a current of 5.36 mu A, respectively. Additionally, the PT-TENG exhibits mechanical durability and electrical stability during continuous 7000 cyclic operations. Furthermore, the PT-TENG showcases practical applications such as charging commercial capacitors, powering green LEDs and smartwatches, and as a self-powered touch sensor. Thus, the PT-TENG offers a facile fabrication process and robustness, highlighting its potential for sustainable energy harvesting in wearable electronics.

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) and other communication technology improvements have become increasingly important for monitoring marine environments. These networks predict disasters by analyzing soil properties such as moisture and salinity. The restricted capacity of integrated batteries, along with the challenges associated with their replacement or recharging, has rendered energy efficiency a complex issue in the design of UWSNs. This research suggests a machine learning-based routing protocol that combines the energy-efficient Sea Lion Emperor Penguin Routing Protocol (EESLEPRP) with Gaussian Mixture Clustering (GMCML) to address these problems. The EESLEPRP is used to determine the optimal network path. In this case, the residual energy, delay, and distance of each node is evaluated to determine the optimal path. A comparison shows that the suggested approach yields notable gains, such as a minimal packet loss ratio (PLR) of 2.23%, a 97.76% packet delivery ratio (PDR), and a 90.56% throughput. With an end-to-end latency of 1.38 ms, the model optimizes energy consumption at 97.69%. According to the results, the suggested approach can improve UWSN performance and increase network lifetime.

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a multifunctional, integrated device that can harvest energy and detect a variety of physical stimuli, making it ideal for wide range of Internet of Things (IoT) applications where self-powered sensors are required. In the current study, lead-free Cs3Bi2Br9-incorporated Ethylene-co-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) nanocomposites were prepared through a simple solution casting method by doping Cs3Bi2Br9 (CBB) as nanofillers at different weight percentages (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 wt./wt

This work aims to fabricate Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots (CNQDs) reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer nanocomposites as multifunctional materials for optical, energy harvesting, and tactile sensing applications. CNQDs were synthesized via solution combustion method and incorporated into the PMMA polymer matrix through a solution casting method by varying the CNQDs concentration (0.0-2.0 v/v %). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), confirmed the phase purity, morphology and uniform dispersion of CNQDs within PMMA matrix. FTIR revealed the interfacial interactions, while Raman confirmed the characteristic molecular vibrations of the polymer nanocomposites. Optical properties were analysed using UV-Visible spectroscopy for the prepared CNQDs and its CNQDs/PMMA polymer nanocomposites. The prepared CNQDs showed maximum absorbance at 218 nm and a band gap of 2.73 eV. An increased trend was observed in the absorbance value as the concentration of CNQDs increased. The prepared polymer nanocomposites showed a direct band gap from 3.7 to 2.4 eV, exhibiting a direct type of semiconducting behaviour. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited blue emission peaks in the range of 408-421 nm, attributed to surface defect states of CNQDs. The prepared polymer nano-composites were further employed as electroactive layers in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), where the optimised device (2.0 v/v % CNQDs) achieved an output voltage of 388 V and a current of 72 mu A, sufficient to charge commercial capacitors and illuminate 43 LEDs. These results confirm CNQDs/PMMA nanocomposites as potential candidates for future applications in optoelectronics, energy harvesting devices, and wearable electronic skin.

RbgA (ribosome biogenesis GTPase A) is involved in the maturation of later stages of the 50S ribosomal subunit by associating with the 45S ribosomal subunit. However, this binding relies on the specific nucleotide-bound state of RbgA-GTP-bound state is more favorable compared GDP-bound state, attributed to the conformational variations between those states. Therefore, to explore the conformational changes of RbgA, all-atom MD simulations of BsRbgA were carried out under various nucleotide bound states (GDP, GTP, GTP-Mg2+ and GMPPNP-Mg2+). The analysis of overall conformational changes using RMSD and Rg revealed sharp equilibration for GTP-Mg2+ and GMPPNP-Mg2+ nucleotide bound systems. Investigating internal variations through RMSF and cluster analyses helps us to identify the functionally important regions and nucleotide driven conformational variations that may stabilize/destabilize the RbgA-ribosome association. In addition, the construction and analyses of the dynamical protein contact network from the simulated trajectory reveal the nucleotide dependent allosteric connections between the nucleotide binding site and the rRNA interacting residues. Furthermore, the visualization followed by the dynamical distance calculations exhibited the possible role of Mg2+ in assisting GTP hydrolysis, such as (i) positioning the Asp150 of the switch-I (Sw-I) loop residue in a catalytically feasible configuration and (ii) stabilizing the solvated water molecules at the active-site through Mg2+ coordination. The results of our study can be used to design better chemical agents to regulate ribosome biogenesis through modulation of the function of the RbgA.

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) are essential for offshore engineering, military surveillance, environmental monitoring, and oceanographic exploration. However, challenges including high latency, congested networks, low bandwidth, and energy limitations make it difficult to communicate effectively in UASNs. In order to tackle these problems, this study suggests a new Energy-Efficient Double-Level Deep Reinforcement Learning with Chaotic Chimp Optimization (E2D2RL-ChCo) model that is intended to improve localization precision, reduce packet loss, and effectively handle network congestion. The proposed E2D2RL-ChCo model uses transformer-based Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) for node localization at the top level and congestion-aware routing at the bottom level to guarantee efficient task scheduling and energy-efficient data transfer. By integrating Chaotic Chimp Optimization (ChCo), learning parameters are adjusted to enhance convergence and solution quality. Simulation results demonstrate up to 33.8% reduction in energy consumption, 61.5% decrease in end-to-end delay, and over 52% improvement in successful packet delivery compared to baseline models. The proposed model also improves localization error to 0.0075, outperforming existing strategies. This work fills gaps in existing literature by integrating deep reinforcement learning and metaheuristics to optimize both localization and congestion in real-time UASN scenarios. This approach enables more sustainable and reliable UASN operations, paving the way for enhanced performance in real-world aquatic environments.

The quest for advanced materials in gamma radiation shielding has spurred the exploration of environmentally friendly, nanotechnology-based approaches. This study introduces a novel synthesis of Cr2O3/Bi2O3 nano- composites (NCs) using the solution combustion method, with Aloe vera extract serving as a natural reducing agent. Comprehensive analytical characterization of the synthesized NCs was conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The gamma radiation shielding properties of the Cr2O3/Bi2O3 NCs are evaluated using a NaI(Tl) detector connected to a multichannel analyzer. Key shielding parameters, including mass attenuation coefficients, mean free path, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, energy buildup factor, and radiation protection efficiency, indicate that Cr2O3/Bi2O3 NCs are highly effective in gamma radiation shielding. The results demonstrated the feasible shielding performance of these nanocomposites across various energies within error limits of 5 %. This study highlights the potential of Cr2O3/Bi2O3 NCs as a promising, sustainable alternative to conventional shielding materials, offering enhanced gamma radiation protection with reduced environmental impact.

Bimetallic nanoparticles are of great significance in numerous areas due to their unique properties and diverse applications. In the present study, silver (Ag) and cobalt (Co) monometallic nanoparticles (MNPs) and AgCo bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs), are synthesized using a simple wet chemical route. Various analytical techniques are adopted for the confirmation of the BNPs. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis revealed the formation of FCC-structure. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs confirmed the bimetallic nature and Janus structure. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit higher catalytic activity for degrading 4-nitrophenol dye. Recognizing the potential of metal nanoparticles to significantly boost the efficiency of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), the synthesized AgCo bimetallic nanoparticles are incorporated into polymer matrix to meticulously analyze the impact on the triboelectric performance. Interestingly, TENG with a higher composite quantity of 8 ml BNPs exhibited greater performance, generating an output voltage of about 270.52 V and a current of 5.24 mu A. Hence, the procured synergistic BNPs show their promising avenue towards both water treatment and energy harvesting applications.

Ribosomes are essential cellular organelles made up of rRNA and rproteins found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and play an important role in protein synthesis. The functional ribosomes are synthesized through the process called ribosome biogenesis, which proceeds with the help of certain factors such as chaperones, ribosomal proteins, and GTPases. GTPases bind to the premature ribosomal subunit and function as a checkpoint, ensuring the proper assembly of other proteins. To aid this process, GTPase undergoes conformational changes, alternating between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP bound state. YsxC is a GTPase that functions this way, to help in the maturation of 50S subunit. Although YsxC plays an important role in ribosome biogenesis, a detailed knowledge of how the GDP and GTPMg2+ states of YsxC assist in the switching process is yet to be realized. Therefore, a study on the GDP and GTP-Mg2+ bound states is done for YsxC GTPase of Bacillus subtilis by all-atom molecular dynamics simulation for a period of 500 ns. The simulations aided the analysis of the RMSD from which it was noticed that both the GDP and GTP-Mg2+ states of YsxC attained equilibration after 200ns. The analysis of the Rg for the systems showed that the GTP-Mg2+ system showed higher values, in comparison to the GDP system, indicating conformational changes in the two systems. Thus, a residue-wise calculation for the difference in the SASA (solvent accessible surface area) of the GTP-Mg2+ and GDP system is done, and it is noticed that the GTP-Mg2+ system, especially in the regions recognized as Switch I and Switch II had a higher difference in SASA value. In which Switch I’s Lys55 (positive residue) and Switch II’s Arg89 (positive residue) showed a distinct difference, indicating that Switch I has more accessibility to solvent. Giving rise to a supposition that the residue Lys55 attracts the negative rRNA and aids in the binding of YsxC with the premature 50S subunit in the GTP-Mg2+ bound state by associating with the rRNA. To fathom the role of the GTP-Mg2+ bound state in increasing the SASA value of Switch I region, a community network is constructed to extract the shortest path. More number of paths are observed between the selected residue in the GTP-Mg2+ bound state inferring that the increased SASA in the Lys55 is due to the stronger connection with the nucleotide. Overall this study suggest that enhanced surface exposure of YsxC’s Sw-I in the GTP-Mg2+ bound state facilitate the GTP-Mg2+ bound system to involve in ribosome biogenesis by interacting with ribosomal constituents (rRNA and rproteins).