This article presents socio-economic implications of protracted refugees on peace and security in Tanzania as informed by the experiences unveiled from a study conducted at Nyarugusu Refugee Camp in Kigoma Region. It is a product of a case study research design of a sample of 79 respondents obtained through systematic and purposive sampling. The sample was drawn from refugees in Nyarugusu Camp, community members, refugee’s leaders, UNHCR personnel and local government authority leaders. Data was collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observation. Data was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The findings revealed that refugees in Tanzania have been staying in camps for many years, thus creating threat and insecurity to the host community. The host community also faces parallel impacts in relation to security of their properties, disharmony, immoral behaviour such as rape, armed robbery, congestion in social services; and loss of land without direct compensation. Also, the host communities were affected in their daily activities such as agriculture and businesses, as well as access to social services which they had to share with refugees. The study recommends that the national refugee policy document be reviewed to lessen its implementation challenges and accommodate all categories of refugees; the government plan ahead possible refugee influx and measures to attend them; the government and development partners carry more research on refugees’ life in camps to find out possible solutions to refugees case load; and subsequently devise durable solutions to the problem of prolonged refugees in the country.
This article assesses the role of sexual reproductive health awareness in reducing HIV infections among the youth in Kibaha District, Tanzania. The objective is to investigate the role of sexual reproductive health awareness in reducing HIV infections among the youth. The study results revealed that more mature youth were more aware of the pandemic, while gender-wise females were more aware than males. Moreover, married couples were more aware because of their direct involvement in reproduction; and those involved in business were more aware of the pandemic due to high mobility. In terms of land ownership, youth with land were more informed than those who were landless, and youth who earned higher income were more aware than those with less income. There were no significant differentials in awareness between religions. The results on other socioeconomic variables indicated that people who had more access to mass media, like radios, were more aware of the pandemic, as were those with modern houses. Moreover, youth who used electricity as a source of energy were more aware than those who used other sources of energy like firewood. The desire for money and other materials was the major driving force for youth getting HIV infections. Also, heterosexual sex was the major means of HIV transmission, and the major forums where youth got information on the pandemic were youth groups in the community from health centres. The study recommends that efforts of controlling the pandemic be stepped up, and more posters be put in transit routes to warn the community of the pandemic.
Long waiting time in Health care facilities remains a major problem in Tanzania, mostly due to increased demand, shortage of medical health professionals and underdeveloped health care system. We attempted to estimate the average waiting time and find the best scenario in reducing out-patient waiting time. Mwananyamala Hospital was selected purposively, as a Regional government hospital in Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam. A total of 200 selected patients attended OPD from 16th July to 15th August 2018 were observed and recorded the arrival time at each one-minute interval. Results show that patients at Mwananyamala hospital spend an average waiting time of 167 minutes, with a maximum waiting time of 243 minutes (4 hours). Simulation time was 540 minutes (9 hours) under the assumption that the OPD operates from 7:00 am to 4:00 pm. Simulation results suggested the best resource allocation at the OPD be obtained after adding two more staff, a medical doctor and a registration staff, leading to an average waiting time of 38 minutes, which is almost 4 times less than the current situation. These findings demonstrate how simulation can be used to inform hospital management with valuable data to enhance efficiency in managing outpatients.
This is a general review of developments in the application of mathematical models to the study of demography from the work of Alfred Lotka in stable population theory and life table analysis up to the present day. The author suggests that the two-sex problem remains a major challenge in mathematical demography. The need for more interdisciplinary cross-fertilization in this field is also recommended as is a greater concern with the applicability of the developments in mathematical demography to the problems of the real world. (ANNOTATION)
Research on market orientation has produced empirical evidence of the positive influence of market orientation on various performance measures of business firms. Despite this evidence, firms have been observed to implement market orientation in varied degrees. Literature on factors influencing implementation of market orientation is scanty, which could arguably explain the lethargy in the implementation of this strategic orientation. This article examines the influence of market-based reward system on market orientation of service firms in Tanzania. Using data from 178 service firms in Tanzania, the article concludes that reward systems positively influence market orientation of service firms in Tanzania. It recommends that organizations to use market-based reward systems to evaluate and compensate employees so as to stimulate market orientation culture and improve firm performance.
Capture-recapture experiments are important for monitoring many endangered animal populations, such as salmon threatened by over-harvesting and migratory songbirds impacted by habitat loss. An important consideration in the analysis of capture-recapture data is potential variation in the probabilities of capture and survival. Failure to account for this variation can lead to incorrect inference, but traditional models incorporating heterogeneity may be very complex. This thesis presents three Bayesian methods that balance realistical modelling of variation in the capture and survival probabilities and increasing model complexity. In the first project, I consider the analysis of data from two-sample experiments used in estimating the number of juvenile salmon leaving their spawning grounds. These migrations may last for several weeks and standard models may require many parameters to account for variations over time. My solution is to model the population size as a smooth function of time by fitting a Bayesian penalised spline. The method is applied to two datasets from the migration of juvenile salmon and provides more precise estimates of the population size that are less affected by outliers in the data than previous methods. My second project addresses estimation of the size of an open population when individual capture or survival probabilities are functions of a time-dependent, continuous covariate. The main challenge is that these covariates can only be observed on occasions when an individual is captured. I develop a two-stage Bayesian method that first examines the covariate’s effect by analysing the capture of marked individuals, and then applies the results to estimate the total population size. The model is used to study the dynamics of a population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) whose survival is affected by body mass. Finally, I develop a method to allow more flexibility in modelling the relationship between a covariate and individual survival probabilities. Standard methods assume that the
A simulation model has been developed, which looks at the future state of functional limitations and provision of long-term care from the individual’s point of view and compares the prospects of Japanese and Swedish old persons. The model calculates the distribution on level of functional limitations combined with level of long-term care (LTC) for a 78-year-old man or woman after 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 years given the initial state expressed in those terms. Longitudinal data for the model has been taken from the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging (NUJLSOA) study, two waves three years apart, and the Swedish National Study of Aging and Care (SNAC) study, baseline and three-year follow up. Transition probabilities are calculated by relating individual states between waves. Changes over time are then calculated in the model by matrix multiplication using the Markov assumption. The results are in most respects similar for Japan and Sweden. A difference is that institutional care in Sweden is a much more definite stage reflecting differences in end-of-life care policy. Future state and mortality depends to a great degree on the initial state, both in terms of dependency and level of LTC. Thus, 78-year-old people who have no functional dependency and no LTC have a much higher probability of surviving the coming 10–15 years than people of the same age who already are dependent and in need of LTC services. Not a few of the initially independent 78-year-old persons will retain that state even after 15 years. However, the effect of the initial state seems to decrease over time.
