Environmental sustainability has emerged as a key focus in the pharmaceutical industry, driving the transition toward greener analytical practices. Analytical chemistry plays a critical role in drug research, development, and quality control, and adopting eco-friendly methodologies aligns with the principles of green chemistry. Greener analytical techniques aim to minimize hazardous solvent use, reduce waste generation, and enhance energy efficiency without compromising analytical performance. This review discusses the regulatory, economic, and ethical drivers for sustainable analytical methods, highlighting solvent minimization strategies, eco-friendly sample preparation, and advanced chromatographic and spectroscopic approaches. Assessment tools such as GAPI, AGREE, and Eco-Scale are evaluated for quantifying the greenness of methods. Case studies and innovations in green method development demonstrate the feasibility of integrating sustainability into pharmaceutical analysis. Despite challenges related to sensitivity, regulatory gaps, and instrument limitations, the future of green analytical chemistry lies in combining Quality by Design (QBD), automation, and artificial intelligence to achieve truly sustainable pharmaceutical quality control.
Diabetes is a growing global public health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. Conventional treatments, though effective, have notorious limitations, such as undesirable side effects, high cost and limited accessibility for certain populations. This situation calls for the exploration of alternative or complementary natural solutions. With this in mind, researchers have embarked on a frantic search for new antidiabetic molecules derived from plant flora. Senna alata, a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso, is renowned for its many pharmacological properties, such as its antidiabetic potential. The present work therefore focused on the phytochemical study and evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of Senna alata. To this end, different extracts were prepared using the plant’s leaves and flowers. The different chemical groups present in the prepared extracts were highlighted by combining two complementary methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and colorimetric tests with characteristic reagents. Total phenolic and flavonoids were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) respectively. Antiradical activity was assessed using the DPPH method. The antidiabetic potential of the various extracts was assessed by monitoring their inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of the chemical screening revealed the presence of many secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, quinones and alkaloids in the decoction and macerated extracts. The various phytoconstituent assays revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Senna alata leaves contained the highest levels of these compounds, with values of 284.06±2.69µg EGA/mg (total phenolic compounds) and 46.73±1.11μg EQ/mg (total flavonoids), followed by the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of flowers. Assessment of antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay revealed a high DPPH● radical reducing capacity, particularly in the leaf hydroalcoholic extract (IC50 = 192.74±0.41µg/mL). Results for antidiabetic activity showed that Senna alata leaf extracts all have a higher antihyperglycemic potential than acarbose (IC50 = 280.73±1.97µg/mL), the most active being the hydroalcoholic extract with an IC50 = 52.01±1.65µg/mL. These results therefore confirm the therapeutic potential of Senna alata, particularly in the management of diabetes, and open up prospects for the development of natural treatments in Burkina Faso.
Engineering science, scientific vision and humankind are today in the path deep scientific rejuvenation and scientific steadfastness. Circular economy and sustainable development are the utmost needs of the hour. Industrial ecology and circular economy are two opposite sides of the visionary coin. Drinking water treatment and industrial wastewater treatment are the pillars of United Nations and World Sustainable Development Goals. The author with deft portrayal depicts the needs and necessities of water and wastewater treatment and sustainability. Science today has no answers to scientific intricasies of heavy metal groundwater contamination. This treatise deeply elucidates the recent advancements in the field of circular economy, environmental management and sustainable development. Surely and remarkably a new dawn of human civilization will emerge when scientists, engineers and policy makers across the globe takes concerted efforts in climate change mitigation and groundwater remediation.
Urine examination is one of the most important, simple, and non-invasive diagnostic tools used in clinical practice. It provides valuable information about renal function, metabolic disorders, infections, systemic diseases, and exposure to environmental contaminants. Because urine collection is easy, painless, and suitable for repeated sampling, it serves as an effective alternative or supplement to blood testing. A complete urinalysis includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examination, each contributing essential diagnostic insights. Advances in analytical techniques have increased the clinical utility of urine biomarkers, allowing early detection and monitoring of various diseases, including diabetes, urinary tract infections, kidney disorders, and malignancies. This review article highlights the significance of urine examination, outlines normal and abnormal findings, discusses various analytical methods, and emphasizes its advantages and clinical importance in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and patient management.
Naphthaldehyde derived Schiff base ligands have emerged as versatile platforms in coordination chemistry due to their extended π-conjugation, structural rigidity, and adaptable N O donor environments. In recent years, substantial growth has been achieved in the development of efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies. The recent advances have enabled rapid access to structurally diverse naphthaldehyde derived ligands and their transition metal complexes. This review summarizes post-2020 developments in the synthesis, coordination behavior, and characterization of naphthaldehyde-based Schiff bases and their transition metal complexes. These complexes generally adopt regular as well as distorted square planar, tetrahedral, and octahedral geometries. We put emphasis on modern spectroscopic, structural, thermal, and electrochemical techniques used to elucidate structure–property relationships. The applications of these complexes in biological activity are critically discussed.
Paracetamol and metronidazole are two drugs that are frequently used across the world, one for relieving pain and fever and the other for treating anaerobic and protozoal infections. Like all active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), both can carry or generate impurities at different stages such as synthesis, formulation, or storage. Even small amounts of these impurities may influence the drug’s safety, stability, and overall effectiveness. International guidelines, particularly those issued by the ICH, emphasize the need to detect, identify, and control impurities. This review brings together information on the chemical characteristics of paracetamol and metronidazole, highlights the common impurities associated with them, and explains the analytical techniques most often employed, including HPLC, TLC, and different spectroscopic methods. A short discussion on regulatory aspects and the future direction of impurity profiling is also provided.
Accurate prediction of the equation of state and excess energy is essential for the thermodynamic modeling of fluid mixtures, particularly those exhibiting size asymmetry. In this study, a new mixing rule proposed by Binay and Solana is applied within a perturbation-theory framework and its performance is evaluated against the conventional Dieters’, Ely and Jonha mixing rules. The results show that the proposed mixing rule yields consistently improved predictions of both the equation of state and excess energy across a broad range of mixture compositions and thermodynamic conditions. These finding demonstrate the robustness and predictive superiority of the Binay-Solana mixing rule for complex mixture system.
Validation of analytical methods is an essential procedure in fields including environmental monitoring, biotechnology, food safety, and pharmaceuticals. Reliability, reproducibility, and adherence to legal requirements are all guaranteed. Current procedures are covered in this review, including following ICH Q2(R1), USP, and EMA guidelines. Key validation factors such as accuracy, precision, specificity, detection limits, and robustness are examined in order to determine the applicability of the method. Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), automation, AI, and machine learning are all rising developments that are changing validation techniques. The review covers matrix effects, choices between sensitivity and specificity, and method transfers between labs. In the fields of medicines, biologics, food safety, and environmental monitoring, valuable application of proven techniques is evident. Case studies demonstrate the efficacy of chromatographic techniques and lifecycle management plans. In its conclusion, the assessment points up areas for improvement in green analytical chemistry and real-time techniques as well as gaps (such worldwide harmonization).
The escalating global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the urgent development of novel therapeutic agents. Carbazole, a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry, is known for its diverse biological activities. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize novel carbazole-based hydrazide derivatives and evaluate their antibacterial potential. Two target compounds, 2-(2-chloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl) acetohydrazide (IIIa) and 2-(3-bromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl) acetohydrazide (IIIb), were synthesized via a two-step procedure involving N-alkylation of substituted carbazoles with ethyl chloroacetate, followed by hydrazinolysis. The structures of the synthesized compounds were unequivocally confirmed using sophisticated spectroscopic techniques, including FTIR and ¹H NMR. The compounds were obtained in good yields (68-76%) and exhibited sharp melting points, indicating high purity. In-vitro antibacterial screening against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) strains revealed promising activity. Compound IIIa (Cl-substituted) showed superior potency with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 12µg/mL and 9µg/mL, respectively, compared to IIIb (Br-substituted) with MICs of 18µg/mL and 16µg/mL. The results establish a preliminary structure-activity relationship, indicating that the nature and position of the halogen substituent significantly influence antibacterial efficacy. These findings position these novel carbazole hydrazides as promising lead compounds for the development of new antimicrobial agents to combat drug-resistant bacteria.
The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) demands an urgent and innovative response from the medicinal chemistry community, pivoting towards scaffolds with novel mechanisms of action. This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the carbazole nucleus, a tricyclic aromatic amine, as a formidable and versatile pharmacophore in the fight against multidrug-resistant pathogens. We delve beyond a simple enumeration of active compounds to dissect the rational design strategies that enhance potency, broaden the antimicrobial spectrum, and circumvent established resistance mechanisms. The chapter begins by establishing the carbazole scaffold's privileged status, detailing its optimal physicochemical properties and historical significance in natural products. It then systematically explores advanced tactical approaches in molecular design, including strategic core functionalization, the development of sophisticated hybrid molecules, and the integral role of in silico methods in guiding efficient synthesis. A significant and detailed portion is dedicated to elucidating the diverse mechanisms of action, such as targeted disruption of microbial membranes, inhibition of critical enzymes (DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and CYP51), and the innovative neutralization of bacterial virulence factors like biofilm formation and quorum sensing. The chapter critically addresses the translational journey, discussing the pharmacokinetic challenges of solubility and metabolic stability, and surveying the current pre-clinical and clinical landscape. By synthesizing cutting-edge research, this chapter provides a definitive roadmap for chemists and pharmacologists, highlighting the immense potential and concrete future directions for developing carbazole-based therapeutics to combat the global AMR threat.
Benzimidazole is a prominent nitrogen-containing heterocycle known for its broad utility across various fields, including agriculture, textile, and pharmaceuticals. Its unique electron rich structure and favorable chemical properties allow it to interact effectively with numerous biological targets. Benzimidazole derivatives are highly valuable due to their potential use in a broad spectrum of therapeutic treatments such as antimicrobial, antifungal, analgesic, antidiabetic, and anticancer treatments. Several drugs featuring the benzimidazole core, including Bilastine, Lerisetron, Maribavir, and Nocodazole, are already approved and used in clinical settings for indications such as allergies, viral infections, and cancer. Recently, anticancer agents like Binimetinib and Selumetinib—effective against BRAF-mutated melanoma and plexiform neurofibromas—have also received regulatory approval. Additionally, numerous benzimidazole-based candidates are currently undergoing advanced stages of clinical trials. Given the scaffold’s significant therapeutic promise, especially in oncology, it continues to attract the interest of medicinal chemists aiming to design novel, highly potent and target precise anticancer agents.
A simple, sensitive, accurate, rapid and economical Spectrophotometric method was developed for Estimation and Validation of Danicopan pure drug and tablet dosage form. The absorbance was measured at 552.0nm using Dimethylsulfoxide as solvent system. It obeyed Beer’s law at the concentration range of 2-12µg/ml with coefficient of correlation (r2) of 0.996. Limit of detection (LOD was found to be 1.230µg/m land Limit of quantitation (LOQ) was found to be 5.230µg/ml. The proposed analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines, yielded good results concerning range, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and ruggedness. It was also found that the excipients present in the commercial formulation did not interfere with the method. The proposed method can be utilized for routine quantitative analysis of Danicopan.
We introduce a straight forward and effective method for analyzing data through linear least squares fitting using the popular Maple program. The least squares method serves as a technique to determine the best-fit line for a specific dataset. Surface tension of n-alkanes is commonly represented as a function of temperature and can be correlated efficiently using least-squares regression. This approach streamlines data analysis and improves the accuracy of predictions. The basic problem is to find the best fit straight line y=A+B.x given that for n∈{1,….N} for the observed experimental data in pairs(x_n,y_n ). Each point of data represents the relationship between a known independent variable and an unknown dependent variable. The lower standard error of the estimate indicates better fit for the model.
Statistical analysis is a cornerstone of pharmaceutical research, ensuring precision, reliability, and compliance across all stages of drug development. This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of statistical software tools pivotal to pharmaceutical analysis, including IBM SPSS Statistics, Minitab, SAS, Stata, Microsoft Excel, Design-Expert, and R. Each platform’s historical evolution, functionality, and role in data interpretation, process optimization, and regulatory adherence are discussed. SPSS and Stata are highlighted for their roles in clinical data analysis and evidence synthesis, while Minitab and Design-Expert facilitate quality control and experimental optimization within Quality by Design (QbD) frameworks. SAS remains the gold standard for regulatory submissions due to its adherence to FDA and CDISC standards, and R emerges as an open-source powerhouse for advanced statistical modelling and bioassay analysis. Collectively, these tools strengthen the analytical foundation of pharmaceutical science, supporting data integrity, innovation, and continual improvement in drug formulation, manufacturing, and clinical research.
The interaction between poly (acrylic acid) (PAA, MW ≈ 50,000) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) was investigated in aqueous solution using ultrasonic interferometry, density, viscosity, and conductivity. Experiments were performed with 0.1 M DTAB containing 0–1.0 wt/v%, PAA (at 0.2% interval) at 298.15–313.15 K. Density and viscosity increased with PAA concentration, indicating enhanced solute-solvent interactions. Non-linear trends in reduced viscosity and relaxation time, with minima near 0.4 wt/v% PAA, suggested micelle disruption followed by cooperative polymer-micelle association. Ultrasonic velocity rose sharply (1520 → 1732 m/s) and compressibility decreased at 0.4 wt/v%, confirming compact micelle–polymer complex formation. At higher temperatures, maxima shifted to ~0.6 wt/v%, reflecting reorganization into elongated aggregates. Rheological and conductivity data supported temperature-dependent micellar hydration, counterion binding, and shape transitions. Overall, PAA significantly modulates DTAB micellization through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, with concentration- and temperature-dependent transitions between compact and elongated micelle–polymer assemblies. These findings provide thermodynamic and structural insight into polymer–surfactant systems with relevance to pharmaceutical, detergent, and colloidal formulations.
Ayurveda emphasizes formulations that ensure efficacy, palatability and stability. Bhaishajya Kalpana, the pharmaceutics branch of Ayurveda, provides systematic methods of preparing dosage forms. Among these, Avaleha Kalpana represents a semisolid preparation prepared with decoctions or expressed juices and sweetened with jaggery, sugar or honey. Drakshavaleha is a classical formulation described in Ashtanga Hridaya under Pandu Chikitsa prepared with Draksha, Amalaki and other supportive herbs. It is therapeutically indicated in Pandu (Anemia), Kamala (Jaundice) and liver disorders. Materials and Methods: The pharmaceutical process involved soaking and deseeding Draksha, extracting Amalaki Swarasa, preparing Prakshepaka Churna, and formulating Drakshavaleha with incorporation of Prakshepaka Dravya and honey. Classical Avaleha Siddhi Lakshana’s were observed to determine the endpoint. Analytical evaluation included organoleptic, physicochemical and phytochemical analyses along with HPTLC as per the Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India. Parameters assessed were loss on drying, extractive values, pH, fat content, total acidity, ash values, sugar content, and qualitative phytochemical tests. Results: The final product was a dark brown semisolid Avaleha with characteristic odor and sweet-pungent taste. Organoleptic properties were uniform across batches. Physicochemical analysis showed LOD (19.32–21.93%), water-soluble extractive (69.6–74.8%), alcohol-soluble extractive (72–74%), total acidity (2.59–2.61mEq/g), pH (3.05–3.11), fat (0.07–0.27%), total ash (2.8–3.09%), total sugar (48.96–51.13%) and reducing sugar (44.15–47.91%). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, steroidal glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids. HPTLC profiling of all batches confirmed consistent phytoconstituent presence, ensuring batch uniformity and standardization. Conclusion: Drakshavaleha was successfully prepared and standardized through pharmaceutical and analytical evaluation. The results confirmed its quality, stability, and reproducibility as a classical Avaleha formulation.
Human civilization, science and technology are today in the midst of deep scientific introspection, travails, trials and tribulations. Environmental catastrophes, disasters, global warming, and climate change are veritably threatening the human planet. Rapid industrialization and progress of industry are ravaging the human planet. Thus, the need of environmental and energy sustainability and the application areas of newer innovations such as nanotechnology in drinking water as well as industrial wastewater treatment. There is an absolute need of biomedical engineering in the futuristic vision of global science and technology. Nanotechnology, nanomaterials and engineered nanomaterials are the veritable finesse of global science and technology today. In this article, the author deeply contemplates the vast and varied applications of nanotechnology in biomedical engineering and the vast world of biotechnology. Surely a newer dawn in human civilization will emerge if there are concerted efforts from academicians, researchers, policy makers and civil society across the globe. Engineered nanomaterials and other application areas of nanotechnology are today in the process of deep scientific and engineering rejuvenation. In this article the author deeply contemplates the needs of conventional and non-conventional environmental engineering techniques in the true futuristic emancipation of chemical process engineering, biomedical engineering and biotechnology. The authors deeply discuss the areas of application of biomedical engineering in water and wastewater treatment. Also, the vast and varied applications of nanomaterials such as graphenes, fullerenes and carbon tubes in biomedical engineering are discussed with lucid insight.
Artemether and lumefantrine poor aqueous solubility poses significant difficulties for routine analytical estimates, frequently necessitating hazardous chemical solvents and time-consuming extraction techniques. Although accurate, traditional UV-visible spectroscopy, HPLC, UPLC, and LC-MS techniques produce a large amount of toxic waste and are not sustainable. A workable substitute is provided by Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), which is founded on the ideas of lowering solvent toxicity, cutting waste, and enhancing environmental safety. Using safe, affordable hydrotropic chemicals including sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, urea, and nicotinamide, hydrotropy a developing green technique improves the solubility of poorly water-soluble medications. These hydrotropes maintain appropriate analytical sensitivity and precision while eliminating or significantly reducing the need for organic solvents. Evidence from the literature shows that hydrotropic solubility and analysis of several poorly soluble medications are successful, demonstrating its application to highly lipophilic antimalarial compounds like lumefantrine and artemether. In addition to highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of both conventional and green/hydrotropic analytical methodologies, this analysis addresses issues such as regulatory acceptance and a lack of validation data. Future prospects focus on developing hybrid hydrotropic–green RP-HPLC techniques and integrating with QbD frameworks. The review concludes that hydrotropy, in line with green chemistry principles, has great potential for creating analytical techniques for antimalarial drug estimate that are safer, more affordable, and ecologically friendly.
Schiff base ligands, formed by the condensation of primary amines and aldehydes or ketones, are widely studied due to their strong coordination ability, structural versatility, and broad applications in catalysis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. In the present study, a novel tetradentate N₂–N₂ thiazole-based Schiff base ligand was synthesized, and its coordination complexes with Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), and Zn (II) metal ions were prepared. The Schiff base ligand (LA), 1,4-phenylene-bis-N-(5-methylthiazol-2-yl) methanimine, was obtained by condensing terephthaldehyde and 5-methylthiazole-2-amine in a 1:2 molar ratio, and its metal complexes were synthesized by reacting the ligand with the corresponding metal salts. The ligand and its metal complexes were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and ¹³C NMR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and elemental analysis. The analytical results confirmed that the Schiff base ligand coordinates to the metal ions through the azomethine nitrogen and thiazole nitrogen atoms. Thermal stability studies revealed that coordination with metal ions enhances the stability of the complexes.
In this research work, the heterocyclic Schiff bases ligand derived from 2,6 diamino 4-hydroxy pyrimidine with P-Methoxysalicylaldehyde (L) was synthesized. The ligand used to synthesis complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), And Mn(II). The synthesized compounds have been characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and UV-Vis techniques for the ligands and FT-IR, UV-Vis, all reactions monitored by TLC, molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements for the corresponding complexes. The conductance measurements in DMSO showed that the Cu(II), Ni(II), And Mn(II) complex was 1:2 electrolytes respectively. The antifungal and antibacterial properties of the ligand and its complexes were tested against Fusarium moneliforme, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, B. subtilis, Aspergillus flavus and Escherichia coli. The result indicated that the complexes exhibited good antifungal and antibacterial activities.
